Background
Methods
Results
Total | PPDS (minor/major) | PPDS (major) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N* | % | OR | 95% CI† | OR | 95% CI† | |
Socioeconomic Factors
| ||||||
Maternal education level
| ||||||
Less than high school | 5787 | 7.65 |
1.79
| 1.27-2.53 |
2.54
| 1.84-3.49 |
High school grad | 10049 | 13.29 |
1.49
| 1.11-2.01 |
1.71
| 1.27-2.29 |
Some Post-Secondary | 4609 | 6.09 |
1.74
| 1.19-2.59 | 1.44 | 0.98-2.12 |
Post-Secondary Diploma | 28304 | 37.43 |
1.30
| 1.03-1.63 | 1.08 | 0.84-1.38 |
University | 26872 | 35.54 | 1 | 1 | ||
Total household income
| ||||||
Low | 2250 | 3.13 |
1.78
| 1.03-3.09 |
4.49
| 2.89-6.97 |
Low-Middle | 5764 | 8.02 |
2.85
| 2.05-3.97 |
3.48
| 2.51-4.82 |
Middle | 15179 | 21.11 |
1.84
| 1.40-2.41 |
2.04
| 1.52-2.72 |
Middle-Upper | 24643 | 34.27 |
1.44
| 1.11-1.86 |
1.40
| 1.05-1.86 |
High | 24078 | 33.48 | 1 | 1 | ||
Occupation during pregnancy
| ||||||
No | 23554 | 30.92 |
1.38
| 1.13-1.68 |
2.10
| 1.72-2.56 |
Yes | 52612 | 69.08 | 1 | 1 | ||
Demographic Factors
| ||||||
Region of residence
| ||||||
Atlantic | 4521 | 5.91 |
0.53
| 0.39-.071 |
0.34
| 0.25-0.47 |
Quebec | 18333 | 23.96 |
0.46
| 0.34-0.63 |
0.48
| 0.37-0.64 |
Ontario | 29688 | 38.80 |
0.58
| 0.44-0.77 |
0.48
| 0.37-0.63 |
Prairies | 14569 | 19.04 |
0.40
| 0.30-0.55 |
0.46
| 0.34-0.61 |
British Columbia | 8997 | 11.76 |
0.52
| 0.36-0.75 |
0.41
| 0.28-0.59 |
Territories | 398 | 0.52 | 1 | 1 | ||
Immigration status
| ||||||
Yes | 16763 | 22.03 |
1.87
| 1.51-2.32 |
2.71
| 2.20-3.32 |
No | 59337 | 77.97 | 1 | 1 | ||
Age of infant (months)
| ||||||
9-14 | 1709 | 2.24 |
0.39
| 0.23-0.65 |
0.43
| 0.25-0.74 |
6-8 | 65102 | 85.27 | 1.04 | 0.79-1.39 |
0.72
| 0.53-0.99 |
5 | 9534 | 12.49 | 1 | 1 | ||
Maternal Characteristics
| ||||||
Parity
| ||||||
Multiparous | 41556 | 54.53 | 1.10 | 0.91-1.32 |
1.29
| 1.07-1.56 |
Primiparous | 34647 | 45.47 | 1 | 1 | ||
Living with a husband/partner
| ||||||
No | 6374 | 8.36 |
1.55
| 1.16-2.09 |
1.90
| 1.46-2.49 |
Yes | 69832 | 91.64 | 1 | 1 | ||
Maternal age
| ||||||
15-19 | 1503 | 1.96 |
1.71
| 1.05-2.78 |
2.71
| 1.80-4.08 |
20-24 | 8923 | 11.66 | 1.13 | 0.85-1.51 |
1.38
| 1.06-1.81 |
25-34 | 12927 | 16.90 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-39 | 2963 | 3.87 |
1.32
| 1.04-1.68 |
1.33
| 1.05-1.69 |
40+ | 50192 | 66.37 | 1.01 | 0.58-1.77 | 1.41 | 0.87-2.27 |
Pregnancy weight gain guidelines
| ||||||
Inadequate | 24260 | 32.29 | 0.88 | 0.65-1.19 | 0.82 | 0.62-1.08 |
Recommended | 13947 | 18.56 | 1 | 1 | ||
Excessive | 36936 | 49.15 | 1.14 | 0.88-1.48 | 0.91 | 0.70-1.18 |
Previous diagnosis of depression/prescription antidepressants
| ||||||
Yes | 11784 | 15.46 |
2.05
| 1.64-2.54 |
2.47
| 1.99-3.06 |
No | 64456 | 84.54 | 1 | 1 | ||
Smoking status during 3rd trimester
| ||||||
Smoked | 8016 | 10.50 |
1.79
| 1.39-2.32 |
1.57
| 1.22-2.04 |
Did not smoke | 68319 | 89.50 | 1 | 1 | ||
Mother's stress level during pregnancy
| ||||||
Very stressed | 9488 | 12.45 |
3.91
| 2.92-5.23 |
7.13
| 5.47-9.28 |
Somewhat stressed | 33968 | 44.58 |
2.64
| 2.08-3.34 |
2.20
| 1.75-2.78 |
Not at all | 32742 | 42.97 | 1 | 1 | ||
Breastfeeding initiation
| ||||||
No | 7394 | 9.67 | 1.10 | 0.84-1.44 | 1.20 | 0.61-1.14 |
Yes | 69086 | 90.33 | 1 | 1 | ||
Other variables
| ||||||
Availability of support after pregnancy
| ||||||
None of the time | 1095 | 1.44 |
4.27
| 2.22-8.20 |
7.11
| 4.08-12.41 |
Some of the time | 11126 | 14.58 |
