Background
Methods
Subjects
Recruitment methods
Assessment of pre- and postnatal history
Ophthalmologic examination
Orthoptic examination
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Group 1 ≥ 37 wks | Group 2 29–32 wks no ROP | Group 3 ≤ 28 wks no ROP | Group 4 ≤ 32 wks ROP | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 264 |
n = 125 |
n = 59 |
n = 55 | |
Gestational age (weeks) ± SD | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 30.5 ± 1.1 | 26.5 ± 1.3 | 26.7 ± 2.2 |
Gestational age (weeks) range | 37–43 | 29–32 | 24–28 | 23–30 |
Birth weight (g) ± SD | 3252 ± 545 | 1519 ± 382 | 963 ± 223 | 909 ± 331 |
Age at examination (years) ± SD | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 2.2 |
Male (n (%)) | 126 (47.7%) | 72 (57.6%) | 31 (52.5%) | 30 (54.5%) |
Multiparity (n (%)) | 20 (7.6%) | 51 (40.8%) | 15 (25.4%) | 18 (32.7%) |
ROP Stage (0/1/2/3/4) | (264/0/0/0/0) | (125/0/0/0/0) | (59/0/0/0/0) | (0/31/13/10/1) |
Laser treatment for ROP (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (12.7%) |
Mean maternal age at childbirth (years) ± SD | 30.8 ± 4.8 | 32.8 ± 5.5 | 31.7 ± 5.9 | 31.5 ± 6.0 |
Mother smoking (n (%)) | 38 (14.4%) | 18 (14.4%) | 10 (16.9%) | 14 (25.5%) |
Breastfeeding < 3 month (n (%)) | 86 (32.6%) | 61 (48.8%) | 35 (59.3%) | 34 (61.8%) |
Artificial ventilation (n (%)) | 5 (1.9%) | 32 (25.6%) | 46 (78%) | 41 (74.5%) |
Artificial ventilation (days) ± SD | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 13.2 ± 16.1 | 23.1 ± 22.6 |
Group 1 ≥ 37 wks | Group 2 29–32 wks no ROP | Group 3 ≤ 28 wks no ROP | Group 4 ≤ 32 wks ROP |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 264 |
n = 125 |
n = 59 |
n = 55 | ||
Visual acuity (logMAR) ± SD | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.10 | 0.05 ± 0.12 | 0.14 ± 0.33 | < 0.001 |
Spherical equivalent (D) ± SD | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 2.5 | 0.7 ± 3.3 | 0.046 |
SE range (D) (min/max) | (−5.25/+9.5) | (−9.75/+5.75) | (−12.0/+10.25) | (−11.5/+8.75) | |
Myopia of −3 D or more (eyes (%)) | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.7%) | 7 (13.0%) | <0.001 |
Hypermetropia (≥ 3 D) (eyes (%)) | 22 (8.3%) | 12 (9.6%) | 7 (12.1%) | 5 (9.3%) | 0.84 |
Mean cylinder per dioptre ± SD | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
Astigmatism (≥ 1.5 D) (eyes (%)) | 12 (4.5%) | 7 (5.6%) | 8 (13.8%) | 8 (14.8%) | 0.008 |
Anisometropia (≥ 1.5 D) (n (%)) | 8 (3.0%) | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (5.2%) | 5 (9.4%) | 0.08 |
Strabismus (n (%)) | 4 (1.5%) | 15 (12%) | 13 (22%) | 14 (25.5%) | < 0.001 |
Esotropia (n (%)) | 3 (1.1%) | 9 (7.2%) | 11 (18.6%) | 11 (20%) | < 0.001 |
