Background
Methods
Study design and population
Materials and variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of subjects
variables | Total | Non-NCD elders | NCD elders | Non-empty nest | Empty nest | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 330 | N = 85 | N = 245 | N = 177 | N = 153 | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Socio-demographic status | |||||||||||
Gender | men | 156 | 47.3% | 35 | 41.2% | 121 | 49.4% | 79 | 44.6% | 77 | 50.3% |
women | 174 | 52.7% | 50 | 58.8% | 124 | 50.6% | 98 | 55.4% | 76 | 49.7% | |
Age | 60–74 | 279 | 84.5% | 68 | 80.0% | 211 | 86.1% | 143 | 80.8% | 136 | 88.9% |
≥ 75 | 51 | 15.5% | 17 | 20.0% | 34 | 13.9% | 34 | 19.2% | 17 | 11.1% | |
Poverty | yes | 103 | 31.2% | 23 | 27.1% | 80 | 32.7% | 53 | 29.9% | 50 | 32.7% |
no | 227 | 68.8% | 62 | 72.9% | 165 | 67.3% | 124 | 70.1% | 103 | 67.3% | |
Empty-nest | yes | 153 | 46.4% | 43 | 50.6% | 110 | 44.9% | – | – | – | – |
no | 177 | 53.6% | 42 | 49.4% | 135 | 55.1% | – | – | – | – | |
Illiteracy | yes | 143 | 43.3% | 36 | 42.4% | 107 | 43.7% | 81 | 45.8% | 62 | 40.5% |
no | 187 | 56.7% | 49 | 57.6% | 138 | 56.3% | 96 | 54.2% | 91 | 59.5% | |
Health status | |||||||||||
Chronic diseases | yes | 245 | 74.2% | – | – | – | – | 135 | 76.3% | 110 | 71.9% |
no | 85 | 25.8% | – | – | – | – | 42 | 23.7% | 43 | 28.1% | |
Health behaviors | |||||||||||
Self-care in TCM | yes | 211 | 63.9% | 44 | 51.8% | 167 | 68.2% | 112 | 63.3% | 99 | 64.7% |
no | 119 | 36.1% | 41 | 48.2% | 78 | 31.8% | 65 | 36.7% | 54 | 35.3% | |
Drinking alcohol | yes | 71 | 21.5% | 16 | 18.8% | 55 | 22.4% | 36 | 20.3% | 35 | 22.9% |
no | 259 | 78.5% | 69 | 81.2% | 190 | 77.6% | 141 | 79.7% | 118 | 77.1% | |
Health service | |||||||||||
Distancea | < 1 km | 190 | 57.6% | 49 | 57.6% | 141 | 57.6% | 104 | 58.8% | 86 | 56.2% |
2-3 km | 103 | 31.2% | 26 | 30.6% | 77 | 31.4% | 59 | 33.3% | 44 | 28.8% | |
> 3 km | 37 | 11.2% | 10 | 11.8% | 27 | 11.0% | 14 | 7.9% | 23 | 15.0% | |
Family practiceb | yes | 159 | 48.2% | 37 | 43.5% | 122 | 49.8% | 97 | 54.8% | 62 | 40.5% |
no | 171 | 51.8% | 48 | 56.5% | 123 | 50.2% | 80 | 45.2% | 91 | 59.5% |
Prevalence of self-treatment and bivariate analysis
Variables | Prevalence of self-treatment % (95% CI) | Bivariate analysis | Multiple regression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
Elders in Sinan County | 35.2 (30.0, 40.6) | |||||
Socio-economic status | ||||||
Gender | men | 28.8 (21.9, 36.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
women | 40.8 (33.4, 48.5) | 1.70 | (1.07,2.69)* | 1.68 | (0.95,2.97) | |
Age | 60–74 | 33.3 (27.8, 39.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
≥ 75 | 45.1 (31.1, 59.7) | 1.64 | (0.90,3.01) | 1.71 | (0.87,3.35) | |
Poverty | no | 38.8 (32.4, 45.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 27.2(18.9, 36.8) | 0.59 | (0.35,0.98)* | 0.69 | (0.40,1.18) | |
Empty-nest | no | 36.2 (29.1, 43.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 34.0 (26.5, 42.1) | 0.91 | (0.58,1.43) | 0.94 | (0.57,1.55) | |
Illiteracy | no | 33.2 (26.5, 40.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 37.8 (29.8, 46.2) | 1.22 | (0.77,1.93) | 0.88 | (0.51,1.53) | |
Health status | ||||||
Chronic diseases | no | 43.5 (32.8, 54.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 32.2 (26.4, 38.5) | 0.61 | (0.37,1.02) | 0.87 | (0.50,1.52) | |
TTO-value | 4.73 | (1.54,14.45)** | 6.75 | (1.93,23.60)** | ||
Health behaviors | ||||||
Self-care in TCM | no | 42.0 (33.0, 51.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 31.3 (25.1, 38.0) | 0.63 | (0.39,1.00)* | 0.67 | (0.40,1.12) | |