3.57
| 2.86-4.44 |
5.75
| 4.69-7.06 |
Most of the time | 64076 | 83.98 | 1 | 1 | ||
Planned pregnancy
| ||||||
No | 5378 | 7.08 | 1.32 | 0.93-1.88 |
1.93
| 1.43-2.61 |
Yes | 70571 | 92.92 | 1 | 1 | ||
Baby in NICU
| ||||||
Yes | 9733 | 12.74 |
1.30
| 1.01-1.68 | 1.10 | 0.84-1.44 |
No | 66681 | 87.26 | 1 | 1 |
PPDS (minor/major) | PPDS (major) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI† | OR | 95% CI† | |
Socioeconomic Factors
| ||||
Maternal education level
| ||||
Less than High School | 1.16 | 0.71-1.90 | 1.40 | 0.85-2.32 |
High School Graduate | 1.20 | 0.84-1.72 | 1.24 | 0.82-1.87 |
Some Post-Secondary | 1.54 | 0.99-2.38 | 0.98 | 0.59-1.61 |
Post-Secondary Diploma | 1.14 | 0.88-1.48 | 0.98 | 0.73-1.32 |
University Graduate | 1 | 1 | ||
Total household income
| ||||
Low | 1.16 | 0.56-2.39 | 1.91 | 0.95-3.83 |
Low-Middle |
2.11
| 1.39-3.20 |
1.79
| 1.14-2.82 |
Middle |
1.60
| 1.16-2.21 |
1.47
| 1.02-2.12 |
Middle-Upper |
1.39
| 1.05-1.85 |
1.38
| 1.00-1.91 |
High | 1 | 1 | ||
Occupation during pregnancy
| ||||
No | 1.09 | 0.86-1.38 | 1.32 | 1.01-1.71 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
Demographic Factors
| ||||
Region of residence
| ||||
Atlantic | 1.39 | 0.64-3.03 | 1.05 | 0.40-2.75 |
Quebec | 1.33 | 0.62-2.87 | 1.28 | 0.51-3.21 |
Ontario | 1.37 | 0.62-3.01 | 0.98 | 0.39-2.46 |
Prairies | 1.08 | 0.49-2.34 | 0.96 | 0.38-2.40 |
British Columbia | 1.25 | 0.56-2.80 | 0.86 | 0.33-2.27 |
Territories | 1 | 1 | ||
Immigration status
| ||||
Yes |
1.84
| 1.41-2.40 |
2.35
| 1.77-3.13 |
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Age of infant (months)
| ||||
9-14 |
0.39
| 0.19-0.81 | 0.52 | 0.22-1.26 |
6-8 | 1.10 | 0.80-1.51 | 0.78 | 0.54-1.12 |
5 | 1 | 1 | ||
Maternal Characteristics
| ||||
Parity
| ||||
Multiparous | 0.91 | 0.72-1.14 | 1.06 | 0.83-1.37 |
Primiparous | 1 | 1 | ||
Living with a husband/partner
| ||||
No | 1.01 | 0.67-1.53 | 1.09 | 0.72-1.65 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
Maternal age
| ||||
15-19 | 1.17 | 0.58-2.35 |
2.03
| 1.09-3.78 |
20-24 | 0.86 | 0.61-1.22 | 1.09 | 0.75-1.58 |
25-34 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-39 | 1.13 | 0.85-1.50 | 1.10 | 0.79-1.51 |
40+ | 0.83 | 0.45-1.54 | 0.94 | 0.51-1.73 |
Pregnancy weight gain guidelines
| ||||
Inadequate | 1.05 | 0.76-1.45 | 1.11 | 0.79-1.57 |
Recommended | 1 | 1 | ||
Excessive | 1.22 | 0.93-1.62 | 1.17 | 0.85-1.61 |
Previous diagnosis of depression/prescription antidepressants
| ||||
Yes |
1.70
| 1.32-2.19 |
2.50
| 1.91-3.28 |
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Smoking status during 3rd trimester
| ||||
Smoked |
0.78
| 0.66-0.91 | 0.90 | 0.76-1.07 |
Did not smoke | 1 | 1 | ||
Mother's stress level during pregnancy
| ||||
Very stressed |
3.59
| 2.58-5.00 |
6.98
| 4.99-9.77 |
Somewhat stressed |
2.39
| 1.86-3.09 |
2.28
| 1.71-3.05 |
Not at all | 1 | 1 | ||
Breastfeeding initiation
| ||||
No | 0.99 | 0.71-1.38 | 0.70 | 0.46-1.07 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
Other variables
| ||||
Availability of support after pregnancy
| ||||
None of the time | 2.26 | 0.89-5.71 |
3.75
| 1.69-8.35 |
Some of the time |
2.93
| 2.29-3.77 |
4.12
| 3.19-5.31 |
Most of the time | 1 | 1 | ||
Planned pregnancy
| ||||
No | 0.89 | 0.59-1.34 | 0.99 | 0.66-1.49 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
Baby in NICU
| ||||
Yes | 1.14 | 0.84-1.55 | 0.99 | 0.72-1.38 |
No | 1 | 1 |