Background
Young adulthood
Prevalence of mental disorders in young adulthood
Stability of mental disorders in young adulthood
Comorbidity
Need for further knowledge
Aims of the study
Methods
Sample
Measures
Combined category | Includes | Constructed for wave |
---|---|---|
Any mood disorder | MDD, Dysthymia | 1 and 2 |
Any anxiety disorder W1 | Panic disorder, Agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder, Specific phobias, Social phobia, GAD, OCD, PTSD. | 1 |
Any Anxiety disorder W1–2 | Panic disorder, Agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder, Specific phobias, Social phobia, GAD. | 1 and 2 |
Any anxiety disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobias | Panic disorder, Agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder, Social phobia, GAD. | 1 and 2 |
AUD | Alcohol abuse, Alcohol dependence. | 1 and 2 |
Any mental disorder W1 | Any mood disorder, Any anxiety disorder W1, AUD. | 1 |
Any mental disorder W1–2 | Any mood disorder, Any anxiety disorder W1–2, AUD. | 1 and 2 |
Any mental disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobias | Any mood disorder, Any anxiety disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobias, AUD. | 1 and 2 |
Categories only presented in Supplementary table
| ||
Drug use disorder | Drug abuse, drug dependence. | 1 |
Any substance use disorder | Drug use disorder, AUD. | 1 |
Any disorder W1- supplement | Any mood disorder, Any anxiety disorder W1, Any substance use disorder | 1 |
Statistical analyses
Results
Prevalence estimates
Men and women | Men | Women | Ratio (women/men) of 12-month prevalence estimates (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 month prevalence (95% CI) | Two-week prevalence (95% CI) | 12 month prevalence (95% CI) | Two-week prevalence (95% CI) | 12 month prevalence (95% CI) | Two-week prevalence (95% CI) | ||
MDD | 6.2 5.0–7.4 | 1.3 0.7–1.8 | 4.4 2.8–6.3 | 0.8 0.2–1.6 | 7.2 5.5–8.8 | 1.6 0.9–2.4 | |
Dysthymia | 1.7 1.1–2.4 | 1.4 0.8–2.0 | |||||
Any mood disorder a | 7.3 5.9–8.6 | 2.3 1.5–3.0 | 4.9 3.2–6.8 | 1.2 0.4–2.2 | 8.7 6.7–10.6 | 2.9 1.9–4.0 | 1.79*** 1.19–2.68 |
Any anxiety disorder W1 b | 20.4 18.3–22.7 | 15.2 13.5–17.3 | 9.6 7.0–12.4 | 5.9 4.2–8.2 | 26.7 23.7–29.7 | 20.7 18.1–23.5 | |
Any anxiety disorder W1–2 c | 19.8 17.7–22.0 | 14.8 13.0–16.7 | 9.3 7.0–12.3 | 5.7 4.0–7.9 | 26.0 23.1–29.0 | 20.1 17.4–22.7 | 2.80*** 2.13–3.68 |
Any anxiety disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobias d | 5.3 4.2–6.6 | 3.2 2.3–4.1 | 2.5 1.3–4.2 | 1.3 0.5–2.6 | 6.9 5.3–8.7 | 4.2 3.0–5.7 | |
Specific phobias | 16.9 14.9–19.0 | 12.4 10.8–14.1 | 7.6 5.5–10.2 | 4.9 3.3–6.9 | 22.3 19.5–25.0 | 16.8 14.5–19.2 | |
Panic disorder | 1.5 1.0–2.2 | 0.4 0.1–0.7 | |||||
Agoraphobia without panic | 1.4 0.9–2.0 | 1.1 0.6–1.7 | |||||
Social phobia | 2.3 1.7–3.3 | 1.8 1.2–2.7 | |||||
GAD | 1.2 0.7–1.9 | 0.4 0.1–0.7 | |||||
OCD | 0.3 0.1–0.6 | 0.2 0.1–0.4 | |||||
PTSD | 1.2 0.7–1.8 | 0.7 0.4–1.2 | |||||
Alcohol abuse | 2.8 2.0–3.7 | 0.9 0.5–1.5 | |||||
Alcohol Dependence | 4.7 3.6–5.8 | 2.1 1.4–2.8 | |||||
AUD | 6.0 4.8–7.3 | 2.7 1.9–3.6 | 8.7 6.5–11.3 | 3.7 2.3–5.4 | 4.4 3.2–5.7 | 2.0 1.2–3.0 | 0.50*** 0.34–0.74 |
Any mental disorder W1 e | 27.8 25.4–30.3 | 18.6 16.7–20.6 | 19.8 16.4–23.4 | 9.7 7.3–12.4 | 32.4 29.4–35.7 | 23.8 21.1–26.6 | |
Any mental disorder W1–2 f | 27.6 25.3–30.2 | 18.2 16.2–20.1 | 19.8 16.4–23.4 | 9.5 7.1–12.2 | 32.2 29.2–35.4 | 23.3 20.7–26.0 | 1.63*** 1.35–1.96 |
Any mental disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobias g | 15.3 13.5–17.5 | 7.3 6.0–8.8 | 14.3 11.2–17.3 | 5.6 3.7–7.7 | 15.9 13.6–18.5 | 8.3 6.5–10.3 |
