Background
Methods
Study population and baseline
Dependent variable – CWP as reported in HUNT3
Possible predictors
Statistical analysis
Ethics
Results
Study population | *Baseline sample | Female | Male | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 28,367 (%)§ | N = 4,927 (%)§ | N = 3,372 (68.4) | N = 1,555 (31.6) | |
Sex Females (%) | 16,260 (57) | |||
Males (%) | 12,107 (43) | |||
Age in years, mean (SD) | 47.6 (13.3) | 52.3 (11.4) | 51.7 (11.5) | 53.7 (11.1) |
20-39, (%) | 8,397 (30) | 733 (15) | 558 (17) | 175 (11) |
40-59 | 24,664 (50) | 2,892 (59) | 1,996 (59) | 896 (58) |
60 years or older | 5,707 (20) | 1,302 (26) | 818 (24) | 484 (31) |
HADS score; (%) | ||||
HADS, (%) score < 8, | 22,560 (81) | 3,209 (67) | 2,130 (65) | 1,079 (71) |
HADS-D, cut off score ≥ 8, | 1,124 (4) | 300 (6) | 167 (5) | 133 (9) |
HADS-A, cut off score ≥ 8, | 2,672 (10) | 754 (16) | 583 (18) | 171 (11) |
HADS-mixed | 1,451 (5) | 530 (11) | 389 (12) | 141 (9) |
Sleeping difficulties (%) | ||||
No problems | 21,597 (81) | 2,929 (63) | 1,899 (59) | 1,030 (70) |
Problems | 5,195 (19) | 1,751 (37) | 1,319 (41) | 432 (30) |
Alcohol use – abstainers (%) | 2,546 (9) | 552 (12) | 444 (14) | 108 (7) |
0 times/month | 7,256 (27) | 1,516 (32) | 1,156 (36) | 360 (24) |
1-7 times/month | 15,790 (58) | 2,398 (51) | 1,488 (46) | 910 (61) |
8 ≥ times/month | 1,718 (6) | 240 (5) | 123 (4) | 117 (8) |
BMI (%) | ||||
Underweight | 150 (1) | 23 (1) | 20 (1) | 3 (0.2) |
Normal | 11,378 (40) | 1,593 (32) | 1,189 (35) | 404 (26) |
Overweight | 12,606 (45) | 2,262 (46) | 1,394 (41) | 868 (56) |
Obesity | 6,984 (25) | 1,040 (21) | 761 (23) | 279 (18) |
Smoking status, (%) | ||||
Never smoked | 12,912 (46) | 1,759 (36) | 1,315 (39) | 444 (29) |
Former smoker | 8,249 (29) | 1,612 (33) | 940 (29) | 672 (44) |
Current smoker | 6,984 (25) | 1,517 (31) | 1,089 (28.2) | 428 (28) |
Exercise, moderate (%) | ||||
No exercise | 16,123 (60) | 2,974 (65) | 2,044 (66) | 932 (63) |
Moderate exercise | 10,731 (40) | 1,575 (35) | 1,035 (34) | 540 (37) |
Education in years (%) | ||||
Primary school (%) | 8,678 (31) | 2,129 (45.6) | 1,562 (48) | 617 (41) |
High school | 12,649 (46) | 1,946 (40.7) | 1,229 (38) | 717 (47) |
College | 6,435 (23) | 653 (13.7) | 472 (14) | 181 (12) |
Marital status (%) | ||||
Not married/cohabitant | 8,620 (30) | 1,226 (25) | 882 (26) | 344 (22.2) |
Married/cohabitant | 19,694 (70) | 3,690 (75) | 2,482 (74) | 1,208 (78) |
Chronic disease, (%) | ||||
No | 21,018 (77) | 2,156 (47) | 1,527 (49) | 629 (42) |
Yes | 6,116 (23) | 2,418 (53) | 1,566 (51) | 852 (58) |
Prevalence of persistent chronic widespread pain after 11 years
Regression results
Crude analysis
Baseline variables HUNT2 | N = 3,770 | CWP in HUNT3 N = 1,997 | Model 1 – crude model | Model 2 – adjusted model |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | ||
Sex Female [ref.] | 2,540 (67) | 1,447 (74) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 1,230 (33) | 520 (26) | 0.53 [0.46-0.61] | 0.51 [0.44-0.59] |
Age, 20–39 yrs [ref.] | 643 (17) | 342 (17) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Age, 40–59 yrs (<40 yrs [ref.]) | 2,388 (63) | 1,323 (66) | 1.12 [0.94-1.34] | 1.03 [0.85-1.25] |
≥60 yrs | 739 (20) | 332 (17) | 0.76 [0.62-0.94] | 0.63 [0.50-0.81] |
HADS (A/D <8 [ref.]) | 2,544 (67) | 1,276 (64) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
HADS Depression (D) ≥8 | 220 (6) | 120 (6) | 1.28 [0.96-1.69] | 1.12 [0.84-1.50] |
Anxiety (A) ≥8 | 578 (15) | 343 (17) | 1.35 [1.12-1.62] | 1.24 [1.02-1.50] |
Depression ≥8 AND Anxiety ≥8 | 428 (11) | 260 (13) | 1.48 [1.19-1.82] | 1.18 [0.95-1.47] |