Drinking alcohol | no | 39.4 (33.4, 45.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 19.7 (11.2, 30.9) | 0.37 | (0.20,0.71)** | 0.42 | (0.21,0.83)* | |
Health service | ||||||
Distancea | < 1 km | 36.3 (29.5, 43.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
2-3 km | 34.0 (24.9, 44.0) | 0.90 | (0.55,1.49) | 0.78 | (0.45,1.35) | |
> 3 km | 32.4 (18.0, 49.8) | 0.84 | (0.40,1.78) | 0.84 | (0.39,1.86) | |
Family practiceb | no | 40.4 (32.9, 48.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 29.6 (22.6, 37.3) | 0.62 | (0.39,0.98)* | 0.59 | (0.36,0.96)* |
variables | Non-NCD group | NCD population | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of self-treatment % (95%CI) | Bivariate analysis | Multiple regression | Prevalence of self-treatment % (95%CI) | Bivariate analysis | Multiple regression | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Socio-economic status | |||||||||||
Gender | men | 34.3 (19.1, 52.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 27.3 (19.6, 36.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
women | 50.0 (35.5, 64.5) | 1.92 | (0.79,4.67) | 1.72 | (0.50,5.91) | 37.1 (28.6, 46.2) | 1.57 | (0.92,2.70) | 1.76 | (0.90,3.43) | |
Age | 60–74 | 41.2(29.4, 53.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 30.8 (24.6, 37.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥ 75 | 52.9 (27.8, 77.0) | 1.61 | (0.55,4.68) | 1.31 | (0.38,4.52) | 41.2 (24.6, 59.3) | 1.57 | (0.75,3.30) | 2.03 | (0.88,4.68) | |
Poverty | no | 45.2 (32.5, 58.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 36.4 (29.0, 44.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 39.1 (19.7, 61.5) | 0.78 | (0.29,2.07) | 0.76 | (0.24,2.40) | 23.8 (14.9, 34.6) | 0.55 | (0.30,1.00)* | 0.64 | (0.33,1.22) | |
Empty-nest | no | 40.5 (25.6, 56.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 34.8 (26.8, 43.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 46.5 (31.2, 62.3) | 1.28 | (0.54,3.02) | 1.52 | (0.56,4.12) | 29.1 (20.8, 38.5) | 0.76 | (0.45,1.32) | 0.70 | (0.38,1.29) | |
Illiteracy | no | 42.9 (28.8, 57.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 29.7 (22.2, 38.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 44.4(27.9, 61.9) | 1.07 | (0.45,2.54) | 0.66 | (0.20,2.16) | 35.5 (26.5, 45.4) | 1.30 | (0.76,2.23) | 0.95 | (0.50,1.83) | |
Health status | |||||||||||
Chronic diseases | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
TTO-value | – | 1.16 | (0.14,9.56) | 1.07 | (0.10,11.44) | – | 6.78 | (1.73,26.63)** | 13.56 | (2.81 to 65.39)** | |
Health behaviors | |||||||||||
Self-care in TCM | no | 43.9 (28.5, 60.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 41.0 (30.0, 52.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 43.2 (28.3, 59.0) | 0.97 | (0.41,2.29) | 1.03 | (0.38,2.82) | 28.1 (21.5, 35.6) | 0.56 | (0.32,0.99)* | 0.59 | (0.32,1.09) | |
Drinking alcohol | no | 47.8 (35.6, 60.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 36.3 (29.5, 43.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 25.0 (7.3, 52.4) | 0.36 | (0.11,1.24) | 0.36 | (0.09,1.56) | 18.2 (29.5, 43.6) | 0.39 | (0.18,0.82)* | 0.41 | (0.18,0.91)* | |
Health service | |||||||||||
Distancea | < 1 km | 40.8 (27.0, 55.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 34.8 (26.9, 43.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2-3 km | 53.8 (33.4, 73.4) | 1.69 | (0.65,4.41) | 1.51 | (0.54,4.22) | 27.3 (17.7, 38.6) | 0.70 | (0.38,1.30) | 0.55 | (0.28,1.10) | |
> 3 km | 30.0 (6.7, 65.2) | 0.62 | (0.14,2.70) | 0.60 | (0.11,3.19) | 33.3 (16.5, 54.0) | 0.94 | (0.39,2.25) | 0.83 | (0.33,2.10) | |