Men and women | Men | Women | Ratio (women/men) of 12-month prevalence estimates (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 month prevalence (95% CI) | Two-week prevalence (95% CI) | 12 month prevalence (95% CI) | Two-week prevalence (95% CI) | 12 month prevalence (95% CI) | Two-week prevalence (95% CI) | ||
MDD | 5.0 3.8–6.3 | 1.1 0.6–1.7 | 3.3 1.9–5.2 | 0.9 0.2–1.9 | 5.9 4.3–7.5 | 1.2 0.6–2.0 | |
Dysthymia | 1.9 1.2–3.0 | 0.9 0.5–1.5 | |||||
Any mood disordera | 5.8 4.6–7.3 | 1.6 1.0–2.4 | 3.7 2.3–5.9 | 1.1 0.2–2.3 | 7.0 5.3–8.7 | 1.9 1.1–3.0 | 1.87** 1.10–3.17 |
Any anxiety disorder W1–2b | 16.1 13.9–18.4 | 8.3 6.8–9.7 | 5.9 4.0–8.2 | 2.9 1.5–4.7 | 21.6 18.6–24.6 | 11.2 9.0–13.2 | 3.63*** 2.46–5.35 |
Any anxiety disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobiasc | 6.5 5.2–8.0 | 2.6 1.8–3.7 | 2.6 1.3–4.3 | 0.9 0.2–1.9 | 8.5 6.7–10.7 | 3.5 2.4–5.0 | |
Specific phobias | 12.3 10.3–14.3 | 6.5 5.2–7.9 | 4.1 2.4–6.1 | 2.2 1.0–3.9 | 16.8 14.1–19.5 | 8.8 6.9–10.8 | |
Panic disorder | 2.1 1.4–3.0 | 0.5 0.2–1.1 | |||||
Agoraphobia without panic | 1.2 0.6–1.9 | 0.6 0.2–1.2 | |||||
Social phobia | 3.9 2.9–5.2 | 1.4 0.7–2.1 | |||||
GAD | 1.5 0.9–2.2 | 0.5 0.2–0.9 | |||||
AUD | 2.7 1.8–3.7 | 1.2 0.7–1.8 | 5.3 3.2–7.2 | 2.4 1.2–4.0 | 1.3 0.7–2.2 | 0.5 0.1–1.0 | 0.25** 0.12–0.50 |
Any mental disorder W1–2d | 20.9 18.6–23.3 | 10.0 8.3–11.7 | 12.9 9.8–16.3 | 5.8 3.8–8.1 | 25.3 22.1–28.6 | 12.3 10.3–14.5 | 1.96*** 1.50–2.55 |
Any mental disorder W1–2 excluding specific phobiase | 12.4 10.5–14.4 | 4.9 3.6–6.2 | 10.0 7.3–12.6 | 4.2 2.5–6.2 | 13.7 11.4–16.3 | 5.2 3.7–6.9 |
Stability
Disorder in W1 not adjusted for each other OR (95% CI) | MDD and Anxiety in W1 mutually adjusted for each other OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
MDD in wave 2
| ||
MDD in wave 1 | 3.56*** (1.81–6.98) | 2.60** (1.31–5.17) |
Anxiety in wave 1 | 2.61*** (1.54–4.42) | 2.18** (1.26–3.75) |
Anxiety in wave 2
| ||
MDD in wave 1 | 3.94*** (2.36–6.60) | 1.77 (0.96–3.26) |
Anxiety in wave 1 | 9.01*** (6.45–12.59) | 8.33*** (5.90–11.78) |
AUD in wave 2
| 8.10*** | |
AUD in wave 1 | (3.69–17.76) |
12-month versus 2-week prevalence estimates
Comorbidity
Wave 1 | Wave 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDD | Anxiety W1–2a | AUD | MDD | Anxiety W1–2a | AUD | ||
Wave 1 | MDD | 0.45*** | 0.00 | 0.31** | 0.38*** | 0.16 | |
Anxiety W1–2a | 0.10 | 0.26** | 0.65*** | 0.02 | |||
AUD | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.49*** | ||||
Wave 2 | MDD | 0.54*** | 0.12 | ||||
Anxiety W1–2a | 0.03 | ||||||
AUD |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% with comorbid MDD | % with comorbid Anxiety W1–2 a | % with comorbid AUD | % with comorbid MDD | % with comorbid Anxiety W1–2a | % with comorbid AUD | |
Wave 1
| ||||||
MDD | 34.6 17.6–55.6 | 3.8 0–14.3 | 66.2 54.8–76.8 | 6.8 1.5–13.7 | ||
Anxiety W1–2a | 15.8 7.3–26.8 | 17.5 8.5–27.3 | 17.4 13.1–21.9 | 5.9 3.6–9.0 | ||
AUD | 1.9 0–7.1 | 17.5 8.5–27.3 | 11.1 3.4–21.1 | 35.6 22.2–50.0 | ||
Wave 2
| ||||||
MDD | 33.3 13.0–53.6 | 16.7 3.7–31.8 | 57.0 46.5–67.0 | 2.0 0.0–5.4 | ||
Anxiety W1–2a | 17.4 8.3–31.1 | 8.7 2.0–18.0 | 19.5 14.8–24.3 | 1.7 0.3–3.4 | ||
AUD | 11.4 2.9–23.3 | 11.8 3.0–23.5 | 14.3 0.0–37.5 | 7.1 0.0–25.0 |
Sensitivity analyses of concordance between twins
12-month prevalence estimate using both twins 95% CIc | 12-month prevalence estimate only including one twin from each pair 95% C.I. | Ratio Entire sample estimate/Estimate using one twin from each pair | |
---|---|---|---|
MDD | 6.2 5.0–7.4 | 6.2 4.5–8.0 | 1.00 |
Any anxiety disorder W1a | 20.4 18.3–22.7 | 19.6 17.2–22.5 | 1.04 |
AUD | 6.0 4.8–7.3 | 5.8 4.4–7.5 | 1.03 |
Any mental disorder W1b | 27.8 25.4–30.3 | 27.8 24.7–31.0 | 1.00 |