Exotropia (n (%)) | 1 (0.4%) | 6 (4.8%) | 2 (3.4%) | 3 (5.5%) | 0.020 |
Nystagmus (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.7%) | 3 (5.5%) | 0.004 |
Analysis on strabismus
Strabismus
Strabismus | Descriptiona
| Univariate Analysisb
| Multivariable analysisc
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics in children with strabismus
n = 46 | Characteristics in children without strabismus
n = 457 | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Gestational age [weeks] | 28.7 ± 3.9 | 34.5 ± 5.3 | 0.80 [0.74; 0.86] |
< 0.001
| 0.84 [0.76; 0.93] |
0.001
|
Birth weight percentile | 41.3 ± 27.6 | 41.0 ± 26.5 | 1.00 [0.99; 1.01] | 0.93 | ||
Sex [male] | 26 (56.5%) | 233 (51.0%) | 0.80 [0.43; 1.47] | 0.48 | ||
Age at examination [years] | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | 1.03 [0.88; 1.19] | 0.72 | ||
Anisometropia ≥1.5 D [yes] | 7 (15.6%) | 14 (3.1%) | 5.80 [2.21; 15.24] |
< 0.001
| 2.89 [0.87; 9.55] | 0.08 |
Refractive error ≤ −3 [diopter]d
| 4 (8.7%) | 7 (1.5%) | 6.10 [1.71; 21.67] |
0.005
| 1.43 [0.26; 7.94] | 0.68 |
Refractive error ≥ +3 [diopter]d
| 12 (26.1%) | 34 (7.5%) | 4.37 [2.07; 9.21] |
< 0.001
| 4.22 [1.70; 10.50] |
0.002
|
Astigmatism [diopter] | 0.93 ± 0.94 | 0.47 ± 0.54 | 2.16 [1.52; 3.09] |
< 0.001
| 1.68 [1.07; 2.64] |
0.024
|
ROP [yes] | 14 (30.4%) | 41 (9%) | 4.44 [2.19; 8.99] |
< 0.001
| 0.88 [0.35; 2.21] | 0.78 |
Maternal age at childbirth [years] | 31.1 ± 5.9 | 31.5 ± 5.3 | 0.99 [0.89; 1.10] | 0.94 | ||
Mother smoking [yes] | 10 (21.7%) | 70 (15.3%) | 1.54 [0.73; 3.24] | 0.26 | ||
Breastfeeding < 3 months [yes] | 28 (60.9%) | 188 (41.1%) | 2.23 [1.20; 4.14] |
0.012
| 1.07 [0.52; 2.20] | 0.85 |
Artificial ventilation [yes] | 27 (58.7%) | 97 (21.2%) | 5.27 [2.81; 9.89] |
< 0.001
| 1.40 [0.57; 3.44] | 0.46 |
Intraventricular bleeding [yes,] | 11 (23.9%) | 26 (5.7%). | 5.21 [2.38; 11.42] |
< 0.001
| 2.08 [0.84; 5.18] | 0.12 |
Other perinatal adverse events [yes]e
| 3 (6.5%) | 11 (2.4%) | 2.83 [0.76; 10.53] | 0.12 | 0.95 [0.20; 4.42] | 0.94 |
Esotropia
Esotropia | Descriptiona
| Univariate Analysisb
| Multivariable analysisc
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics in children with strabismus
n = 34 | Characteristics in children without strabismus
n = 469 | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Gestational age [weeks] | 28.5 ± 4.0 | 34.4 ± 5.3 | 0.79 [0.73; 0.87] |
< 0.001
| 0.85 [0.75; 0.96] |
0.009
|
Birth weight percentile | 45.2 ± 29.7 | 40.7 ± 26.3 | 1.01 [0.99; 1.02] | 0.34 | ||
Sex [male] | 19 (55.9%) | 240 (51.2%) | 0.83 [0.41; 1.67] | 0.60 | ||
Age at examination [years] | 7.2 ± 2.3 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | 1.02 [0.85; 1.21] | 0.85 | ||
