Background
Justification
Methods
Study design and methods and setting
Sampling and participant criteria
Data analysis
Results
Respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics
Characteristics | Bawku Municipal (n = 415) N (%) | Pusiga District (n = 415) N (%) | Both Districts (n = 830) N (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||||
15–24 | 158 | 38.07 | 139 | 33.49 | 297 | 35.78 |
25–34 | 126 | 30.36 | 136 | 32.77 | 262 | 31.57 |
35–49 | 131 | 31.57 | 140 | 33.74 | 271 | 32.65 |
Religion | ||||||
Traditional | 3 | 0.72 | 1 | 0.24 | 4 | 0.48 |
Christianity | 37 | 8.92 | 55 | 13.25 | 92 | 11.08 |
Islam | 375 | 90.36 | 359 | 86.51 | 734 | 88.44 |
Father’s Religion | ||||||
Traditional | 30 | 7.23 | 40 | 9.64 | 70 | 8.43 |
Christianity | 21 | 5.06 | 61 | 14.70 | 82 | 9.88 |
Islam | 364 | 87.71 | 314 | 75.66 | 678 | 81.69 |
Mother’s Religion | ||||||
Traditional | 21 | 5.06 | 26 | 6.26 | 47 | 5.66 |
Christianity | 36 | 8.67 | 72 | 17.35 | 108 | 13.01 |
Islam | 358 | 86.27 | 327 | 76.39 | 675 | 81.33 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Kusassi | 80 | 19.28 | 97 | 23.37 | 177 | 1.33 |
Mamprusi | 5 | 1.20 | 6 | 1.45 | 11 | 21.33 |
Busanga | 302 | 72.73 | 204 | 49.16 | 506 | 60.96 |
Moshie | 25 | 6.02 | 44 | 10.60 | 69 | 8.31 |
Hausa | 1 | 0.24 | 10 | 2.41 | 11 | 1.33 |
Other | 4 | 0.48 | 54 | 13.01 | 56 | 6.74 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 285 | 68.67 | 298 | 71.81 | 583 | 70.24 |
Single/widowed/separated | 130 | 31.33 | 117 | 28.19 | 247 | 29.76 |
Education | ||||||
None | 246 | 59.28 | 225 | 54.22 | 471 | 56.75 |
Primary | 57 | 13.73 | 83 | 20.00 | 140 | 16.87 |
Middle/JSS/JHS | 90 | 21.69 | 65 | 15.66 | 155 | 18.67 |
Secondary/SSS/SHS + | 22 | 5.30 | 42 | 10.12 | 65 | 7.71 |
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poor | 104 | 25.62 | 169 | 41.01 | 273 | 33.37 |
Middle | 135 | 33.25 | 138 | 33.50 | 273 | 33.37 |
vRich | 167 | 41.13 | 105 | 25.49 | 272 | 33.26 |
Circumcision Status | ||||||
Yes | 236 | 56.87 | 273 | 65.78 | 509 | 61.33 |
No | 179 | 43.13 | 142 | 34.22 | 321 | 38.67 |
Most Important Reason for Practice | ||||||
It’s necessary puberty rites | 9 | 2.17 | 9 | 2.17 | 18 | 2.17 |
Control sexual desire | 145 | 34.94 | 96 | 23.13 | 241 | 29.04 |
Continue a tradition | 137 | 33.01 | 227 | 54.70 | 364 | 43.86 |
For social acceptance | 100 | 24.10 | 65 | 15.66 | 165 | 19.88 |
Other | 24 | 5.78 | 18 | 4.34 | 42 | 5.05 |
How to Stop FGM | ||||||
Education | 312 | 75.19 | 318 | 76.63 | 630 | 75.90 |
Prosecute practitioners | 97 | 23.37 | 90 | 21.69 | 187 | 22.53 |
Alternative puberty rites | 4 | 0.96 | 4 | 0.96 | 8 | 0.97 |
Other | 2 | 0.48 | 3 | 0.72 | 5 | 0.60 |
Factors associated with circumcision status across study sites
Characteristic | OR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% Cl) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Geographical Location | ||||
Bawku (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Pusiga |
1.46
|
1.10–1.93**
|
1.66
|
1.16–2.38**
|
Age-group | ||||
15–24 (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
25–34 |
2.60
|
1.85–3.66***
| 1.24 | 0.82–1.88 |
35–49 |
9.84
|
6.50–14.91***
|
4.24
|
2.62–6.85***
|
Religion | ||||
Other religions (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam | 1.33 | 0.87–2.04 | 1.45 | 0.73–2.91 |
Father’s Religion | ||||
Other religions (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam |
0.34
|
0.18–0.63***
| 0.96 | 0.33–1.73 |
Mother’s Religion | ||||
Other religions (r) | ||||
Islam | 0.82 | 0.57–1.18 | 0.99 | 0.43–2.27 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Kusassi (r) |
1
| |||
Busanga | 1.09 | 0.77–1.55 | 1.16 | 0.73–1.83 |
