Background
Methods
Sample
Assessments
Statistical analyses
Results
Unweighted | Weighted | Population figures by Singapore census, 2010 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | % (SE) | % | |
Age | ||||
Mean (SE), SD | 42.0 | 14.5 | 43.9(0.3) | |
Age Group | ||||
18-34 | 2293 | 34.7 | 31.7(0.0) | 31.2 |
35-49 | 2369 | 35.8 | 34.1(0.0) | 32.2 |
50-64 | 1542 | 23.3 | 23.1(0.0) | 25.1 |
65+ | 412 | 6.2 | 11.1(0.0) | 11.4 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Chinese | 2006 | 30.3 | 76.9(0.0) | 74.1 |
Malay | 2373 | 35.9 | 12.3(0.0) | 13.4 |
Indian | 1969 | 29.8 | 8.3(0.0) | 9.2 |
Others | 268 | 4.1 | 2.4(0.0) | 3.3 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 3317 | 50.1 | 51.5(0.9) | 49.3 |
Male | 3299 | 49.9 | 48.5(0.9) | 50.7 |
Marital Status | ||||
Never Married | 1825 | 27.6 | 28.9(0.6) | |
Currently Married | 4290 | 64.9 | 62.4(0.8) | |
Divorced/Separated | 262 | 4.0 | 4.2(0.4) | |
Widowed | 237 | 3.6 | 4.4(0.4) | |
Education | ||||
Pre-primary/Primary | 1236 | 18.7 | 20.2(0.7) | |
Secondary | 1975 | 29.9 | 27.6(0.8) | |
Pre-u/Junior College/Diploma | 1342 | 20.3 | 22.4(0.7) | |
Vocational | 721 | 10.9 | 7.9(0.4) | |
University | 1342 | 20.3 | 21.9(0.7) | |
Employment | ||||
Employed | 4594 | 71.5 | 71.0(0.8) | |
Economically inactive* | 1522 | 23.7 | 24.5(0.7) | |
Unemployed | 313 | 4.9 | 4.5(0.4) | |
Personal annual income | ||||
Below S$20000 | 3392 | 54.0 | 51.3(0.8) | |
S$20000 - 49999 | 1924 | 30.7 | 31.2(0.8) | |
S$50000 & above | 962 | 15.3 | 17.5(0.7) |
Antidepressants/benzodiazepines use
AD | BZD | AD and/or BZD# | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 57) | (n = 60) | (n = 104)) | |||||||||||||
Variables | N | % | (SE) |
X
2(DF) | P value | N | % | (SE) |
X
2(DF) | P value | N | % | (SE) |
X
2(DF) | P value |
All respondents | 1.09 | 0.2 | 1.15 | 0.2 | 1.95 | 0.26 | |||||||||
Age Group | |||||||||||||||
18-34 | 17 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 5.7(3) | 0.13 | 26 | 1.02 | 0.28 | 1.8(3) | 0.62 | 40 | 1.46 | 0.32 | 1.6(3) | 0.66 |
35-49 | 20 | 1.07 | 0.32 | 21 | 1.51 | 0.39 | 37 | 2.22 | 0.46 | ||||||
50-64 | 17 | 1.6 | 0.48 | 11 | 0.77 | 0.32 | 23 | 1.99 | 0.53 | ||||||
65+ | 3 | 1.8 | 1.03 | 2 | 1.2 | 0.85 | 4 | 2.41 | 1.19 | ||||||
Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
Chinese | 22 | 1.18 | 0.26 | 7.9(3) | 0.054 | 24 | 1.23 | 0.25 | 17.5(3) | 0.0006 | 40 | 2.07 | 0.33 | 23.5(3) | <.0001 |
Malay | 11 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 12 | 0.5 | 0.14 | 19 | 0.79 | 0.18 | ||||||
Indian | 19 | 0.94 | 0.22 | 16 | 0.81 | 0.2 | 33 | 1.64 | 0.28 | ||||||
Others | 5 | 1.84 | 0.86 | 8 | 3.24 | 1.17 | 12 | 4.86 | 1.41 | ||||||
Gender | |||||||||||||||
Male | 23 | 0.97 | 0.27 | 0.3(1) | 0.56 | 27 | 1.15 | 0.3 | 0(1) | 1 | 44 | 1.73 | 0.36 | 0.7(1) | 0.42 |
