Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Urology Reports 4/2015

01.04.2015 | New Imaging Techniques (A Rastinehad and S Rais-Bahrami, Section Editors)

Preoperative Imaging for Staging Bladder Cancer

verfasst von: Maxim J. McKibben, Michael E. Woods

Erschienen in: Current Urology Reports | Ausgabe 4/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Accurate preoperative staging of bladder cancer is essential in determining the extent of disease and optimal treatment. The current gold standard of transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by computed tomography (CT) imaging provides excellent staging specificity, but often understages the disease, leading to pathologic upstaging and adverse outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Newer imaging modalities, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT or MR provides promising imaging alternatives which may improve accuracy of staging both local and distant disease.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program (SEER) fact sheet. www.seer.cancer.gov. Updated 2014. Accessed 05/23, 2014. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program (SEER) fact sheet. www.​seer.​cancer.​gov. Updated 2014. Accessed 05/23, 2014.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark P. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: bladder cancer - version 2. 2014. Clark P. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: bladder cancer - version 2. 2014.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Witjes JA, Compérat E, Cowan NC, et al. EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2013 guidelines. Eur Urol. 2014;65(4):778–92.CrossRefPubMed Witjes JA, Compérat E, Cowan NC, et al. EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2013 guidelines. Eur Urol. 2014;65(4):778–92.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Shariat SF, Palapattu GS, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Discrepancy between clinical and pathologic stage: impact on prognosis after radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):137–51.CrossRefPubMed Shariat SF, Palapattu GS, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Discrepancy between clinical and pathologic stage: impact on prognosis after radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):137–51.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Tritschler S, Mosler C, Straub J, et al. Staging of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: can computerized tomography help us to decide on local treatment? World J Urol. 2012;30(6):827–31.CrossRefPubMed Tritschler S, Mosler C, Straub J, et al. Staging of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: can computerized tomography help us to decide on local treatment? World J Urol. 2012;30(6):827–31.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Gray PJ, Lin CC, Jemal A, et al. Clinical–pathologic stage discrepancy in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy: results from the national cancer data base. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;88(5):1048–56.CrossRefPubMed Gray PJ, Lin CC, Jemal A, et al. Clinical–pathologic stage discrepancy in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy: results from the national cancer data base. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;88(5):1048–56.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bostrom PJ, van Rhijn BW, Fleshner N, et al. Staging and staging errors in bladder cancer. Eur Urol Suppl. 2010;9(1):2–9.CrossRef Bostrom PJ, van Rhijn BW, Fleshner N, et al. Staging and staging errors in bladder cancer. Eur Urol Suppl. 2010;9(1):2–9.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Liedberg F, Bendahl PO, Davidsson T, et al. Preoperative staging of locally advanced bladder cancer before radical cystectomy using 3 tesla magnetic resonance imaging with a standardized protocol. Scand J Urol. 2013;47(2):108–12. Liedberg F, Bendahl PO, Davidsson T, et al. Preoperative staging of locally advanced bladder cancer before radical cystectomy using 3 tesla magnetic resonance imaging with a standardized protocol. Scand J Urol. 2013;47(2):108–12.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Barentsz J, Engelbrecht M, Witjes J, De la Rosette J, Van der Graaf M. MR imaging of the male pelvis. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(9):1722–36.CrossRefPubMed Barentsz J, Engelbrecht M, Witjes J, De la Rosette J, Van der Graaf M. MR imaging of the male pelvis. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(9):1722–36.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Paik ML, Scolieri MJ, Brown SL, Spirnak JP, Resnick MI. Limitations of computerized tomography in staging invasive bladder cancer before radical cystectomy. J Urol. 2000;163(6):1693–6.CrossRefPubMed Paik ML, Scolieri MJ, Brown SL, Spirnak JP, Resnick MI. Limitations of computerized tomography in staging invasive bladder cancer before radical cystectomy. J Urol. 2000;163(6):1693–6.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Assmy A, Abou-El-Ghar ME, Mosbah A, et al. Bladder tumour staging: comparison of diffusion-and T2-weighted MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(7):1575–81.CrossRefPubMed El-Assmy A, Abou-El-Ghar ME, Mosbah A, et al. Bladder tumour staging: comparison of diffusion-and T2-weighted MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(7):1575–81.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Kundra V, Silverman PM. Imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of cancer of the urinary bladder. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(4):1045–54.CrossRef Kundra V, Silverman PM. Imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of cancer of the urinary bladder. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(4):1045–54.CrossRef
