Background
Methods
Study area and sample population
Laboratory detection of hepatitis B virus
Design and administration of the questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics among HCWs
Characteristic | Tested no. (%) | HBsAg (+) no. (%) | P value | HBsAb (+) no. (%) | P value | HBeAg (+) no. (%) | P value | HBeAb (+) no. (%) | P value | HBcAb (+) no. (%) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | |||||||||||
≥ 39y | 112 (53.1) | 6 (5.4) | 0.021* | 7 (6.3) | 0.342 | 0 (0.0) | 0.469 | 7 (6.3) | 0.027* | 10 (8.9) | 0.066 |
< 39y | 99 (46.9) | 15 (15.2) | 3 (3.0) | 1 (1.0) | 16 (16.2) | 18 (18.2) | |||||
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | 108 (51.2) | 10 (9.3) | 0.820 | 7 (6.5) | 0.333 | 0 (0.0) | 0.488 | 11 (10.2) | 0.826 | 13 (12.0) | 0.686 |
Female | 103 (48.8) | 11 (10.7) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.0) | 12 (11.7) | 15 (14.6) | |||||
Working experience | |||||||||||
≥ 9y | 113 (53.6) | 8 (7.1) | 0.168 | 7 (6.2) | 0.345 | 0 (0.0) | 0.464 | 8 (7.1) | 0.076 | 10 (8.8) | 0.066 |
< 9y | 98 (46.4) | 13 (13.3) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (1.0) | 15 (15.3) | 18 (18.4) | |||||
Education level | |||||||||||
High school | 39 (18.5) | 6 (15.4) | 0.365 | 1 (2.6) | 0.645 | 0 (0.0) | 0.873 | 5 (12.8) | 0.807 | 7 (17.9) | 0.601 |
Diploma certificate | 166 (78.7) | 14 (8.4) | 9 (5.4) | 1 (0.6) | 17 (10.2) | 20 (12.0) | |||||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 6 (2.8) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | |||||
Occupation | |||||||||||
Medical doctor | 7 (3.3) | 2 (28.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (42.9) | |||||
Nurse | 169 (80.1) | 17 (10.1) | 0.182 | 9 (5.3) | 0.687 | 1 (0.6) | 0.883 | 18 (10.7) | 0.015* | 23 (13.6) | 0.029* |
Others staff | 35 (16.6) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.7) | 2 (5.7) | |||||
Department | |||||||||||
Internal Medicine | 21 (10.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.560 | 1 (4.8) | 0.071 | 0 (0.0) | 0.338 | 2 (9.5) | 0.637 | 2 (9.5) | 0.384 |
Surgical Department | 47 (22.3) | 8 (17.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (17.0) | 9 (19.1) | |||||
Emergency Department | 16 (7.6) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) | |||||
Paediatric | 19 (9.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (10.5) | 4 (21.1) | |||||
Obstetrics and Gynecology | 9 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
Under Fives Clinic | 6 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
Laboratory | 16 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
OP Theatre | 22 (10.4) | 2 (9.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.0) | 2 (9.0) | |||||
Pharmacy | 5 (2.4) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | |||||
Others | 50 (23.7) | 6 (12.0) | 3 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (14.0) | 9 (18.0) | |||||
Hepatitis history | |||||||||||
YES | 14 (6.6) | 2 (14.3) | 0.268 | 1 (7.1) | 0.908 | 0 (0.0) | 0.905 | 2 (14.3) | 0.391 | 3 (21.4) | 0.429 |
NO | 176 (83.4) | 15 (8.5) | 8 (4.5) | 1 (0.6) | 17 (9.7) | 21 (11.9) | |||||
Unknown | 21 (10.0) | 4 (19.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | |||||
HBV vaccination | |||||||||||
YES | 37 (17.5) | 1 (2.7) | 0.135 | 6 (16.2) | 0.002* | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1 (2.7) | 0.087 | 1 (2.7) | 0.034* |
NO | 174 (82.5) | 20 (11.5) | 4 (2.3) | 1 (0.6) | 22 (12.6) | 27 (15.5) | |||||
Sharps injury | |||||||||||
Never | 110 (52.1) | 11 (10.0) | 0.955 | 5 (4.5) | 0.739 | 1 (1.0) | 0.630 | 14 (12.7) | 0.586 | 15 (13.6) | 0.962 |
