Background
Methods
Study design
Target population and the study sample
Data collection
Sociodemographic assessment and physical activity
Anthropometric evaluation and body composition
Blood pressure measurement
Biochemical determinations
Definition of metabolic syndrome
Definition of pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MS)
Statistical analyzes
Results
Total (n = 226)
|
Men (n = 58)
|
Women (n = 168)
|
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolic syndrome, % (CI 95%)
| 4.5 (1.7-7.2) | 8.6 (1.2-16.1) | 3.0 (0.4-5.6) | 0.075 |
Metabolic syndrome components, % (CI 95%)
| ||||
Abdominal obesity
| 24.8 (2.9-19.1) | 20.7 (9.9-31.4) | 26.2 (19.5-32.9) | 0.403 |
Hypertriglyceridemia
| 11.6 (7.4-15.8) | 10.3 (2.3-18.4) | 12.0 (7.0-17.1) | 0.727 |
Low HDL-c
| 19.2 (14.0-24.4) | 19.0 (8.6-29.4) | 19.3 (13.2-25.3) | 0.959 |
High blood pressure
| 9.3 (5.5-13.2) | 24.1 (12.8-35.5) | 4.2 (1.1-7.3) | <0.01 |
High fasting plasma glucose
| 7.1 (3.7-10.5) | 15.5 (5.9-25.1) | 4.2 (1.1-7.3) | < 0.01 |
20 to 29 years (n = 151)
|
30 to 39 years (n = 55)
|
≥40 years (n = 20)
|
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolic syndrome, % (CI 95%)
| 1.3 (−0.5-3.2) | 5.6 (−0.8-11.9) | 26.3 (4.5-48.1) | <0.01 |
Metabolic syndrome components, % (CI 95%)
| ||||
Abdominal obesity
| 15.2 (9.4-21.0) | 34.5 (21.6-47.5) | 70.0 (48.0-92.0) | <0.01 |
Hypertriglyceridemia
| 9.9 (5.1-14.8) | 13.0 (3.7-22.2) | 21.1 (0.9-41.2) | 0.339 |
Low HDL-c
| 15.9 (10.0-21.8) | 22.2 (10.8-33.7) | 36.8 (13.0-60.7) | 0.074 |
High blood pressure
| 7.3 (3.1-11.5) | 11.1 (2.5-19.8) | 20.0 (0.8-39.2) | 0.162 |
High fasting plasma glucose
| 5.3 (1.7-8.9) | 9.3 (1.3-17.2) | 15.8 (−2.3-33.9) | <0.01 |
Variables
|
n
|
Number of components (%)
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0-1
|
2
|
≥3
| ||
Gender
| ||||
Men | 58 | 79.3 | 12.1 | 8.6 |
Women | 166 | 88.6 | 8.4 | 3.0 |
Age (years)
| ||||
20 to 29 | 151 | 92.7 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
30 to 39 | 54 | 77.8 | 16.7 | 5.5 |
≥40 | 19 | 57.9 | 15.8 | 26.3 |
Educational Level
| ||||
Graduates | 172 | 84.3 | 11.0 | 4.7 |
Students | 52 | 92.4 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
Area
| ||||
Nutrition | 115 | 87.0 | 10.4 | 2.6 |
Physical Education | 58 | 89.7 | 8.6 | 1.7 |
Others | 51 | 80.4 | 7.8 | 11.8 |
Socioeconomic level | ||||
Class A | 30 | 83.4 | 3.3 | 13.3 |
Class B | 119 | 84.9 | 11.8 | 3.3 |
Class C | 53 | 86.8 | 11.3 | 1.9 |
Class D | 9 | 88.9 | 0.0 | 11.1 |
Life Style
| ||||
Non-active | 31 | 74.2 | 12.9 | 12.9 |
Active | 191 | 88.0 | 8.9 | 3.1 |
Smoking
| ||||
Non-smoker | 198 | 85.9 | 10.1 | 4.0 |
Smoker | 7 | 85.7 | 0.0 | 14.3 |
Ex-smoker | 2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| ||||
<25 | 176 | 94.3 | 5.7 | 0.0 |
≥25 | 48 | 56.3 | 22.9 | 20.8 |
Number of components
|
P
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0-1
