Background
Methods
Study setting
The study design, population, sampling
Data collection
Dependent and independent variables
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of study sample
Age category | Frequency n (%) |
---|---|
Under 20 years | 14 (3.3) |
20–34 years | 349 (83.5) |
At least 35 years | 55 (13.2) |
Religion | |
Christianity | 239 (57.2) |
Islam | 179 (42.8) |
Marital Status | |
Married | 333 (79.7) |
Single | 81 (19.4) |
Divorced | 1 (0.2) |
Widowed | 3 (0.7) |
Educational Level | |
None | 29 (6.9) |
Primary | 54 (12.9) |
JHS | 113 (27.0) |
SHS/Vocational/Technical | 147 (35.2) |
Tertiary | 75 (17.90 |
Occupational Level | |
Unemployed | 69 (16.5) |
Petty trader | 182 (43.5) |
Farmer | 18 (4.3) |
Civil / Public Servant | 50 (12.0) |
Others | 99 (23.7) |
Maternal Knowledge of dangers of newborn care signs | |
1–3 | 229 (54.8) |
At least 4 | 189 (45.2) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Gravidity | |
Primigravidae | 166 (39.7) |
Secundigravidae | 132 (31.6) |
Multigravidae | 120 (28.7) |
Parity | |
Primiparous | 211 (50.5) |
Secundiparous | 111 (26.6) |
Multiparous | 96 (23.0) |
Timing of first ANC visit | |
First trimester | 372 (89.0) |
Second trimester | 41 (9.8) |
Third trimester | 5 (1.2) |
Coverage of essential newborn care practices
New born care practice | Frequency n (%) |
---|---|
Instrument used to cut the umbilical cord | |
New blade | 48 (11.5) |
Any available blade | 5 (1.2) |
Scissors | 357 (85.4) |
Others | 8 (1.9) |
Total | 418 (100) |
Material used to clamp tie cord | |
Thread | 18 (4.3) |
Cord tie | 14 (3.3) |
Cord clamp | 385 (92.1) |
Others | 1 (0.2) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
What was applied to cord | |
Nothing | 12 (2.9) |
Shea butter | 252 (60.3) |
Spirit | 147 (35.2) |
Shea butter with powder | 3 (0.7) |
String | 1 (0.2) |
Others | 3 (0.7) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Time baby was wrapped | |
Immediately (< 5 min) | 215 (51.4) |
5–10 min | 155 (37.1) |
30–60 min | 12 (2.9) |
Unknown | 36 (8.6) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Timing of newborn’s first bath | |
Soon after birth | 29 (6.9) |
1–6 h | 166 (39.7) |
More than 6 h but less than 24 h | 148 (35.4) |
More than 24 h | 4 (1.0) |
Can’t tell | 71 (17.0) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Reasons for applying substances to the cord stump | |
Prevent infection | 109 (26.1) |
To aid healing | 281 (67.2) |
Keep it dry | 4 (1.0) |
Prevent water from entering the stomach | 8 (1.9) |
Midwifes advised me to used | 8 (1.9) |
Not Applicable | 8 (1.9) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
New born care practice | Frequency n (%) |
---|---|
Safe cord care | |
No | 264 (63.2) |
Yes | 154 (36.8) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Optimal thermal care | |
No | 272 (65.1) |
Yes | 146 (34.9) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Good neonatal feeding | |
No | 110 (26.3) |
Yes | 308 (73.7) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Adequate total neonatal care | |
No | 352 (84.2) |
Yes | 66 (15.8) |
Total | 418 (100.0) |
Determinants of essential newborn care practices
Good cord care? | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable |
N
| No n (%) | Yes n (%) | Test statistic |
Age (years) | ||||
Under 20 years | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 9 (64.3) | Chi-square (χ
2
) = 11.6, p = 0.003 |
20–34 years | 349 | 215 (61.6) | 134 (38.4) | |
At least 35 years | 55 | 44 (80.0) | 11 (20.0) | |
Adequacy of ANC attendance | ||||
No | 46 | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | Chi-square (χ
2
) = 15.0, p < 0.001 |
Yes | 372 | 223 (59.9) | 149 (40.1) | |
Knowledge of dangers of newborn care signs | ||||
1–3 | 229 | 156 (68.1) | 73 (31.9) | Chi-square (χ2) = 5.4, p = 0.02 |
At least 4 | 189 | 108 (57.1) | 81 (42.9) | |