12.••
Zurück zum Zitat de Haas RJ, Steyvers MJ, Fütterer JJ. Multiparametric MRI of the bladder: ready for clinical routine? Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(6):1187–95. An excellent review of recent studies of the multiparametric MR imaging in bladder cancer, with clear explanations of various MR techniques and their strengths and weaknesses.CrossRef de Haas RJ, Steyvers MJ, Fütterer JJ. Multiparametric MRI of the bladder: ready for clinical routine? Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(6):1187–95. An excellent review of recent studies of the multiparametric MR imaging in bladder cancer, with clear explanations of various MR techniques and their strengths and weaknesses.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Tekes A, Kamel IR, Imam K, Chan TY, Schoenberg MP, Bluemke DA. MR imaging features of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(3):771–7.CrossRef Tekes A, Kamel IR, Imam K, Chan TY, Schoenberg MP, Bluemke DA. MR imaging features of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(3):771–7.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim B, Semelka RC, Ascher SM, Chalpin DB, Carroll PR, Hricak H. Bladder tumor staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced CT, T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced imaging, and late gadolinium-enhanced imaging. Radiology. 1994;193(1):239–45.CrossRefPubMed Kim B, Semelka RC, Ascher SM, Chalpin DB, Carroll PR, Hricak H. Bladder tumor staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced CT, T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced imaging, and late gadolinium-enhanced imaging. Radiology. 1994;193(1):239–45.CrossRefPubMed
15.••
Zurück zum Zitat Daneshmand S, Ahmadi H, Huynh LN, Dobos N. Preoperative staging of invasive bladder cancer with dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: results from a prospective study. Urology. 2012;80(6):1313–8. The largest prospective study to date of bladder cancer T and N staging using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR.CrossRefPubMed Daneshmand S, Ahmadi H, Huynh LN, Dobos N. Preoperative staging of invasive bladder cancer with dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: results from a prospective study. Urology. 2012;80(6):1313–8. The largest prospective study to date of bladder cancer T and N staging using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tekes A, Kamel I, Imam K, et al. Dynamic MRI of bladder cancer: evaluation of staging accuracy. Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(1):121–7.CrossRef Tekes A, Kamel I, Imam K, et al. Dynamic MRI of bladder cancer: evaluation of staging accuracy. Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(1):121–7.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuncbilek N, Kaplan M, Altaner S, et al. Value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and correlation with tumor angiogenesis in bladder cancer. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(4):949–55.CrossRef Tuncbilek N, Kaplan M, Altaner S, et al. Value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and correlation with tumor angiogenesis in bladder cancer. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(4):949–55.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Ah-See ML, Makris A, Taylor NJ, et al. Early changes in functional dynamic magnetic resonance imaging predict for pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in primary breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(20):6580–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4310.CrossRefPubMed Ah-See ML, Makris A, Taylor NJ, et al. Early changes in functional dynamic magnetic resonance imaging predict for pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in primary breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(20):6580–9. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-07-4310.CrossRefPubMed
20.•
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen HT, Jia G, Shah ZK et al. Prediction of chemotherapeutic response in bladder cancer using k‐means clustering of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI pharmacokinetic parameters. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014. Pilot study evaluating DCE-MR characteristics as a surrogate for tumor blood flow in assessing early response to chemotherapy. Further studies may provide early guidance in management of patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nguyen HT, Jia G, Shah ZK et al. Prediction of chemotherapeutic response in bladder cancer using k‐means clustering of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI pharmacokinetic parameters. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014. Pilot study evaluating DCE-MR characteristics as a surrogate for tumor blood flow in assessing early response to chemotherapy. Further studies may provide early guidance in management of patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshida S, Koga F, Kobayashi S, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in management of bladder cancer, particularly with multimodal bladder-sparing strategy. World J Radiol. 