Anisometropia ≥1.5 D [yes] | 6 (18.2%) | 15 (3.2%) | 6.70 [2.41;18.63] |
< 0.001
| 2.95 [0.84; 10.43] | 0.09 |
Refractive error ≤ −3 [diopter]d
| 3 (8.8%) | 8 (1.7%) | 5.55 [1.40; 21.98] |
0.015
| 1.52 [0.24; 9.48] | 0.65 |
Refractive error ≥ +3 [diopter]d
| 12 (35.3%) | 34 (7.3%) | 6.95 [3.17; 15.23] |
< 0.001
| 7.83 [2.88; 21.27] |
< 0.001
|
Astigmatism [diopter] | 0.93 ± 0.82 | 0.48 ± 0.57 | 2.04 [1.40; 2.96] |
< 0.001
| 1.62 [0.98; 2.69] | 0.06 |
ROP [yes] | 11 (32.4%) | 44 (9.4%) | 4.62 [2.11; 10.10] |
< 0.001
| 0.88 [0.30; 2.53] | 0.81 |
Maternal age at childbirth [years] | 30.4 ± 5.1 | 31.5 ± 5.3 | 0.96 [0.90; 1.03] | 0.23 | ||
Mother smoking [yes] | 9 (26.5%) | 71 (15.1%) | 2.02 [0.90; 4.50] | 0.09 | 1.87 [0.69; 5.05] | 0.22 |
Breastfeeding < 3 months [yes] | 20 (58.8%) | 196 (41.8%) | 1.99 [0.98; 4.04] | 0.06 | 0.72 [0.29; 1.74] | 0.46 |
Artificial ventilation [yes] | 21 (61.8%) | 103 (22%) | 5.74 [2.78; 11.86] |
< 0.001
| 2.01 [0.68; 5.91] | 0.21 |
Intraventricular bleeding [yes] | 9 (26.5%) | 28 (6.0%). | 5.67 [2.42;13.30] |
< 0.001
| 2.47 [0.89; 6.79] | 0.08 |
Other perinatal adverse events [yes]e
| 2 (5.9%) | 12 (2.6%) | 2.38 [0.51; 11.09] | 0.27 |
Exotropia
Exoptropia | Descriptiona
| Univariate Analysisb
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics in children with strabismus
n = 12 | Characteristics in children without strabismus
n = 491 | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Gestational age [weeks] | 29.3 ± 4.0 | 34.1 ± 5.4 | 0.84 [0.74; 0.95] |
0.006
|
Birth weight percentile | 30.3 ± 17.0 | 41.3 ± 26.7 | 0.98 [0.96; 1.01] | 0.17 |
Sex [male] | 7 (58.3%) | 252 (51.3%) | 0.75 [0.24; 2.41] | 0.63 |
Age at examination [years] | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | 1.06 [0.79; 1.41] | 0.70 |
Anisometropia ≥1.5 D [yes] | 1 (8.3%) | 20 (4.1%) | 2.13 [0.26; 17.29] | 0.48 |
Refractive error ≤ −3 [diopter]c
| 1 (8.3%) | 10 (2.0%) | 4.36 [0.51; 37.04] | 0.18 |
Refractive error ≥ +3 [diopter]c
| 0 (0%) | 46 (9.4%) | 0.00 [0.00; 0.00] | 0.99 |
Astigmatism [diopter] | 0.92 ± 1.3 | 0.5 ± 0.57 | 1.82 [1.07; 3.12] |
0.028
|
ROP [yes] | 3 (25.0%) | 52 (10.6%) | 2.81 [0.74; 10.72] | 0.13 |
Maternal age at childbirth [years] | 33.0 ± 7.5 | 31.4 ± 5.3 | 1.06 [0.95; 1.18] | 0.31 |
Mother smoking [yes] | 1 (8.3%) | 79 (16.1%) | 0.47 [0.06; 3.72] | 0.48 |
Breastfeeding < 3 months [yes] | 8 (66.7%) | 208 (42.4%) | 2.72 [0.81; 9.16] | 0.11 |
Artificial ventilation [yes] | 6 (50.0%) | 118 (24.0%) | 3.16 [1.00; 9.99] | 0.050 |
Intraventricular bleeding [yes] | 2 (16.7%) | 35 (7.1%). | 2.61 [0.55; 12.36] | 0.23 |
Other perinatal adverse events [yes]d
| 1 (8.3%) | 13 (2.6%) | 3.34 [0.40; 27.85] | 0.27 |