Background
Methods
Study design and population
Sample collection and identification of Candida species
Oral examinations
Systemic data
Self-reported data
Statistical analyses
Results
Prevalence of C. albicans and non-albicans
Candida spp. | Number of carriers | % of entire subjects | % of carriers of any Candida
|
---|---|---|---|
C. albicans
| 142 | 53.4 | 87.7 |
C. glabrata
| 60 | 22.6 | 37.0 |
C. tropicalis
| 5 | 1.8 | 3.1 |
C. parapsilosis
| 2 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
C. krusei
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
Any non-albicans
| 63 | 23.7 | 38.9 |
Any Candida spp. | 162 | 60.9 | - |
Factors associated with colonization by C. albicans and non-albicans
Parameter |
n
| COR (95% CI) p-value | AOR (95% CI) p-value | Number of positive (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Having one or more decayed teeth | ||||
Yes | 53 | 3.35 (1.70–6.63) <0.01 | 3.51 (1.60–7.67) <0.01 | 40 (75.5) |
Noa
| 211 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 101 (47.9) |
Oral hygiene | ||||
Poor | 34 | 2.42 (1.18–4.99) <0.01 | 2.01 (0.77–5.24) 0.15 | 25 (73.5) |
Fair/Good | 230 | 1.00 | 116 (50.4) | |
Relocation from home | ||||
Yes | 104 | 1.45 (1.06–1.99) 0.02 | 2.17 (1.25–3.78) <0.01 | 65 (62.5) |
No | 160 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 76 (47.5) |
n
| COR (95% CI) p-value | AOR (95% CI) p-value | Number of positive (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | ||||
≥ 80 | 44 | 2.21 (1.36–5.34) <0.01 | 2.58 (1.12–5.71) 0.02 | 18 (40.9) |
< 80a
| 220 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 45 (20.5) |
Number of remaining teeth | ||||
Edentulous | 73 | 2.39 (1.83–3.12) <0.01 | 5.99 (1.37–26.3) 0.02 | 27 (37.0) |
1-19 | 107 | 1.84 (1.51–2.42) <0.01 | 3.37 (0.88–12.9) 0.08 | 32 (29.9) |
20 or more | 84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4 (4.8) |
Use of dentures | ||||
Yes | 180 | 1.56 (1.37–1.77) <0.01 | 4.02 (1.05–15.4) 0.04 | 59 (32.8) |
No | 84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4 (4.8) |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 25) | ||||
Yes | 99 | 1.45 (1.06–2.00) 0.04 | 2.25 (1.15–4.40) 0.02 | 31 (31.3) |
No | 165 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 32 (19.4) |
Factors related to the amounts of C. albicans and non-albicans among the carriers
C. albicans
| Non-albicans
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of carriers | Mean log CFU (SD) |
p-valuea
| No. of carriers | Mean log CFU (SD) |
p-value | |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 78 | 1.44 (0.65) | 0.72 | 42 | 1.91 (0.92) | 0.63 |
Malea
| 63 | 1.44 (0.66) | 21 | 1.73 (0.74) | ||
Age (in years) | ||||||
≥ 80 | 29 | 1.59 (0.74) | 0.24 | 18 | 1.87 (0.88) | 0.84 |
< 80 | 112 | 1.40 (0.63) | 45 | 1.85 (0.86) | ||
Having one or more decayed teeth | ||||||
Yes | 40 | 1.45 (0.60) | 0.77 | 13 | 1.56 (0.62) | 0.31 |
No | 101 | 1.43 (0.68) | 50 | 1.93 (0.90) | ||
Number of remaining teeth | ||||||
Edentulous | 33 | 1.88 (0.67) | <0.01b
| 27 | 2.17 (0.93) | 0.09 |
1-19 | 60 | 1.35 (0.61) | 32 | 1.62 (0.78) | ||