Moshie | 1.02 | 0.58–1.80 | 1.18 | 0.58–2.38 |
Other | 0.85 | 0.49–1.45 | 0.77 | 0.39–1.54 |
Woman’s education | ||||
None |
6.81
|
3.85–12.02***
|
2.78
|
1.43–5.43**
|
Primary |
3.40
|
1.81–6.37***
|
2.10
|
1.03–4.31*
|
Middle/JHS | 0.99 | 0.53–1.85 | 1.26 | 0.62–2.58 |
Secondary/SSS/SHS+ (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Marital Status | ||||
Divorced/widowed/never married (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Married |
6.68
|
4.81–9.28***
|
3.82
|
2.53–5.76***
|
Wealth index | ||||
Poor (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Middle | 1.12 | 0.80–1.59 | 0.98 | 0.64–1.48 |
Rich |
1.42
| 1.01–2.01* 1.21 | 0.80–1.85 |
Factors associated with circumcision status at each study site
Characteristic | OR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% Cl) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||
15–24 (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
25–34 |
1.84
|
1.14–2.95**
| 0.92 | 0.51–1.58 |
35–49 |
10.8
|
5.98–19.6***
|
5.05
|
2.48–10.30***
|
Religion | ||||
Christianity (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam | 1.52 | 0.79–2.92 | 0.93 | 0.28–3.11 |
Father’s Religion | ||||
Other religion (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam | 0.48 | 0.21–1.12 | 2.02 | 0.45–9.05 |
Mother’s Religion | ||||
Christianity (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam | 0.12 | 0.64–1.97 | 0.63 | 0.15–2.72 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Kusassi (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Mamprusi | 1.03 | 0.63–1.69 | 1.10 | 0.55–2.23 |
Busanga | 0.99 | 0.40–2.46 | 1.11 | 0.36–3.42 |
Moshie | 1.30 | 0.30–5.80 | 3.71 | 0.65–21.1 |
Woman’s education | ||||
None |
6.57
|
2.47–17.5***
| 1.12 | 0.62–7.28 |
Primary |
3.18
|
1.09–9.30*
| 1.97 | 0.52–7.34 |
Middle/JSS/JHS | 0.97 | 0.34–2.77 | 0.95 | 0.26–3.53 |
Secondary/SSS/SHS+ |
1
| 1 | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Divorced/widowed/never married (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Married |
7.71
|
4.80–12.4***
|
4.83
|
2.61–8.93***
|
Wealth index | ||||
Poor (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Middle | 1.03 | 0.62–1.71 | 0.97 | 0.51–1.81 |
Rich | 1.60 | 0.98–2.65 | 1.78 | 0.96–3.29 |
Characteristic | OR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% Cl) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||
15–24 (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
25–34 |
3.69
|
2.23–6.10***
|
1.97
|
1.08–3.59*
|
35–49 |
8.89
|
4.96–15.9***
|
4.27
|
2.18–8.33***
|
Religion | ||||
Other religions (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam | 1.29 | 0.72–2.30 | 1.74 | 0.72–4.18 |
Father’s Religion | ||||
Other religions (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam |
0.24
|
0.09–0.66**
| 0.51 | 0.18–1.42 |
Mother’s Religion | ||||
Other religions (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Islam | 0.71 | 0.43–1.17 | 1.20 | 0.42–3.38 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Kusassi (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Mamprusi | 1.35 | 0.81–2.26 | 1.29 | 0.68–2.45 |
Busanga | 0.99 | 0.47–2.07 | 1.21 | 0.48–3.04 |
Moshie | 0.71 | 0.38–1.33 | 0.66 | 0.30–1.44 |
Woman’s education | ||||
None |
8.22
|
4.00–16.9***
|
3.20
|
1.40–7.31**
|
Primary |
3.72
|
1.71–8.16***
| 2.02 | 0.84–4.87 |
Middle/JSS/JHS | 1.17 | 0.52–2.64 | 1.22 | 0.49–3.02 |
Secondary/SSS/SHS + (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Marital Status | ||||
Divorced/widowed/never married (r) |
1
| 1 | ||
Married |
5.82
|
3.66–9.25***
|
2.84
|
1.59–5.10***
|
Wealth index | ||||
Poor (r) |
1
|
1
| ||
Middle | 1.37 | 0.85–2.20 | 1.09 | 0.61–1.93 |
Rich | 1.46 | 0.87–2.45 | 0.84 | 0.45–1.55 |