Background
Methods
Study design and study population
Questionnaire
Dietary assessment
Clinical tests
Skin-prick test (SPT)
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) test
Health outcomes
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive results
Characteristics | Child | Mother | Father |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years (m ± SD) | 38.4 ± 5.1 | 41.4 ± 6.3 | |
9 years (%) | 27.8 | ||
10 years (%) | 48.7 | ||
11 years (%) | 23.5 | ||
Gender (male, %) | 49.4 | ||
Place of residence (%) | |||
North of France | 49.9 | ||
South of France | 50.1 | ||
Weight in Kg (m ± SD) | 36.1 ± 8.3 | ||
Height in meter (m ± SD) | 1.4 ± 0.1 | ||
Overweight and obesity (%) | 21.0 | ||
Current ETS (%) | 40.0 | ||
Parental atopic disease (%) | 39.5 | ||
Ethnic origins (%)a | |||
Metropolitan France | 66.4 | 60.8 | |
French overseas departments | 3.2 | 2.1 | |
Southern Europe | 3.5 | 3.6 | |
Northern Africa | 7.6 | 8.3 | |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 2.5 | 2.6 | |
Asia | 3.1 | 3.1 | |
Other | 3.0 | 2.9 | |
Education (%)a | |||
Primary | 9.8 | 9.4 | |
Secondary | 37.5 | 32.3 | |
High school and university | 31.7 | 30.1 | |
Other | 4.3 | 4.2 | |
Number of siblings (%) | |||
No siblings | 47.9 | ||
1-2 siblings | 46.1 | ||
≥ 3 siblings | 6.0 |
Prevalence of asthma symptoms, asthma and allergic sensitization
Dietary factors and allergic diseases
Dietary factors | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Soft drinks intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 3781 | 50.9 |
1–2 times/week | 1909 | 25.7 |
≥ 3 times/week | 1742 | 23.4 |
Fruit juice intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 2654 | 35.7 |
1–2 times/week | 1515 | 20.4 |
≥ 3 times/week | 3263 | 43.9 |
Cooked vegetables intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 1451 | 19.5 |
1–2 times/week | 1639 | 22.1 |
≥ 3 times/week | 4342 | 58.4 |
Raw vegetables intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 2258 | 30.4 |
1–2 times/week | 2062 | 27.7 |
≥ 3 times/week | 3112 | 41.9 |
Citrus fruit intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 3087 | 41.5 |
1–2 times/week | 2095 | 28.2 |
≥ 3 times/week | 2250 | 30.3 |
Red meat intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 1738 | 23.4 |
1–2 times/week | 2796 | 37.6 |
≥ 3 times/week | 2898 | 39.9 |
Fish intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 5695 | 76.6 |
1–2 times/week | 1453 | 19.6 |
≥3 times/week | 284 | 3.8 |
Dairy products intake | ||
Never/occasionally | 1085 | 14.6 |
1–2 times/week | 323 | 4.3 |
≥ 3 times/week | 6024 | 81.1 |
Fast food consumption (N = 6515) | ||
Never/occasionally | 6065 | 93.1 |
1–2 times/week | 413 | 6.3 |
≥ 3 times/week | 37 | 0.6 |
Canteen lunch (N = 6790) | ||
Never/occasionally | 2211 | 32.6 |
1–2 times/week | 1443 | 21.3 |
≥ 3 times/week | 3136 | 46.2 |
Atopic wheezea | Past year wheezea | Lifetime asthmaa | SPT positivitya | BHRa | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
Soft drink intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 1.05 | 0.70 to 1.58 | 1.00 | 0.72 to 1.38 | 1.07 | 0.82 to 1.40 | 1.18 | 0.98 to 1.43 | 1.10 | 0.82 to 1.47 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.89 | 0.57 to 1.39 | 0.88 | 0.62 to 1.26 | 1.03 | 0.77 to 1.37 | 0.99 | 0.81 to 1.22 | 0.94 | 0.68 to 1.30 |
p-value | 0.839 | 0.562 | 0.615 | 0.062 | 0.192 | |||||
Fruit juice intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 0.76 | 0.53 to 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.72 to 1.30 | 1.02 | 0.81 to 1.29 | 0.94 | 0.79 to 1.11 | 1.01 | 0.77 to 1.31 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.66 | 0.43 to 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.64 to 1.24 | 0.73 | 0.55 to 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.79 to 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.87 to 1.53 |
p-value | 0.007 | 0.275 | 0.054 | 0.492 | 0.793 | |||||
Cooked vegetable intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 0.99 | 0.55 to 1.79 | 1.19 | 0.76 to 1.87 | 1.02 | 0.70 to 1.49 | 0.88 | 0.66 to 1.16 | 1.06 | 0.71 to 1.59 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.98 | 0.66 to 1.45 | 0.94 | 0.68 to 1.29 | 1.10 | 0.86 to 1.40 | 1.05 | 0.88 to 1.26 | 0.77 | 0.57 to 0.94 |
p-value | 0.078 | 0.170 | 0.102 | 0.775 | 0.009 | |||||
Raw vegetable intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 1.05 | 0.68 to 1.63 | 0.98 | 0.69 to 1.40 | 0.94 | 0.70 to 1.25 | 0.99 | 0.81 to 1.21 | 1.05 | 0.76 to 1.44 |
≥ 3 times/week | 1.07 | 0.75 to 1.54 | 1.05 | 0.78 to 1.41 | 1.11 | 0.87 to 1.40 | 1.03 | 0.87 to 1.22 | 1.15 | 0.88 to 1.48 |