Mothers’ education | ||||
None | 29 | 25 (86.2) | 4 (13.8) | Chi-square (χ2) = 14.0, p = 0.001 |
Low | 167 | 115 (68.9) | 52 (31.1) | |
High | 222 | 124 (55.9) | 98 (44.1) |
Optimal thermal care? | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable |
N
| No n (%) | Yes n (%) | Test statistic |
Age (years) | ||||
Under 20 years | 14 | 10 (64.3 | 5 (35.7) | Chi-square (χ
2
) = 10.1, p = 0.006 |
20–34 years | 349 | 216 (61.9) | 133 (38.1) | |
At least 35 years | 55 | 46 (83.6) | 9 (16.4) | |
Total | ||||
Mothers education | ||||
None | 29 | 24 (82.8) | 5 (17.2) | Chi-square (χ2) = 45.4, p < 0.001 |
Low | 167 | 131 (78.4) | 36 (21.6) | |
High | 222 | 113 (50.9) | 109 (49.1) | |
Religion of mother | ||||
Christianity | 239 | 167 (69.9) | 72 (30.1) | χ
2
= 5.7, p = 0.02 |
Islam | 179 | 105 (58.7) | 74 (41.3) | |
Knowledge of newborn danger signs | ||||
1–3 | 229 | 165 (72.1) | 64 (27.9) | χ
2
= 10.9 p = 0.001 |
At least 4 | 189 | 107 (56.6) | 82 (43.4) | |
Adequacy of ANC attendance | ||||
No | 46 | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | Chi-square (χ2) = 13.2, p < 0.001 |
Yes | 372 | 231 (62.1) | 141 (37.9) |
Good neonatal feeding? | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | Test statistic |
Age (years) | ||||
Under 20 years | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 9 (64.3) | Chi-square (χ
2
) = 6.2, p = 0.05 |
20–34 years | 349 | 85 (24.4) | 264 (75.6) | |
At least 35 years | 55 | 22 (40.0) | 33 (60.0) | |
Adequacy of ANC attendance | ||||
No | 46 | 19 (41.3) | 27 (58.7) | Chi-square (χ2) = 5.9, p = 0.014 |
Yes | 376 | 91 (24.5) | 281 (75.5) | |
Mothers’ education | ||||
None | 29 | 10 (34.5) | 19 (65.5) | χ
2
= 5.5, p = 0.06 |
Low | 167 | 52 (31.1) | 115 (68.9) | |
High | 222 | 48 (21.6) | 174 (78.4) | |
Knowledge of newborn danger signs | ||||
1–3 | 229 | 74 (32.3) | 155 (67.7) | χ
2
= 9.4 p = 0.002 |
At least 4 | 189 | 36 (19.0) | 153 (81.0) |
Variable | AOR (95% CI) safe cord care | AOR (95% CI) optimal thermal care | AOR (95% CI) good neonatal feeding | AOR (95% CI) aOverall adequacy of new born care practices |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age (years) | ||||
≥ 35 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Under 20 years | 6.57 (1.71, 25.31)** | 3.65 (0.79, 16.86) | 2.22 (0.55, 9.0) | 7.41 (0.85, 64.91) |
20–34 years | 2.01 (0.98, 4.12) | 3.28 (1.34, 8.04) ** | 2.02 (1.11, 3.70)* | 7.31 (1.65, 32.44)** |
Adequacy of ANC attendance | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 4.04 (1.53, 10.66)** | 2.74 (1.01, 7.55) | 1.90 (1.01, 3.61)* | Not significant |
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Health facility | 5.60 (1.19, 26.30)** | Not significant | Not significant in final model | Not significant in final model |
Mother could recall at least 4 new born danger signs? | ||||
1–3 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
At least 4 | Not significant in final model | Not significant | 2.00 (1.26, 3.17) ** | 2.51 (1.41, 4.47)** |
Maternal Educational level | ||||
No education | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Low (Primary to JHS) | Not significant in final model | 6.76 (0.85, 53.89) | Not significant in final model | Not significant in final model |
High (At least SHS) | Not significant in final model | 20.54 (2.60, 162.12)** | Not significant in final model | Not significant in final model |
Type of religion | ||||
Christianity | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Islam | Not significant in final model | 1.72 (1.09, 2.72)* | Not significant in final model | Not significant |
Parity | ||||
Primiparous | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Secundiparous | Not significant | 1.19 (0.70, 2.02) | Not significant | 2.05 (1.08, 3.89)* |
Multiparous | Not significant | 2.67 (1.41, 5.05)** | Not significant | 2.04 (0.97, 4.30) |