Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Outcome measurement
Data extraction
Quality assessment (risk of bias)
Statistical analysis
Results
Findings of the search strategy
Main characteristics of included studies
First author | References | Year of publication | Region | Age of mothers (Mean ± SD) | Age of baby (month) | Sample size | Study design | Quality rating of the studies (Stars) (risk of bias) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imani | 31 | 2003 | Zahedan | NA | 6–24 | 253 | Cross-sectional | 6 stars |
Hajian-Tilaki | 32 | 2005 | Babol | NA | 6 | 600 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
khabazkhoob | 33 | 2008 | Mashhad | NA | 7–12 | 1267 | Cross-sectional | 7 stars |
Koosha | 34 | 2008 | Zanjan | NA | 12 | 50 | Cross-sectional | 6 stars |
Mohsenzadeh | 35 | 2008 | Khorramabad | NA | 12 | 340 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Mohammad Beygi | 36 | 2009 | Arak | NA | 6–12 | 352 | Cross-sectional | 9 stars |
Olang | 37 | 2009 | 30 provinces | NA | < 24 | 63,071 | Retrospective | 8 stars |
Roudbari | 38 | 2009 | Zahedan | 25.5 ± 6.2 | 12 | 450 | Cross-sectional | 7 stars |
Almasi | 39 | 2010 | Kashan | NA | 6 | 391 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Vafaee | 40 | 2010 | Mashhad | NA | 12 | 1450 | Cross-sectional | 9 stars |
Hamidi | 41 | 2011 | Charmahalva Bakhtiari | 29.25 ± 5.5 | < 12 | 411 | Descriptive-analytical | 7 stars |
Mehrparvar | 42 | 2011 | Kerman | NA | < 12 | 320 | Cross-sectional | 7 stars |
Naserpoor | 43 | 2011 | Omidieh | 27.5 ± 5.5 | 6–18 | 400 | Descriptive-analytical | 8 stars |
Rahmatnejad | 44 | 2011 | Tehran | NA | 12 | 331 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Torabi | 45 | 2011 | Jahrom | 28.1 ± 5.36 | 18–24 | 435 | Cross-sectional | 7 stars |
Veghari | 46 | 2011 | Golestan | NA | 6–60 | 2520 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Yaghini | 47 | 2011 | Isfahan | NA | 12 | 656 | Descriptive-analytical | 6 stars |
Kermani | 48 | 2012 | Tehran | NA | 6 | 110 | Cross-sectional | 9 stars |
Mirahmadizadeh | 49 | 2012 | Shiraz | NA | 6–12 | 751 | Historical cohort | 8 stars |
Morowatisharifabad | 50 | 2012 | Ardakan | NA | 6–12 | 413 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Ziaie | 51 | 2012 | Rasht | 30.93 ± 4.801 | < 12 | 263 | Descriptive-analytical | 7 stars |
Charkazi | 52 | 2013 | Isfahan | 27.79 + 4.7 | 6–24 | 406 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Kamali | 53 | 2013 | Tehran | 28.9 ± 4.6 | 12–24 | 300 | Cross-sectional | 6 stars |
Khamnian | 54 | 2013 | East Azerbaijan | NA | 12 | 750 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Saki | 55 | 2013 | Shiraz | NA | 12 | 287 | Prospective follow-up | 7 stars |
Abdollahi | 56 | 2014 | Sari | 27.99 ± 4.7 | < 12 | 400 | Cross-sectional | 9 stars |
Aghababaii | 57 | 2014 | Hamadan | 26.7 ± 4.8 | 12 | 1200 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Dalili | 58 | 2014 | Tehran | NA | 6 | 175 | Cross-sectional | 7 stars |
Ghanbarnejad | 59 | 2014 | Bandar Abbas | 25.7 ± 5.6 | 6 | 800 | Cross-sectional | 7 stars |
Noughabi | 60 | 2014 | Tehran | NA | 6–24 | 538 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Ranjbaran | 61 | 2014 | Shazand | NA | 6 | 283 | Cross-sectional | 8 stars |
Roostaee | 62 | 2015 | Zahedan | NA | 12 | 523 | Cross-sectional | 9 stars |
Findings of the quality assessment
Findings of the meta-analysis
Findings of the subgroup analysis
Variables | Number of studies | Prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | P-Value | |||
Geographical region | ||||
North | 4 | 62% (42–81) | 99.4% | 0.000 |
South | 6 | 48% (20–75) | 99.7% | 0.000 |
West | 7 | 61% (41–81) | 99.5% | 0.000 |
East | 5 | 60% (52–67) | 95.3% | 0.000 |
Center | 9 | 47% (24–70) | 99.7% | 0.000 |
Sample size | ||||
≤ 500 | 20 | 52% (35–68) | 99.7% | 0.000 |
> 500 | 12 | 56% (42–70) | 99.8% | 0.000 |
Education before pregnancy | ||||
Yes | 6 | 55% (39–71) | 98.4% | 0.000 |
No | 6 | 50% (35–64) | 88.5% | 0.000 |
Maternal employment | ||||
Unemployed | 6 | 58% (46–69) | 95.8% | 0.000 |
Employed | 6 | 55% (37–73) | 92.9% | 0.000 |
Education level | 0.000 | |||
Under diploma | 6 | 58% (51–64) | 52.4% | 0.000 |
Upper diploma | 6 | 56% (42–69) | 97.3% | 0.000 |
Type of delivery | 0.000 | |||
Vagina | 5 | 58% (43–74) | 97.1% | 0.000 |
Cesarian | 5 | 49% (34–64) | 95.7% | 0.000 |
Gender of child | 0.000 | |||
Girl | 4 | 60% (40–80) | 97.6% | 0.000 |
Boy | 4 | 59% (41–78) | 96.8% | 0.000 |
Birth weight | 0.000 | |||
Under 2500 g | 3 | 62% (54–70) | 0% | 0.000 |
Upper 2500 g | 3 | 60% (40–80) | 97.8% | 0.000 |
Mother with history of diseases (Diabetes, hypertension, …) | 0.000 | |||
Yes | 2 | 44% (20–68) | 86.6% | 0.000 |
No | 2 | 50% (24–76) | 85.7% | 0.000 |
Location of delivery | 0.000 | |||
Govermental | 2 | 69% (45–93) | 97.5% | 0.000 |
Private | 2 | 51% (34–71) | 98.6% | 0.000 |
Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran
Variables | Number of studies | Odds ratio (95% CI) | I2 | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education concerning breastfeeding received before pregnancy | 6 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0% | 0.93 |
Mother’s job | 6 | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) | 0% | 0.60 |
Education level | 6 | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 25.2% | 0.24 |
Type of delivery | 5 | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 21.1% | 0.28 |
Gender of child | 4 | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 39.1% | 0.17 |
Birth weight | 3 | 1.15 (0.86–1.55) | 0% | 0.43 |
Mother with history of diseases (Diabetes, hypertension, …) | 2 | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 0% | 0.96 |
Location of delivery | 2 | 1.32 (0.56–3.11) | 78.8% | 0.03 |
Findings of the meta-regressions
Variables | Coefficient | SE | T | P- Value | CI 95% Lower | CI 95% Upper |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of publication | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.51 | 0.61 | −0.03 | 0.02 |
Sample size | −4.41 | 3.8 | −1.15 | 0.26 | −0.00 | 3.44 |
Constant | 16.48 | 31.46 | 0.52 | 0.60 | −47.86 | 80.82 |