Female | 34 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 33 | 1.15 | 0.26 | 60 | 2.15 | 0.38 | ||||||
Marital Status | |||||||||||||||
Single | 15 | 1.18 | 0.36 | 3.6(2) | 0.16 | 18 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.4(2) | 0.83 | 31 | 2.14 | 0.47 | 3.1(2) | 0.21 |
Married | 34 | 0.88 | 0.23 | 38 | 1.24 | 0.27 | 61 | 1.67 | 0.31 | ||||||
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 8 | 2.28 | 1.08 | 4 | 1.01 | 0.6 | 12 | 3.29 | 1.23 | ||||||
Education | |||||||||||||||
Pre-Primary/Primary | 15 | 1.92 | 0.65 | 11.3(4) | 0.02 | 5 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 4.5(4) | 0.34 | 17 | 2.12 | 0.67 | 2.4(4) | 0.66 |
Secondary | 15 | 1.44 | 0.45 | 17 | 1.43 | 0.47 | 28 | 2.34 | 0.57 | ||||||
Pre-U/JC/Diploma | 12 | 0.57 | 0.25 | 16 | 1.33 | 0.42 | 26 | 1.7 | 0.46 | ||||||
Vocational | 4 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 6 | 0.74 | 0.45 | 9 | 0.93 | 0.46 | ||||||
University | 11 | 0.71 | 0.3 | 16 | 1.42 | 0.45 | 24 | 1.9 | 0.51 | ||||||
Employment Status | |||||||||||||||
Employed | 30 | 0.73 | 0.18 | 8.3(2) | 0.02 | 41 | 0.99 | 0.21 | 1.4(2) | 0.50 | 64 | 1.57 | 0.26 | 4.9(2) | 0.09 |
Econ. Inactive* | 18 | 1.82 | 0.59 | 13 | 1.52 | 0.53 | 26 | 2.71 | 0.7 | ||||||
Unemployed | 5 | 2.73 | 1.45 | 2 | 1.71 | 1.19 | 6 | 3.59 | 1.67 | ||||||
Help Seeking | |||||||||||||||
No | 21 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 192.9(1) | <.0001 | 19 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 266.6(1) | <.0001 | 39 | 0.76 | 0.18 | 346.4(1) | <.0001 |
Yes | 36 | 12.94 | 2.7 | 41 | 14.88 | 2.82 | 65 | 22.57 | 3.27 | ||||||
Chronic physical disorder | |||||||||||||||
No | 20 | 0.8 | 0.23 | 2.7(1) | 0.1 | 21 | 0.74 | 0.2 | 6.0(1) | 0.01 | 36 | 1.32 | 0.28 | 7.8(1) | 0.005 |
Yes | 37 | 1.47 | 0.36 | 39 | 1.71 | 0.38 | 68 | 2.79 | 0.48 | ||||||
Mental disorders
| |||||||||||||||
Alcohol use disorder | |||||||||||||||
Never | 50 | 1.06 | 0.2 | 1.2(2) | 0.55 | 49 | 1 | 0.19 | 17.7(2) | 0.0001 | 88 | 1.77 | 0.26 | 15.4(2) | 0.0004 |
Lifetime, | 5 | 1.93 | 1.33 | 8 | 4.56 | 2.13 | 11 | 6.15 | 2.47 | ||||||
12-month | 2 | 1.33 | 0.96 | 3 | 6.92 | 4.98 | 5 | 8.26 | 5.05 | ||||||
Anxiety disorder | |||||||||||||||
Never | 46 | 0.97 | 0.2 | 26.5(2) | <.0001 | 47 | 0.98 | 0.19 | 24.3(2) | <.0001 | 85 | 1.71 | 0.25 | 32.3(2) | <.0001 |
Lifetime, | 9 | 6.22 | 2.84 | 7 | 6.4 | 2.96 | 12 | 10.2 | 3.63 | ||||||
12-month | 2 | 1.11 | 0.85 | 6 | 4.6 | 2.73 | 7 | 5.38 | 2.83 | ||||||
Bipolar disorder | |||||||||||||||
Never | 55 | 1.09 | 0.2 | - | - | 54 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 8.3(2) | 0.02 | 96 | 1.9 | 0.26 | 4.3(2) | 0.12 |
Lifetime, | 0 | - | - | 1 | 6.18 | 5.95 | 1 | 6.18 | 5.95 | ||||||
12-month | 2 | 1.32 | 0.97 | 5 | 4 | 1.9 | 7 | 5.32 | 2.19 | ||||||
Dysthymia | |||||||||||||||
Never | 55 | 1.05 | 0.2 | 16.8(1) | <.0001 | 57 | 1.13 | 0.2 | 9.4(1) | 0.002 | 100 | 1.89 | 0.26 | 19.8(1) | <.0001 |