2014;6(6):344.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Yoshida S, Koga F, Kobayashi S, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in management of bladder cancer, particularly with multimodal bladder-sparing strategy. World J Radiol. 2014;6(6):344.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Papalia R, Simone G, Grasso R, et al. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients selected for radical cystectomy: detection rate of pelvic lymph node metastases. BJU Int. 2012;109(7):1031–6.CrossRefPubMed Papalia R, Simone G, Grasso R, et al. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients selected for radical cystectomy: detection rate of pelvic lymph node metastases. BJU Int. 2012;109(7):1031–6.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Sevcenco S, Ponhold L, Heinz-Peer G et al. Prospective evaluation of diffusion-weighted MRI of the bladder as a biomarker for prediction of bladder cancer aggressiveness. 2014. Sevcenco S, Ponhold L, Heinz-Peer G et al. Prospective evaluation of diffusion-weighted MRI of the bladder as a biomarker for prediction of bladder cancer aggressiveness. 2014.
25.•
Zurück zum Zitat Kobayashi S, Koga F, Kajino K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient value reflects invasive and proliferative potential of bladder cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(1):172–8. Confirms DW-MR characteristics correlate with bladder cancers’ biologic aggressiveness.CrossRefPubMed Kobayashi S, Koga F, Kajino K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient value reflects invasive and proliferative potential of bladder cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(1):172–8. Confirms DW-MR characteristics correlate with bladder cancers’ biologic aggressiveness.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen C, Li C, Kuo Y, et al. Early response of hepatocellular carcinoma to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: choline levels and MR diffusion constants—initial experience 1. Radiology. 2006;239(2):448–56.CrossRefPubMed Chen C, Li C, Kuo Y, et al. Early response of hepatocellular carcinoma to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: choline levels and MR diffusion constants—initial experience 1. Radiology. 2006;239(2):448–56.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Cui Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Tang L, Shen L. Apparent diffusion coefficient: potential imaging biomarker for prediction and early detection of response to chemotherapy in hepatic metastases 1. Radiology. 2008;248(3):894–900.CrossRefPubMed Cui Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Tang L, Shen L. Apparent diffusion coefficient: potential imaging biomarker for prediction and early detection of response to chemotherapy in hepatic metastases 1. Radiology. 2008;248(3):894–900.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Harry VN, Semple SI, Gilbert FJ, Parkin DE. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the early detection of response to chemoradiation in cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;111(2):213–20.CrossRefPubMed Harry VN, Semple SI, Gilbert FJ, Parkin DE. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the early detection of response to chemoradiation in cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;111(2):213–20.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kyriazi S, Collins DJ, Messiou C, et al. Metastatic ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer: assessing chemotherapy response with diffusion-weighted MR imaging—value of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficients. Radiology. 2011;261(1):182–92.CrossRefPubMed Kyriazi S, Collins DJ, Messiou C, et al. Metastatic ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer: assessing chemotherapy response with diffusion-weighted MR imaging—value of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficients. Radiology. 2011;261(1):182–92.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Deserno WM, Harisinghani MG, Taupitz M, et al. Urinary bladder cancer: preoperative nodal staging with ferumoxtran-10–enhanced MR imaging 1. Radiology. 2004;233(2):449–56.CrossRefPubMed Deserno WM, Harisinghani MG, Taupitz M, et al. Urinary bladder cancer: preoperative nodal staging with ferumoxtran-10–enhanced MR imaging 1. Radiology. 2004;233(2):449–56.CrossRefPubMed
31.•
