Background
Methods
Study design
Settings
Sample size/sampling
Instruments
Measures
Operational definition
Data analysis
Ethics approval
Results
Univariate analysis
Variable | Statistics | Normotensive (n = 743) | Pre-hypertensive (n = 559) | Hypertensive (n = 50) | Total (n = 1019) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBP (mmHg) | Mean | 117.98 | 129.55 | 153.52 | 123.12 |
SD | 11.08 | 8.47 | 13.20 | 14.78 | |
Median | 118.00 | 129.00 | 151 | 122.00 | |
Interquartile range | 76 | 59 | 77 | 148 | |
Minimum | 80 | 102 | 140 | 69 | |
Maximum | 156 | 161 | 217 | 217 | |
DBP (mmHg) | Mean | 71.78 | 78.80 | 99.32 | 75.81 |
SD | 6.5 | 7.35 | 10.87 | 10.28 | |
Median | 72 | 80 | 97 | 75 | |
Interquartile range | 57 | 58 | 53 | 103 | |
Minimum | 40 | 45 | 90 | 40 | |
Maximum | 97 | 103 | 143 | 143 |
Variables | Normotensive (n = 743) | Prehypertensive (n = 559) | Hypertensive (n = 50) | Total (n = 1019) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Age group | ||||
18–29 years | 570 (76.7) | 381 (68.2) | 26 (52.0) | 733 (71.9) |
30–39 years | 120 (16.2) | 109 (19.5) | 12 (24.0) | 186 (18.3) |
40–49 years | 39 (5.2) | 52 (9.3) | 8 (16.0) | 74 (7.3) |
50–67 years | 14 (1.9) | 17 (3.0) | 4 (8.0) | 26 (2.6) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 248 (33.4) | 252 (45.1) | 23 (46.0) | 381 (37.4) |
Female | 495 (66.6) | 307 (54.9) | 27 (54.0) | 638 (62.6) |
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 504 (67.8) | 351 (62.8) | 26 (52.0) | 662 (65.0) |
Married | 239 (32.2) | 208 (37.2) | 24 (48.0) | 357 (35.0) |
Education level | ||||
Primary | 14 (1.9) | 12 (2.1) | 5 (10.0) | 22 (2.2) |
Secondary | 92 (12.4) | 72 (12.9) | 10 (20.0) | 131 (12.9) |
Intermediate | 21 (2.8) | 20 (3.6) | 2 (4.0) | 30 (2.9) |
University | 594 (79.9) | 432 (77.3) | 32 (64.0) | 800 (78.7) |
Postgraduate | 22 (3.0) | 23 (4.1) | 1 (2.0) | 36 (3.5) |
Variables | Normotensive (n = 743) | Prehypertensive (n = 559) | Hypertensive (n = 50) | Total (n = 1019) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
BMI Group | ||||
Non-obese (< 25 kg/m2) | 374 (50.3) | 217 (38.9) | 10 (20.0) | 465 (45.7) |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 215 (28.9) | 149 (26.7) | 9 (18.0) | 272 (26.7) |
Class I obese (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 104 (14.0) | 107 (19.2) | 18 (36.0) | 169 (16.6) |
Class II & III obese (≥ 35 kg/m2) | 50 (6.7) | 85 (15.2) | 13 (26.0) | 112 (11.0) |
Cardiometabolic variables | ||||
Cholesterol (≥ 5.6) | 79 (10.6) | 77 (13.8) | 11 (22) | 127 (0.12) |
HDL (< 1) | 124 (16.7) | 120 (21.5) | 17 (34.0) | 187 (18.1) |
HBA1c (< 5.7%) | 568 (76.4) | 391 (69.9) | 28 (56.0) | 743 (72.9) |
5.7–6.4% | 153 (20.6) | 141 (25.2) | 15 (30.0) | 231 (22.7) |
≥ 6.5% | 22 (3.0) | 27 (4.8) | 7 (14.0) | 45 (4.4) |
Multivariate logistic regression analysis
Variable | B | S.E. of B | Sig. | Exp (B)/ Odds ratio | 95% C.I. for Odds ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Age in years | −.015 | .013 | .273 | .986 | .960 | 1.012 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | −.742 | .205 | .000 | .476 | .319 | .712 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | −.342 | .190 | .072 | .710 | .489 | 1.031 |
Education level | .144 | |||||
Primary | .533 | .604 | .377 | 1.704 | .522 | 5.568 |
Secondary | .485 | .413 | .240 | 1.624 | .723 | 3.648 |
Intermediate | −.006 | .551 | .992 | .994 | .338 | 2.926 |
University or postgraduate | −.062 | .383 | .870 | .939 | .444 | 1.988 |
BMI | .000 | |||||
Overweight/BMI = 25 kg/m2 | 1.216 | .256 | .000 | 3.374 | 2.045 | 5.568 |
Class I obese/BMI = 30–34.9 kg/m2 | .940 | .260 | .000 | 2.560 | 1.537 | 4.264 |
Class II/III obese/BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 | .593 | .279 | .033 | 1.810 | 1.048 | 3.126 |
Cholesterol | −.078 | .083 | .348 | .925 | .785 | 1.089 |
Diabetes | −.307 | .359 | .393 | .736 | .364 | 1.488 |
Smoking Status | .922 | |||||
Never Smoked/Ex-Smoker | −.048 | .254 | .850 | .953 | .579 | 1.569 |
Current Smoker | .108 | .443 | .807 | 1.114 | .467 | 2.657 |
Constant | .445 | .890 | .617 | 1.561 |
Variable | B | S.E. of B | Sig. | Exp (B)/ Odds ratio | 95% C.I. for Odds ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Age in years | −.008 | .023 | .722 | .992 | .948 | 1.038 |
Gender | ||||||
Female gender | −.380 | .443 | .390 | .684 | .287 | 1.628 |
Marital status | ||||||
Being Married | .051 | .403 | .899 | 1.052 | .478 | 2.318 |
Education level | .222 | |||||
Primary | −1.954 | 1.207 | .106 | .142 | .013 | 1.510 |
Secondary | −1.305 | 1.086 | .229 | .271 | .032 | 2.277 |
Intermediate | −.996 | 1.295 | .442 | .369 | .029 | 4.671 |
University or postgraduate | −.627 | 1.061 | .554 | .534 | .067 | 4.274 |
BMI | .000 | |||||
Overweight/BMI = 25 kg/m2 | 1.604 | .471 | .001 | 4.975 | 1.977 | 12.522 |
Class I obese/BMI = 30–34.9 kg/m2 | 1.251 | .461 | .007 | 3.494 | 1.415 | 8.629 |
Class II/III obese/BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 | .080 | .400 | .841 | 1.084 | .495 | 2.374 |
Cholesterol | −.063 | .172 | .714 | .939 | .671 | 1.315 |
Chronic disease Type | ||||||
Diabetes (yes) | .516 | .532 | .332 | 1.675 | .591 | 4.746 |
Smoking Status | .981 | |||||
Never Smoked/Ex-Smoker | −.094 | .525 | .858 | .910 | .325 | 2.546 |
Current Smoker | −.011 | .885 | .990 | .989 | .175 | 5.605 |
Constant | 2.736 | 1.832 | .135 | 15.422 |