Sleep problems, never [ref.] | 2,544 (64) | 1,195 (60) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Often | 1,345 (36) | 802 (40) | 1.49 [1.30-1.71] | 1.30 [1.12-1.51] |
Smoke status, never smoking [ref.] | 1,315 (35) | 667 (33) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ex. smoker | 1,235 (33) | 665 (33) | 1.23 [1.05-1.45] | 1.18 [1.00-1.39] |
Current daily smoker | 1,220 (32) | 665 (33) | 1.14 [0.97-1.33] | 1.10 [0.93-1.31] |
BMI normal 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 [ref.] | 1,262 (33) | 633 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Underweight <18.5 kg/m2
| 21 (0.6) | 7 (0.35) | 0.46 [0.18-1.15] | 0.43 [0.17-1.10] |
Overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2
| 1,730 (46) | 893 (45) | 1.17 [1.01-1.36] | 1.18 [1.01-1.37] |
Obese ≥30 kg/m2
| 757 (20) | 464 (23) | 1.68 [1.39-2.02] | 1.66 [1.37-2.01] |
Alcohol-monthly use, abstainers [ref.] | 375 (10) | 205 (10) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
0 time a month | 1,139 (30) | 615 (31) | 0.94 [0.74-1.20] | 0.97 [0.76-1.24] |
1-7 times a month | 2,046 (54) | 1,077 (54) | 0.95 [0.76-1.19] | 1.01 [0.79-1.28] |
8 times or more a month | 210 (6) | 100 (5) | 0.85 [0.60-1.21] | 0.90 [0.62-1.29] |
Education, primary school, [ref.] | 1,546 (41) | 824 (41) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High school | 1,661 (44) | 900 (45) | 1.03 [0.89-1.20] | 1.10 [0.94-1.28] |
University/college | 563 (15) | 273 (14) | 0.76 [0.62-0.93] | 0.86 [0.70-1.06] |
Exercise, low/no [ref.] | 2,487 (66) | 1,338 (67) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate | 1,283 (34) | 659 (33) | 0.94 [0.82-1.07] | 0.97 [0.84-1.12] |
Marital status - single [ref.] | 925 (25) | 505 (25) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married | 2,845 (75) | 1,492 (75) | 0.92 [0.79-1.07] | 0.94 [0.80-1.10] |
Disease Chronic, no [ref.] | 1,806 (48) | 830 (42) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1,964 (52) | 1,167 (58) | 1.89 [1.66-2.16] | 1.75 [1.53-2.01] |
Adjusted analysis
Comparison of HUNT3 non-participants and participants with CWP in HUNT2
aNon-participants HUNT3 N = 2,451(%)§ |
bBaseline sample HUNT2 N = 4,927 (%)§ | |
---|---|---|
Sex Females (%) | 1,634 (67) | 3,372 (68) |
Males (%) | 817 (33) | 1,555 (32) |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 54.4 (15.7) | 52.3 (11.4) |
20-39, (%) | 513 (21) | 733 (15) |
40-59 | 964 (39) | 2,892 (59) |
60 years or older | 974 (40) | 1,302 (26) |
HADS score; (%) | ||
HADS, (%) score < 8, | 1,426 (63) | 3,209 (67) |
HADS-D, cut off score ≥ 8, | 141 (6) | 300 (6) |
HADS-A, cut off score ≥ 8, | 374 (16) | 754 (16) |
HADS-mixed | 327 (14) | 530 (11) |
Sleeping difficulties (%) | ||
No problems | 834 (53) | 2,929 (63) |
Problems | 759 (47) | 1,751 (37) |
Alcohol use – abstainers (%) | 396 (17) | 552 (12) |
0 times/month | 775 (34) | 1,516 (32) |
1-7 times/month | 1,017 (45) | 2,398 (51) |
8 ≥ times/month | 91(4) | 240 (5) |
BMI (%) | ||
Underweight | 19 (1) | 23 (1) |
Normal | 279 (30) | 1,593 (32) |
Overweight | 1,034 (43) | 2,262 (46) |
Obesity | 634 (26) | 1,040 (21) |
Smoking status, (%) | ||
Never smoked | 749 (31) | 1,759 (36) |
Former smoker | 637 (27) | 1,612 (33) |
Current smoker | 1,004 (42) | 1,517 (31) |
Exercise, moderate (%) | ||
No exercise | 1,378 (66) | 2,974 (65) |
Moderate exercise | 699 (34) | 1,575 (35) |
Education in years (%) | ||
Primary school (%) | 1,251 (55) | 2,129 (45.6) |
High school | 796 (35) | 1,946 (40.7) |
College | 211 (9) | 653 (13.7) |
Marital status (%) | ||
Not married/cohabitant | 941 (38) | 1,226 (25) |
Married/cohabitant, | 1,509 (62) | 3,690 (75) |
Chronic disease, (%) | ||
No | 873 (39) | 2,156 (47) |
Yes | 1,345 (61) | 2,418 (53) |