Zurück zum Zitat Birkhäuser FD, Studer UE, Froehlich JM, et al. Combined ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide–enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging facilitates detection of metastases in normal-sized pelvic lymph nodes of patients with bladder and prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):953–60. Pilot study combining DW-MR and lymphotrophic nanoparticle-enhanced MR in clinical staging of bladder, demonstrating excellent accuracy in staging bladder cancer.CrossRefPubMed Birkhäuser FD, Studer UE, Froehlich JM, et al. Combined ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide–enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging facilitates detection of metastases in normal-sized pelvic lymph nodes of patients with bladder and prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):953–60. Pilot study combining DW-MR and lymphotrophic nanoparticle-enhanced MR in clinical staging of bladder, demonstrating excellent accuracy in staging bladder cancer.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu Y, Chen J, Liang J, et al. Clinical value of FDG PET or PET/CT in urinary bladder cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(9):2411–6.CrossRefPubMed Lu Y, Chen J, Liang J, et al. Clinical value of FDG PET or PET/CT in urinary bladder cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(9):2411–6.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Jadvar H, Quan V, Henderson RW, Conti PS. [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and PET-CT in diagnostic imaging evaluation of locally recurrent and metastatic bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 2008;13(1):42–7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Jadvar H, Quan V, Henderson RW, Conti PS. [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and PET-CT in diagnostic imaging evaluation of locally recurrent and metastatic bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 2008;13(1):42–7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Drieskens O, Oyen R, Van Poppel H, Vankan Y, Flamen P, Mortelmans L. FDG-PET for preoperative staging of bladder cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32(12):1412–7.CrossRefPubMed Drieskens O, Oyen R, Van Poppel H, Vankan Y, Flamen P, Mortelmans L. FDG-PET for preoperative staging of bladder cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32(12):1412–7.CrossRefPubMed
38.••
Zurück zum Zitat Goodfellow H, Viney Z, Hughes P, et al. Role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET)‐computed tomography (CT) in the staging of bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2014;114(3):389–95. The largest head-to-head comparison to date of CT versus PET/CT for staging bladder cancer. Demonstrates modest staging benefit with PET/CT.PubMed Goodfellow H, Viney Z, Hughes P, et al. Role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET)‐computed tomography (CT) in the staging of bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2014;114(3):389–95. The largest head-to-head comparison to date of CT versus PET/CT for staging bladder cancer. Demonstrates modest staging benefit with PET/CT.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu IJ, Lai YH, Espiritu JI, et al. Evaluation of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma with and without prior chemotherapy. Urol Int. 2006;77(1):69–75.CrossRefPubMed Liu IJ, Lai YH, Espiritu JI, et al. Evaluation of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma with and without prior chemotherapy. Urol Int. 2006;77(1):69–75.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Anjos DA, Etchebehere EC, Ramos CD, Santos AO, Albertotti C, Camargo EE. 18F-FDG PET/CT delayed images after diuretic for restaging invasive bladder cancer. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(5):764–70.CrossRefPubMed Anjos DA, Etchebehere EC, Ramos CD, Santos AO, Albertotti C, Camargo EE. 18F-FDG PET/CT delayed images after diuretic for restaging invasive bladder cancer. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(5):764–70.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Schöder H, Ong SC, Reuter VE, et al. Initial results with 11C-acetate positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the staging of urinary bladder cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2012;14(2):245–51.CrossRefPubMed Schöder H, Ong SC, Reuter VE, et al. Initial results with 11C-acetate positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the staging of urinary bladder cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2012;14(2):245–51.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Picchio M, Treiber U, Beer AJ, et al. Value of 11C-choline PET and contrast-enhanced CT for staging of bladder cancer: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(6):938–44.PubMed Picchio M, Treiber U, Beer AJ, et al. Value of 11C-choline PET and contrast-enhanced CT for staging of bladder cancer: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(6):938–44.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Maurer T, Souvatzoglou M, Kübler H, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of [11C] choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with conventional computed tomography in lymph node staging of patients with bladder cancer prior to radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2012;61(5):1031–8.CrossRefPubMed Maurer T, Souvatzoglou M, Kübler H, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of [11C] choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with conventional computed tomography in lymph node staging of patients with bladder cancer prior to radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2012;61(5):1031–8.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahlström H, Malmström P, Letocha H, Andersson J, Långström B, Nilsson S. Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and staging of urinary bladder cancer. Acta Radiol. 1996;37(2):180–5.CrossRefPubMed Ahlström H, Malmström P, Letocha H, Andersson J, Långström B, Nilsson S. Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and staging of urinary bladder cancer. Acta Radiol. 1996;37(2):180–5.