Once | 36 (17.1) | 4 (11.1) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (11.1) | 5 (13.9) | |||||
More than once | 65 (30.8) | 6 (9.2) | 4 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (7.7) | 8 (12.3) | |||||
Total | 211 (100) | 21 (10.0) | 10 (4.7) | 1 (0.5) | 23 (10.9) | 28 (13.3) |
Prevalence of HBV
HBV infection classification | Number (%) (n = 211) |
---|---|
Susceptible | 172 (81.5) |
All markers negative | 172 (81.5) |
Acute or chronic infection | 21 (10.0) |
HBsAg (+), HBeAb (+), HBcAb (+) | 19 (9.0) |
HBsAg (+), HBeAb (+) | 1 (0.5) |
HBsAg (+), HBcAb (+) | 1 (0.5) |
Immune due to hepatitis B vaccination | 9 (4.0) |
Only HBsAb (+) | 9 (4.3) |
Immune due to natural infection | 9 (4.0) |
Only HBcAb (+) | 5 (2.4) |
HBeAb (+), HBcAb (+) | 2 (0.9) |
HBsAb (+), HBeAb (+) | 1 (0.5) |
HBeAg (+), HBcAb (+) | 1 (0.5) |
Characteristic | Tested no. (%) | Susceptible no. (%) | P value | Current infection no. (%) | P value | Past infection no. (%) | P value | Immune due to vaccination no. (%) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 0.337 | 0.018* | 0.506 | 0.506 | |||||
≥ 39y | 112 (53.1) | 94 (83.9) | 6 (5.4) | 6 (5.4) | 6 (5.4) | ||||
< 39y | 99 (46.9) | 78 (78.8) | 15 (15.2) | 3 (3.0) | 3 (3.0) | ||||
Gender | 0.989 | 0.730 | 0.744 | 0.499 | |||||
Male | 108 (51.2) | 88 (81.5) | 10 (9.3) | 4 (3.7) | 6 (5.6) | ||||
Female | 103 (48.8) | 84 (81.6) | 11 (10.7) | 5 (4.9) | 3 (2.9) | ||||
Working experience | 0.452 | 0.419 | 0.509 | 0.736 | |||||
≥ 9y | 113 (53.6) | 90 (79.6) | 13 (11.5) | 6 (5.3) | 4 (3.5) | ||||
< 9y | 98 (46.4) | 82 (83.7) | 8 (8.2) | 3 (3.1) | 5 (5.1) | ||||
Education level | 0.933 | 0.365 | 0.716 | 0.716 | |||||
High school | 39 (18.5) | 31 (79.5) | 6 (15.4) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | ||||
Diploma certificate | 166 (78.7) | 136 (81.9) | 14 (8.4) | 8 (4.8) | 8 (4.8) | ||||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 6 (2.8) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Occupation | 0.736 | 0.894 | 0.311 | 0.780 | |||||
Medical doctor | 7 (3.3) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Nurse | 169 (80.1) | 136 (80.5) | 17 (10.1) | 9 (5.3) | 7 (4.1) | ||||
Other staff | 35 (16.6) | 30 (85.7) | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.7) | ||||
Department | 0.000* | 0.560 | 0.738 | 0.007* | |||||
Internal medicine | 21 (10.0) | 18 (85.7) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | ||||
Surgical Department | 47 (22.3) | 36 (76.6) | 8 (17.0) | 3 (6.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Emergency Department | 16 (7.6) | 14 (87.5) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | ||||
Pediatric | 19 (9.0) | 15 (78.9) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Obstetrics and Gynecology | 9 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Under Fives Clinic | 6 (2.8) | 5 (83.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | ||||
Laboratory | 16 (7.6) | 16 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
OP Theatre | 22 (10.4) | 19 (40.9) | 2 (9.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | ||||
Pharmacy | 5 (2.4) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | ||||
Others | 50 (23.7) | 38 (76.0) | 6 (12.0) | 3 (6.0) | 3 (6.0) | ||||
Hepatitis history | 0.355 | 0.854 | 0.110 | 0.393 | |||||
YES | 14 (6.6) | 10 (71.4) | 2 (14.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
NO | 176 (83.4) | 143 (81.3) | 17 (9.7) | 7 (4.0) | 9 (5.1) | ||||
Unknown | 21 (10.0) | 19 (90.5) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