20 or more | 48 | 1.25 (0.56) | 4 | 1.55 (0.24) | ||
Having periodontal pockets | ||||||
Yes | 41 | 1.32 (0.66) | 0.16 | 14 | 1.69 (0.71) | 0.55 |
No | 100 | 1.49 (0.65) | 49 | 1.90 (0.60) | ||
Oral hygiene | ||||||
Poor | 25 | 1.39 (0.65) | 0.70 | 8 | 1.69 (0.73) | 0.75 |
Fair/Good | 116 | 1.45 (0.66) | 55 | 1.88 (0.88) | ||
Use of denture | ||||||
Yes | 93 | 1.52 (0.68) | 0.07 | 59 | 1.88 (0.88) | 0.49 |
No | 48 | 1.29 (0.58) | 4 | 1.45 (0.40) | ||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 25) | ||||||
Yes | 11 | 1.42 (0.72) | 0.86 | 31 | 1.93 (0.89) | 0.50 |
No | 130 | 1.44 (0.65) | 32 | 1.78 (0.84) | ||
Hypertension (systolic BP ≥ 140 or diastolic BP ≥90) | ||||||
Yes | 38 | 1.61 (0.63) | 0.04 | 24 | 1.84 (0.77) | 0.96 |
No | 103 | 1.37 (0.65) | 39 | 1.86 (0.92) | ||
Dyslipidemia (HDLC ≤ 34 or LDLC ≥140) | ||||||
Yes | 37 | 1.31 (0.57) | 0.20 | 14 | 1.90 (0.92) | 0.99 |
No | 104 | 1.48 (0.68) | 49 | 1.84 (0.85) | ||
Hyperglycemia (HbA1c ≥5.6) | ||||||
Yes | 31 | 1.58 (0.67) | 0.14 | 17 | 2.07 (0.71) | 0.50 |
No | 110 | 1.40 (0.65) | 46 | 1.77 (0.90) | ||
Current smoker | ||||||
Yes | 11 | 1.42 (0.72) | 0.86 | 5 | 1.63 (0.88) | 0.58 |
No | 130 | 1.44 (0.65) | 58 | 1.87 (0.86) | ||
Daily drinker | ||||||
Yes | 19 | 1.72 (0.67) | 0.40 | 7 | 1.81 (1.26) | 0.54 |
No | 122 | 1.39 (0.64) | 56 | 1.86 (0.81) | ||
Taking antihypertensive drugs | ||||||
Yes | 83 | 1.48 (0.65) | 0.30 | 38 | 1.98 (0.83) | 0.09 |
No | 58 | 1.37 (0.66) | 25 | 1.65 (0.88) | ||
Taking diabetes drugs | ||||||
Yes | 8 | 1.45 (0.60) | 0.80 | 5 | 2.11 (0.82) | 0.41 |
No | 133 | 1.43 (0.66) | 58 | 1.83 (0.87) | ||
Taking hypnotics | ||||||
Yes | 25 | 1.49 (0.76) | 0.81 | 12 | 2.15 (0.79) | 0.14 |
No | 116 | 1.42 (0.63) | 51 | 1.78 (0.87) | ||
Relocation from home | ||||||
Yes | 65 | 1.40 (0.65) | 0.50 | 25 | 1.82 (0.84) | 0.72 |
No | 76 | 1.47 (0.66) | 38 | 1.88 (0.89) |
Correlation between amounts of C. albicans and non-albicans with number of remaining teeth in denture wearers
C. albicans (n=93) | Non-albicans (n=59) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Log CFU | Number of remaining teeth | Age | Log CFU | Number of remaining teeth | Age | |
Log CFU | –0.40 (<0.01) | –0.18 (0.09) | –0.38 (<0.01) | 0.10 (0.45) | ||
Number of remaining teeth | –0.40 (<0.01) | –0.34 (<0.01) | –0.38 (<0.01) | –0.40 (<0.01) | ||
Age | –0.18 (0.09) | –0.34 (<0.01) | 0.10 (0.45) | –0.40 (<0.01) |
C. albicans (n = 93) | |||||
Variable | Crude partial regression coefficient | Adjusted partial regression coefficient | 95% CI |
p-value | |
First step | Number of remaining teeth | -0.06 | 0.94 | 0.53–0.94 | 0.053 |
Age | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.08 | 0.65 | |
Second (final) step | Number of remaining teeth | -0.07 | 0.94 | 0.88–0.99 | 0.03 |
Non- albicans (n = 59) | |||||
Variable | Partial regression coefficient | Adjusted partial regression coefficient | 95% CI |
p-value | |
First step | Number of remaining teeth | -0.11 | 0.90 | 0.82–0.98 | 0.02 |
Age | -0.02 | 0.62 | 0.90–1.06 | 0.62 | |
Second (final) step | Number of remaining teeth | -0.10 | 0.91 | 0.83–0.98 | 0.02 |