12-month | 2 | 15.68 | 12.51 | 3 | 7.45 | 4.94 | 4 | 21.27 | 12.84 | ||||||
Major depressive disorder | |||||||||||||||
Never | 38 | 0.8 | 0.18 | 49.6(2) | <.0001 | 42 | 0.85 | 0.18 | 46.6(2) | <.0001 | 74 | 1.48 | 0.24 | 67.1(2) | <.0001 |
Lifetime, | 6 | 3.52 | 1.8 | 6 | 4.47 | 1.99 | 11 | 6.92 | 2.43 | ||||||
12-month | 13 | 9.17 | 3.3 | 12 | 8.54 | 3.21 | 19 | 13.47 | 3.88 | ||||||
Any mental disorders | |||||||||||||||
Never | 27 | 0.73 | 0.19 | 29.9(2) | <.0001 | 27 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 50.6(2) | <.0001 | 51 | 1.24 | 0.24 | 64.5(2) | <.0001 |
Lifetime, | 14 | 2.94 | 1.08 | 13 | 3.89 | 1.26 | 23 | 6.13 | 1.56 | ||||||
12-month | 16 | 4.96 | 1.73 | 20 | 6.1 | 1.89 | 30 | 8.9 | 2.23 |
No help-seeking | Help-seeking | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental disorder | Prevalence | AD | BZD | AD | BZD |
% | % | % | % | ||
Alcohol use disorder | Never | 0.42 | 0.33 | 12.71 | 13.22 |
Lifetime | 0.16 | 1.49 | 18.47 | 33.18 | |
12-month | 0.00 | 0.61 | 9.43 | 45.30 | |
Anxiety disorder | Never | 0.37 | 0.32 | 12.80 | 13.95 |
Lifetime | 2.12 | 2.08 | 24.98 | 26.17 | |
12-month | 0.45 | 0.83 | 2.84 | 14.62 | |
Bipolar disorder | Never | 0.41 | 0.36 | 14.03 | 15.16 |
Lifetime | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.00 | |
12-month | 0.00 | 1.03 | 4.93 | 12.13 | |
Dysthymia | Never | 0.37 | 0.36 | 13.18 | 14.96 |
12-month | -(*) | 2.95 | 3.71 | 11.93 | |
Major depressive disorder | Never | 0.33 | 0.29 | 11.34 | 13.36 |
Lifetime | 1.50 | 2.56 | 10.57 | 11.15 | |
12-month | 2.65 | 0.55 | 26.34 | 29.55 | |
No Disorder | 0.30 | 0.26 | 12.69 | 11.98 |
Psychiatrist | General practitioner | Other medical doctor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | P value | |
Antidepressant (%) | 32 | 21.39 | 5 | 2.37 | 2 | 4.15 | <.0001 |
Benzodiazepine (%) | 27 | 17.13 | 18 | 15.99 | 2 | 4.24 | 0.14 |
Antidepressants or Benzodiazepines (%) | 50 | 30.06 | 21 | 17.95 | 3 | 6.32 | 0.003 |
Multivariate analysis
AD | BZD | AD and/or BZD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OR | (95% CI) | p | OR | (95% CI) | p | OR | (95% CI) | p |
Age Group | |||||||||
18-34 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
35-49 | 2.91 | (0.75,11.35) | 0.12 | 1.27 | (0.42,3.85) | 0.67 | 1.91 | (0.75,4.82) | 0.17 |
50-64 | 3.49 | (0.82,14.76) | 0.09 | 0.6 | (0.14,2.59) | 0.49 | 1.35 | (0.44,4.09) | 0.60 |
65+ | 4.67 | (0.54,40.56) | 0.16 | 1.4 | (0.19,10.53) | 0.75 | 2.2 | (0.44,10.93) | 0.34 |
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Chinese | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Malay | 0.39 | (0.15,1.01) | 0.05 | 0.38 | (0.16,0.88) | 0.02 | 0.33 | (0.16,0.67) | 0.002 |
Indian | 0.96 | (0.46,2) | 0.91 | 0.5 | (0.23,1.06) | 0.07 | 0.72 | (0.41,1.28) | 0.26 |