HBV vaccination | 0.588 | 0.135 | 1.000 | 0.001* | |||||
YES | 37 (17.5) | 29 (78.4) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | 6 (16.2) | ||||
NO | 174 (82.5) | 143 (82.2) | 20 (11.5) | 8 (4.6) | 3 (1.7) | ||||
Sharps injury | 0.025* | 0.351 | 0.670 | 0.063 | |||||
Never | 110 (52.1) | 82 (74.5) | 14 (12.7) | 6 (5.5) | 8 (7.3) | ||||
Once | 36 (17.1) | 32 (88.9) | 2 (5.6) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (2.8) | ||||
More than once | 65 (30.8) | 58 (89.2) | 5 (7.7) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Total | 211 (100) | 172 (81.5) | 21 (10.0) | 9 (4.3) | 9 (4.3) |
Variables | Category | Frequency | OR | 95% CI for OR | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≥39y | 6/112 | 0.337 | 0.116–0.980 | 0.046* |
<39y | 15/99 | ||||
Gender | Male | 10/108 | 1.304 | 0.471–3.609 | 0.609 |
Female | 11/103 | ||||
Working experience | ≥9y | 13/113 | 1.334 | 0.502–3.547 | 0.563 |
<9y | 8/98 | ||||
Education background | Low | 6/39 | 0.401 | 0.104–1.547 | 0.185 |
Mid | 14/166 | ||||
High | 1/6 | ||||
Occupation | Doctors | 1/7 | 2.114 | 0.496–9.018 | 0.312 |
Nurses | 17/169 | ||||
Others | 3/35 | ||||
Vaccination | Yes | 1/37 | 0.291 | 0.036–2.383 | 0.250 |
No | 20/174 | ||||
Sharps injury | Never | 14/110 | 0.692 | 0.391–1.225 | 0.207 |
Once | 2/36 | ||||
More than once | 5/65 |
Knowledge of HBV infection and associated factors
Characteristic | The consequences of infection | Route of transmission | Preventive measures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no. (%) | P value | no. (%) | P value | no. (%) | P value | |||||||
Poor | Intermed | Good | Poor | Intermed | Good | Poor | Intermed | Good | ||||
Age (y) | ||||||||||||
< 39y | 77 (77.8) | 15 (15.2) | 7 (7.1) | 0.920 | 31 (31.3) | 35 (35.4) | 33 (33.3) | 0.896 | 41 (41.4) | 17 (17.2) | 41 (41.4) | 0.736 |
≥ 39y | 86 (76.8) | 19 (16.9) | 7 (6.3) | 32 (28.6) | 40 (35.7) | 40 (35.7) | 52 (46.4) | 19 (16.9) | 41 (36.7) | |||
Gender | ||||||||||||
Female | 75 (72.8) | 20 (19.4) | 8 (7.8) | 0.322 | 26 (25.4) | 42 (40.8) | 35 (33.9) | 0.222 | 42 (41.7) | 19 (18.5) | 42 (40.8) | 0.634 |
Male | 88 (81.5) | 14 (12.9) | 6 (5.6) | 37 (34.3) | 33 (30.6) | 38 (35.2) | 51 (47.2) | 17 (15.7) | 40 (37.0) | |||
Working experience | ||||||||||||
< 9y | 74 (75.5) | 19 (19.4) | 5 (5.1) | 0.380 | 27 (27.6) | 35 (35.7) | 36 (36.7) | 0.752 | 33 (33.7) | 19 (19.4) | 46 (46.9) | 0.017* |
≥ 9y | 89 (78.8) | 15 (13.3) | 9 (7.9) | 36 (31.9) | 40 (35.4) | 37 (32.7) | 60 (53.1) | 17 (15.0) | 36 (31.9) | |||
Education level | ||||||||||||
High school | 25 (65.8) | 9 (23.7) | 4 (10.5) | 0.324 | 9 (20.5) | 16 (41.0) | 13 (33.3) | 0.378 | 15 (38.5) | 9 (23.1) | 14 (35.9) | 0.324 |
Diploma certificate | 133 (79.6) | 24 (14.4) | 10 (5.9) | 51 (31.7) | 58 (35.4) | 58 (35.4) | 75 (45.7) | 26 (15.9) | 66 (40.2) | |||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (25.0) | 3 (50.0) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | |||
Occupation | ||||||||||||
Medical doctor | 4 (57.1) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 0.050* | 0 (0.0) | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.196 | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 4 (57.1) | 0.221 |
Nurse | 137 (81.1) | 21 (12.4) | 11 (6.5) | 56 (33.1) | 59 (34.9) | 54 (31.9) | 80 (47.3) | 30 (17.8) | 59 (34.9) | |||
Other staff | 22 (62.9) | 11 (31.4) | 2 (5.7) | 7 (20.0) | 13 (37.1) | 15 (42.9) | 11 (31.4) | 5 (14.3) | 19 (54.3) | |||
Total | 163 (77.3) | 34 (16.1) | 14 (6.6) | 63 (29.9) | 75 (35.5) | 73 (34.6) | 93 (44.1) | 36 (17.1) | 82 (38.9) |