Background
Methods
Study area and period
Study design and participants characteristics
Sample size determination and sampling procedure
Measurement and data collection procedure
Data quality control
Operational definition
Ever substance user
Data processing and analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
Variable | Population | ||
---|---|---|---|
F | % | ||
Sex | Male | 171 | 68.1 |
Female | 80 | 31.9 | |
Total | 251 | 100 | |
Age | 18–22 | 38 | 15.1 |
22–26 | 213 | 84.9 | |
Total | 251 | 100 | |
Religion | Orthodox | 95 | 37.9 |
Muslim | 85 | 33.9 | |
Protestant | 45 | 17.9 | |
Catholic | 13 | 5.2 | |
Other | 13 | 5.2 | |
Total | 251 | 100 | |
Ethnicity | Oromo | 70 | 27.9 |
Amhara | 55 | 21.9 | |
Guraghe | 40 | 15.9 | |
Tigray | 38 | 1.5 | |
Somalie | 32 | 12.7 | |
Aderie | 7 | 2.8 | |
Other | 9 | 3.6 | |
Total | 251 | 100 | |
Department | Medicine | 115 | 45.8 |
Ho | 44 | 17.5 | |
Nursing | 27 | 10.8 | |
Midwifery | 20 | 8.0 | |
Pharmacy | 15 | 6.0 | |
Psychiatry | 15 | 6.0 | |
MLT | 9 | 3.6 | |
Environmental health science | 6 | 2.4 | |
Total | 251 | 100 | |
Class year | 1st | 52 | 20.7 |
2nd | 57 | 22.7 | |
3rd | 81 | 32.3 | |
4th | 40 | 15.9 | |
5th | 15 | 6.0 | |
6th | 6 | 2.4 | |
Total | 251 | 100 |
Substance use behavior
Sex | Ever substance user | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever chewer | Ever smoker | Ever drinker | Total | |||||
F | % | F | % | F | % | F | % | |
Male | 92 | 86.0 | 43 | 95.6 | 36 | 81.8 | 172 | 87.3 |
Female | 15 | 14.0 | 2 | 4.4 | 8 | 18.2 | 25 | 12.7 |
Total | 107 | 100 | 45 | 100 | 44 | 100 | 197 | 100 |
Sex | Current substance users (n = 80) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current chewer | Current smoker | Current drinker | Total | |||||
F | % | F | % | F | % | F | % | |
Male | 69 | 92 | 40 | 100 | 17 | 85 | 126 | 93.3 |
Female | 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 9 | 6.7 |
Total | 75 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 20 | 100 | 135 | 100 |
Substance-using pattern | Chat | Cigarette | Alcohol | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | % | F | % | F | % | ||
Frequency of substance use | Once a day | 51 | 47.6 | 26 | 57.8 | 3 | 68 |
Twice a day | 34 | 31.8 | 11 | 56.7 | 1 | 2.3 | |
Once a week | 1 | 2.3 | |||||
Twice a week | 1 | 2.3 | |||||
3–4 times per week | 9 | 20.5 | |||||
Some times | 22 | 20.6 | 8 | 17.8 | 29 | 66 | |
Total | 107 | 100 | 45 | 100 | 44 | 100 | |
Duration of substance use | < 1 year | 7 | 6.5 | 2 | 4.4 | ||
1–2 year | 15 | 14.0 | 12 | 27.1 | 10 | 15.6 | |
2–4 year | 38 | 35.5 | 16 | 33.3 | 7 | 6.3 | |
> 4 year | 47 | 44 | 15 | 35.4 | 25 | 78.1 | |
Total | 107 | 100 | 45 | 100 | 44 | 100 | |
Amount of substance use per day (in birr) | 5–15 | 62 | 58 | 45 | 100 | 10 | 22.3 |
15–25 | 36 | 33.6 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 54.5 | |
25–35 | 9 | 8.4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6.8 | |
35–45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 16 | |
Total | 107 | 100 | 45 | 100 | 44 | 100 |
Time of starting substance use and their plan when to stop
Before joining University | Time | F | % |
Childhood | 15 | 13.2 | |
Elementary school | 11 | 9.6 | |
High school | 7 | 6.1 | |
Preparatory school | 23 | 20.2 | |
Sub-total | 56 | 49.1 | |
After joining University | During 1st year | 37 | 32.5 |
During 2nd year | 14 | 12.3 | |
During 3rd year | 5 | 4.4 | |
During 4th year | 2 | 1.7 | |
During 5th year | 0 | 0 | |
During 6th year | 0 | 0 | |
Sub-total | 58 | 50.9 | |
Total | 114 | 100 |
Students’ reasons to use substances
Correlation of undesirable health effects with ever substance use
Undesirable health effect | F | % |
---|---|---|
Anorexia | 40 | 35.1 |
Insomnia | 29 | 25.4 |
Depression | 25 | 22 |
Gastritis | 25 | 22 |
Dental caries | 23 | 20.2 |
Increased sexual activity | 12 | 10.5 |
Libido | 6 | 5.3 |
Week physical fitness | 6 | 5.3 |
Easy vulnerability to several diseases | 1 | 0.9 |
Factors associated with substance use among students
Ever substance user | X2 at p = 0.05 and df = 1 = 19.67 | ||||
Yes | No | Total | |||
Sex | Male | 94 | 77 | 171 | |
Female | 20 | 60 | 80 | ||
Total | 114 | 137 | 251 | ||
Ever substance user | X2 at p = 0.05 and df = 1 = 28.99 | ||||
Yes | No | Total | |||
Sexual Risk Behavior | Yes | 22 | 0 | 22 | |
No | 92 | 137 | 229 | ||
Total | 114 | 137 | 251 | ||
Ever substance user | X2at p = 0.05 And df = 1 = 72.28 | ||||
Yes | No | Total | |||
Average estimated monthly income | <540 | 21 | 99 | 120 | |
≥ 540 | 93 | 131 | |||
Total | 114 | 137 | 251 | ||
Ever substance user | X2 at p = 0.05 And df = 1 = 139.72 | ||||
Yes | No | Total | |||
Family history of using the same substance | Yes | 68 | 8 | 76 | |
No | 46 | 129 | 175 | ||
Total | 114 | 137 | 251 |