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Flusser G, et al. Assessment of malignant skeletal disease: initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(2):272–8.PubMed Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Flusser G, et al. Assessment of malignant skeletal disease: initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(2):272–8.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hillner BE, Siegel BA, Hanna L, et al. Impact of 18F-fluoride PET on intended management of patients with cancers other than prostate cancer: results from the national oncologic PET registry. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(7):1054–61.CrossRefPubMed Hillner BE, Siegel BA, Hanna L, et al. Impact of 18F-fluoride PET on intended management of patients with cancers other than prostate cancer: results from the national oncologic PET registry. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(7):1054–61.CrossRefPubMed
48.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Orlova A, Tran TA, Ekblad T, Karlström AE, Tolmachev V. 186Re-maSGS-ZHER2: 342, a potential affibody conjugate for systemic therapy of HER2-expressing tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(2):260–9.CrossRefPubMed Orlova A, Tran TA, Ekblad T, Karlström AE, Tolmachev V. 186Re-maSGS-ZHER2: 342, a potential affibody conjugate for systemic therapy of HER2-expressing tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(2):260–9.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kjær A, Loft A, Law I, et al. PET/MRI in cancer patients: first experiences and vision from Copenhagen. MAGMA. 2013;26(1):37–47.CrossRefPubMed Kjær A, Loft A, Law I, et al. PET/MRI in cancer patients: first experiences and vision from Copenhagen. MAGMA. 2013;26(1):37–47.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Partovi S, Robbin MR, Steinbach OC, et al. Initial experience of MR/PET in a clinical cancer center. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(4):768–80.CrossRefPubMed Partovi S, Robbin MR, Steinbach OC, et al. Initial experience of MR/PET in a clinical cancer center. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(4):768–80.CrossRefPubMed
51.•
Zurück zum Zitat Li Q, Tang J, He E, et al. Clinical utility of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differentiation between noninvasive and invasive neoplasms of urinary bladder. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(11):2936–42. Small study comparing 3D CE-US to 3D US and CE-US alone, demonstrating good accuracy in clinical staging of the primary bladder cancer.CrossRefPubMed Li Q, Tang J, He E, et al. Clinical utility of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differentiation between noninvasive and invasive neoplasms of urinary bladder. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(11):2936–42. Small study comparing 3D CE-US to 3D US and CE-US alone, demonstrating good accuracy in clinical staging of the primary bladder cancer.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Park HJ, Hong SS, Kim JH, et al. Tumor detection and serosal invasion of bladder cancer: role of three-dimensional volumetric reconstructed US. Abdom Imaging. 2010;35(3):265–70.CrossRefPubMed Park HJ, Hong SS, Kim JH, et al. Tumor detection and serosal invasion of bladder cancer: role of three-dimensional volumetric reconstructed US. Abdom Imaging. 2010;35(3):265–70.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Caruso G, Salvaggio G, Campisi A, et al. Bladder tumor staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced and gray-scale ultrasound. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(1):151–6.CrossRef Caruso G, Salvaggio G, Campisi A, et al. Bladder tumor staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced and gray-scale ultrasound. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(1):151–6.CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu C, Zhang Z, Wang H, et al. A new tool for distinguishing muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: the initial application of flexible ultrasound bronchoscope in bladder tumor staging. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e92385.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Xu C, Zhang Z, Wang H, et al. A new tool for distinguishing muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: the initial application of flexible ultrasound bronchoscope in bladder tumor staging. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e92385.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Preoperative Imaging for Staging Bladder Cancer
verfasst von
Maxim J. McKibben
Michael E. Woods
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Urology Reports / Ausgabe 4/2015
Print ISSN: 1527-2737
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-015-0496-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2015

Current Urology Reports 4/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Prostate Cancer (A Kibel, Section Editor)

Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer

New Imaging Techniques (A Rastinehad and S Rais-Bahrami, Section Editors)

Contemporary Assessment of Renal Stone Complexity Using Cross-Sectional Imaging

New Imaging Techniques (A Rastinehad and S Rais-Bahrami, Section Editors)

Post Partial Nephrectomy Surveillance Imaging: an Evidence-Based Approach

Update Urologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.