|
2
|
≥3
| ||
(n = 193)
|
(n = 21)
|
(n = 10)
| ||
Age (years)*
| 26 (24–30)a
| 30 (26.0-35.5)b
| 37.5 (28.3-46.0)b
| <0.01 |
Blood pressure
| ||||
Systolic (mmHg) * | 105.3 (100.1-114.4)a
| 116 (102.5-125.0)ab
| 125.5 (119.7-132.6)b
| <0.01 |
Diastolic (mmHg)†
| 66.1 ± 6.8a
| 71.7 ± 9.0b
| 79.3 ± 8.4c
| <0.01 |
Anthropometric indicators
| ||||
Weight (kg)* | 59.3 (53.9-68.1)a
| 68.9 (60.8-82.3)b
| 84.7 (73.3-90.2)b
| <0.01 |
Height (cm)†
| 1.67 ± 0.08a
| 1.69 ± 0.08a
| 1.67 ± 0.09a
| 0.669 |
BMI (kg/m2)†
| 22.0 ± 2.7a
| 25.0 ± 3.6b
| 30.6 ± 4.9c
| <0.01 |
WC (cm)* | 76 (71–82)a
| 85 (80.0-92.7)b
| 103.8 (89.3-107.4)b
| <0.01 |
HC (cm)†
| 97.9 ± 5.7a
| 101.7 ± 6.8b
| 108.2 ± 11.4c
| <0.01 |
WHpR* | 0.78 (0.74-0.83)a
| 0.83 (0.79-0.90)b
| 0.94 (0.90-1.01)b
| <0.01 |
BAI†
| 27.4 ± 3.5a
| 28.5 ± 4.3a
| 32.2 ± 4.8b
| <0.01 |
COI* | 1.16 (1.12-1.20)a
| 1.21 (1.17-1.28)b
| 1.33 (1.26-1.37)b
| <0.01 |
WHtR* | 0.45 (0.43-0.49)a
| 0.51 (0.47-0.54)b
| 0.62 (0.55-0.68)b
| <0.01 |
Body composition
| ||||
Body fat (%)†
| 21.9 ± 6.1a
| 26.1 ± 6.6b
| 28.8 ± 8.5b
| <0.01 |
Fat mass (kg)* | 12.9 (10.4-15.8)a
| 17 (15.3-20.3)b
| 24 (16.7-29.9)b
| <0.01 |
Lean mass (kg)* | 45.2 (41.6-52.7)a
| 50.2 (44.9-64.0)ab
| 58.7 (49.0-68.8)b
| <0.01 |
Number of components
|
P
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0-1
|
2
|
≥3
| ||
(n = 193)
|
(n = 21)
|
(n = 10)
| ||
Biochemical parameters
| ||||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)†
| 183.5 ± 35.9a
| 190.1 ± 40.1a
| 183.9 ± 39.9a
| 0.735 |
HDL-c (mg/dL)†
| 61.3 ± 14.6a
| 51.2 ± 14.3b
| 39.7 ± 6.9b
| <0.01 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL)* | 82 (58–105)a
| 115 (79–150)b
| 206.5 (101.5-251.5)b
| <0.01 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)* | 85.5 (80–92)a
| 90 (80.5-101.0)a
| 93.5 (86–102)a
| 0.052 |
Insuline (μUI/mL)* | 6.2 (4.4-8.6)a
| 7.8 (5.8-9.6)ab
| 13.9 (7.6-17.5)b
| <0.01 |
HOMA-IR* | 1.29 (0.90-1.84)a
| 1.75 (1.20-2.02)b
| 2.85 (1.79-3.98)b
| <0.01 |
Uric acid (mg/dL)†
| 3.99 ± 1.14a
| 4.2 ± 0.91a
| 5.4 ± 1.53b
| <0.01 |
hs-CRP (mg/L)* | 1.00 (0.65-2.00)a
| 1.50 (0.64-6.25)a
| 3.00 (0.72-5.50)a
| 0.231 |
Complement C3 (mg/dL)†
| 103.7 ± 17.7a
| 113.4 ± 14.6ab
| 127.7 ± 22.7b
| <0.01 |
Variables
|
Pre-MS
|
MS
|
---|---|---|
OR (CI 95%)
|
OR (CI 95%)
| |
Age (≥40 years) | 2.76 (0.70-10.80) | 14.29 (3.69-55.26) |
Physical activity patterns (non-active) | 1.72 (0.53-5.55) | 4.57 (1.21-17.24) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.36 (1.17-1.58) | 1.75 (1.35-2.27) |
BAI | 1.08 (0.96-1.22) | 1.32 (1.13-1.56) |
Body fat (%) | 1.12 (1.04-1.21) | 1.18 (1.06-1.32) |
Total cholesterol /HDL-c | 2.53 (1.54-4.15) | 3.38 (1.89-6.05) |
LDL-c/HDL-c | 2.53 (1.44-4.46) | 2.49 (1.28-4.86) |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 1.18 (0.79-1.75) | 2.06 (1.32-3.22) |
Complement C3 (mg/dL) | 1.03 (1.00-1.06) | 1.06 (1.02-1.09) |