p-value | 0.094 | 0.682 | 0.532 | 0.428 | 0.645 | |||||
Fruit intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 1.06 | 0.72 to 1.56 | 1.15 | 0.84 to 1.58 | 1.10 | 0.85 to 1.41 | 0.98 | 0.82 to 1.17 | 1.20 | 0.90 to 1.59 |
≥ 3 times/week | 1.06 | 0.71 to 1.57 | 1.17 | 0.85 to 1.62 | 0.99 | 0.77 to 1.29 | 1.11 | 0.93 to 1.33 | 1.31 | 0.99 to 1.74 |
p-value | 0.109 | 0.670 | 0.351 | 0.592 | 0.468 | |||||
Red meat intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 1.35 | 1.05 to 1.68 | 1.03 | 0.69 to 1.52 | 0.84 | 0.60 to 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.74 to 1.19 | 1.26 | 0.89 to 1.80 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.83 | 0.59 to 1.16 | 0,89 | 0.68 to 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.75 to 1.16 | 0.96 | 0.83 to 1.12 | 1.25 | 0.98 to 1.59 |
p-value | 0.022 | 0.587 | 0.261 | 0.546 | 0.074 | |||||
Fish intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 2.78 | 0.66 to 11.61 | 0.75 | 0.53 to 0.93 | 1.11 | 0.61 to 2.03 | 1.05 | 0.69 to 1.61 | 1.44 | 0.69 to 3.02 |
≥ 3 times/week | 2.46 | 0.57 to 10.51 | 1.25 | 0.54 to 2.89 | 1.22 | 0.65 to 2.26 | 1.03 | 0.66 to 1.60 | 1.67 | 0.78 to 3.57 |
p-value | 0.042 | 0.028 | 0.789 | 0.882 | 0.524 | |||||
Dairy product intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 0.66 | 0.23 to 1.84 | 0.79 | 0.40 to 1.56 | 1.06 | 0.62 to 1.82 | 1.03 | 0.70 to 1.51 | 0.64 | 0.32 to 1.28 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.70 | 0.28 to 1.78 | 0.72 | 0.37 to 1.38 | 0.99 | 0.58 to 1.69 | 0.70 | 0.46 to 1.05 | 0.97 | 0.54 to 1.74 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.186 | 0.985 | 0.428 | 0.271 | |||||
Fast food consumption (N) | 4635 | 2198 | 5809 | 5165 | 5211 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 0.36 | 0.07 to 1.86 | 1.68 | 0.17 to 15.92 | 1.27 | 0.15 to 10.21 | 3.46 | 0.43 to 27.52 | 0.85 | 0.10 to 6.82 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.53 | 0.09 to 2.95 | 1.96 | 0.19 to 19.38 | 1.47 | 0.17 to 12.18 | 2.89 | 0.35 to 23.52 | 0.92 | 0.11 to 7.75 |
p-value | 0.715 | 0.643 | 0.302 | 0.407 | 0.079 | |||||
Canteen lunch (N) | 4817 | 2300 | 6046 | 5371 | 5414 | |||||
Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
1–2 times/week | 0.57 | 0.37 to 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.52 to 0.99 | 0.80 | 0.62 to 1.03 | 0.83 | 0.69 to 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.71 to 0.91 |
≥ 3 times/week | 0.93 | 0.64 to 1.37 | 0.88 | 0.63 to 1.22 | 0.78 | 0.60 to 1.03 | 0.88 | 0.73 to 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.81 to 1.42 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
Wheeze among SPT positivea | Wheeze among SPT negativea | Difference between strata (p for z-test) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
Soft drink intake (N) | 86 | 56 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.03 | 0.78 to 1.33 | 1.24 | 0.91 to 1.67 | 0.832 |
Fruit juice intake (N) | 123 | 67 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.27 | 0.94 to 1.76 | 0.96 | 0.71 to 1.32 | 0.681 |
Cooked vegetable intake (N) | 157 | 86 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 0.83 | 0.51 to 1.33 | 0.95 | 0.62 to 1.40 | 0.889 |
Raw vegetable intake (N) | 139 | 77 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.15 | 0.84 to 1.63 | 1.02 | 0.72 to 1.49 | 0.793 |
Fruit intake (N) | 110 | 57 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.08 | 0.82 to 1.41 | 0.89 | 0.67 to 1.18 | 0.980 |
Red meat intake (N) | 145 | 83 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 0.68 | 0.50 to 0.98 | 1.07 | 0.76 to 1.55 | 0.459 |
Fish intake (N) | 41 | 19 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 0.77 | 0.58 to 1.02 | 0.61 | 0.43 to 0.87 | 0.040 |
Dairy product intake (N) | 166 | 91 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.31 | 0.62 to 5.32 | 1.28 | 0.76 to 2.41 | 0.366 |
Fast food consumption (N) | 17 | 5 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 2.39 | 1.47 to 3.93 | 0.66 | 0.33 to 1.09 | 0.407 |
Canteen lunch (N) | 65 | 138 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.64 | 1.20 to 2.30 | 1.01 | 0.78 to 1.33 | 0.023 |
Butter intake (N) | 65 | 37 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.51 | 1.17 to 2.00 | 1.18 | 0.87 to 1.54 | 0.045 |
Vegetable oil intake (N) | 127 | 69 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 1.22 | 0.90 to 1.69 | 1.11 | 0.80 to 1.64 | 0.303 |
Margarine intake (N) | 44 | 22 | |||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | |
Yes | 0.67 | 0.51 to 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.49 to 0.95 | 0.041 |