Family practiceb | no | 45.8 (31.4, 60.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 38.2 (29.6, 47.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 40.5 (24.8, 57.9) | 0.81 | (0.34,1.92) | 0.85 | (0.33,2.17) | 26.2 (18.7, 35.0) | 0.57 | (0.33,0.99)* | 0.49 | (0.27,0.89)* |
variables | Non-empty nest | Empty nest | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of self-treatment % (95%CI) | Bivariate analysis | Multiple regression | Prevalence of self-treatment % (95%CI) | Bivariate analysis | Multiple regression | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Socio-economic | |||||||||||
Gender | men | 29.1 (19.4, 40.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 28.6 (18.9, 40.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
women | 41.8 (31.9, 52.2) | 1.75 | (0.93,3.29) | 1.52 | (0.67,3.39) | 39.5 (28.4, 51.4) | 1.63 | (0.83,3.20) | 1.98 | (0.84,4.64) | |
Age | 60–74 | 31.4 (24.0, 39.8) | 1.00 | 35.3 (27.3, 43.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
≥ 75 | 55.8 (37.9, 72.8) | 2.76 | (1.29,5.92)** | 3.10 | (1.33,7.22)** | 23.5 (6.8, 49.9) | 0.56 | (0.17,1.83) | 0.43 | (0.11,1.68) | |
Poverty | no | 39.5 (30.9, 48.7) | 1.00 | 37.9 (28.5, 48.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
yes | 28.3 (16.8, 42.3) | 0.60 | (0.30,1.21) | 0.76 | (0.35,1.63) | 26.0 (14.6, 40.3) | 0.57 | (0.27,1.22) | 0.68 | (0.29,1.59) | |
Empty-nest | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Illiteracy | no | 30.2 (21.3, 40.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 36.3 (26.4, 47.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 43.2 (32.2, 54.7) | 1.76 | (0.95,3.26) | 1.15 | (0.54,2.47) | 30.6 (19.6, 43.7) | 0.78 | (0.39,1.55) | 0.54 | (0.22,1.33) | |
Health status | |||||||||||
Chronic diseases | no | 40.5 (25.6, 56.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 46.5 (31.2, 42.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 34.8 (26.8, 43.5) | 0.79 | (0.38,1.60) | 1.37 | (0.60,3.15) | 29.1 (20.8, 38.5) | 0.47 | (0.23,0.98)* | 0.55 | (0.24,1.23) | |
TTO-value | 4.46 | (1.04,19.16)* | 9.20 | (1.73,48.75)** | 5.05 | (0.90,28.51) | 4.50 | (0.61,33.04) | |||
Health behaviors | |||||||||||
Self-care in TCM | no | 38.5 (26.7, 51.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 46.3 (32.6, 60.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 34.8 (26.1, 44.4) | 0.85 | (0.45,1.61) | 0.89 | (0.43,1.86) | 27.3 (18.8, 37.1) | 0.44 | (0.22,0.87)* | 0.39 | (0.18,0.86)* | |
Drinking alcohol | no | 39.7 (31.6, 48.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 39.0 (30.1, 48.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 22.2 (10.1, 39.15) | 0.43 | (0.18,1.02) | 0.48 | (0.19,1.22) | 17.1 (6.6, 33.6) | 0.32 | (0.12,0.84)* | 0.28 | (0.09,0.82)* | |
Health service | |||||||||||
Distancea | < 1 km | 37.5 (28.2, 47.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 34.9 (24.9, 45.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2-3 km | 35.6 (23.6, 49.1) | 0.92 | (0.47,1.79) | 0.87 | (0.42,1.81) | 31.8 (18.6, 47.6) | 0.87 | (0.40,1.89) | 0.87 | (0.35,2.16) | |
> 3 km | 28.6 (8.4, 58.1) | 0.67 | (0.20,2.27) | 0.73 | (0.20,2.63) | 34.8 (16.4, 57.3) | 1.00 | (0.37,2.62) | 1.00 | (0.35,2.92) | |
Family practiceb | no | 41.3 (30.4, 52.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 39.6 (29.5, 50.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 32.0 (22.9, 42.2) | 0.67 | (0.36,1.24) | 0.65 | (0.33,1.26) | 25.8 (15.5, 38.5) | 0.53 | (0.26,1.08) | 1.16 | (0.08,16.51) |