Others | 1.15 | (0.27,4.91) | 0.85 | 0.81 | (0.24,2.7) | 0.73 | 1.14 | (0.42,3.1) | 0.79 |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Female | 1.27 | (0.48,3.36) | 0.64 | 0.96 | (0.42,2.18) | 0.912 | 1.31 | (0.66,2.62) | 0.45 |
Marital Status | |||||||||
Single | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Married | 0.29 | (0.1,0.85) | 0.02 | 1.13 | (0.39,3.29) | 0.83 | 0.43 | (0.19,1) | 0.05 |
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 0.42 | (0.06,2.73) | 0.36 | 0.69 | (0.08,5.88) | 0.73 | 0.58 | (0.14,2.44) | 0.46 |
Education | |||||||||
Pre-Pri/Primary | 3.53 | (1.06,11.75) | 0.04 | 0.52 | (0.08,3.29) | 0.48 | 1.73 | (0.62,4.78) | 0.29 |
Secondary | 1.96 | (0.57,6.68) | 0.28 | 1.23 | (0.41,3.67) | 0.71 | 1.42 | (0.59,3.43) | 0.44 |
Pre-U/JC/Diploma | 0.7 | (0.16,3.03) | 0.64 | 1.1 | (0.37,3.28) | 0.86 | 0.88 | (0.35,2.22) | 0.79 |
Vocational | 0.29 | (0.05,1.73) | 0.17 | 0.57 | (0.17,1.97) | 0.38 | 0.43 | (0.14,1.32) | 0.14 |
University | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Employment Status | |||||||||
Employed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Econ. Inactive* | 1.53 | (0.67,3.53) | 0.32 | 1.28 | (0.57,2.89) | 0.55 | 1.22 | (0.63,2.36) | 0.56 |
Unemployed | 0.66 | (0.13,3.31) | 0.61 | 0.76 | (0.15,3.76) | 0.73 | 0.67 | (0.22,2.03) | 0.47 |
Help Seeking | |||||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Yes | 31.62 | (13.36,74.83) | <.0001 | 34.38 | (12.97,91.16) | <.0001 | 32.18 | (15.87,65.26) | <.0001 |
Chronic Physical Disorder | |||||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Yes | 0.92 | (0.36,2.39) | 0.87 | 1.63 | (0.69,3.85) | 0.27 | 1.31 | (0.65,2.65) | 0.46 |
Mental disorders
| |||||||||
Alcohol use disorder | |||||||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Lifetime | 2.02 | (0.6,6.72) | 0.25 | 5.18 | (1.77,15.16) | 0.003 | 4.28 | (1.7,10.78) | 0.002 |
12-month | 0.78 | (0.07,8.89) | 0.84 | 3.41 | (0.55,21.06) | 0.19 | 2.82 | (0.57,14.04) | 0.21 |
Anxiety disorder | |||||||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Lifetime | 4.05 | (0.96,17.12) | 0.06 | 3.48 | (1.03,11.76) | 0.04 | 4.49 | (1.47,13.67) | 0.008 |
12-month | 0.13 | (0.01,1.32) | 0.08 | 0.88 | (0.17,4.47) | 0.87 | 0.62 | (0.14,2.78) | 0.53 |
Bipolar disorder | |||||||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Lifetime | - | - | 0.52 | (0.08,3.47) | 0.50 | 0.27 | (0.04,1.86) | 0.18 | |
12-month | - | - | 2.04 | (0.45,9.28) | 0.36 | 1.77 | (0.51,6.17) | 0.37 | |
Dysthymia | |||||||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
12-month | 0.98 | (0.02,43.52) | 0.99 | 0.45 | (0.05,4.24) | 0.48 | 0.91 | (0.05,16.04) | 0.95 |
Major depressive disorder | |||||||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Lifetime | 1.3 | (0.23,7.17) | 0.77 | 1.59 | (0.36,7.08) | 0.54 | 1.42 | (0.4,5.05) | 0.59 |
12-month | 7.6 | (2.28,25.39) | 0.001 | 4.45 | (1.5,13.19) | 0.007 | 4.12 | (1.63,10.45) | 0.002 |