Background
Methods
Literature search
Study selection
Participants
Outcome
Study design
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Results
Literature search
Study characteristics
Authors, year, country, ref. | Study population | Setting details | Violence and injury details | Disorder | DSM criteriaa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alarcon et al., 2012, USA, [13] | Injured patients treated at the ED, age not specified | Urban level I trauma center | Assault | PTSD | No |
Bisson et al., 2010, UK, [23] | Patients aged over 16 years, treated at the ED following physical assault | ED | Assault | PTSD | No |
Boccelari et al., 2007, USA, [14] | Patients aged 18 years and older who are victims of violent crime treated at the ED, with and without hospitalization | Urban hospital | All types of violence, sexual assault excluded | Depression, ASD | No |
Cunningham et al., 2015, USA, [15] | Patients aged between 14 and 24 years treated at the ED following assault | Urban public ED, high crime rates in region | Assault, sexual assault and child abuse excluded | Depression, PTSD | Yes, DSM-IV |
Elklit et al., 2003, Denmark, [26] | Patients aged 18 years and older who are victims of physical assault, treated at the ED | ED | Assault, mean Injury Severity Score 1.47, two-third of the sample had head and face injuries | ASD, PTSD | No |
Fein et al., 2002, USA, [16] | Patients aged between 12 and 24 years treated at the ED for intentional violence | Urban EDs | Assault/fights, child abuse and domestic violence excluded | ASD, PTSD | No |
Hunt et al., 2016, USA, [20] | Injured trauma survivors aged 18 years and older, admitted to trauma center, 8.6% of the patients were victims of intentional stabbing | Two level I trauma centers | Stabbing | PTSD | Yes, DSM-V |
Johansen et al., 2006, Norway, [27] | Patients aged over 18, treated at the ED following assault | ED | Assault, domestic violence excluded | PTSD | No |
Johansen et al., 2007, Norway, [28] | Patients aged 18 years and older, treated at the ED following physical assault | ED | Assault, domestic violence excluded | PTSD | No |
Kleim et al., 2007, UK, [24] | Patients treated at the ED following assault, mean age 35 years | ED | Assault, domestic violence excluded | ASD, PTSD | PTSD only, DSM-IV |
McCart et al., 2005, USA, [17] | Patients aged 9–18 years, treated at the ED following assault | ED | Assault, with and without weapons | Depression, PTSD | No |
Pailler et al., 2007, USA, [18] | Patients aged between 12 and 17, treated at the ED following a violence-related event | ED | Violent event, child abuse excluded | Depression, ASD, PTSD | No |
Purtle et al., 2014, USA, [19] | Patients aged between 7 and 17 years who sustained intentional interpersonal injury treated at the ED | Urban level I trauma center | Violent event, child abuse, domestic violence, and sexual assault excluded | PTSD | No |
Roy-Byrne et al., 2004, USA, [22] | Patients aged 18 years and older, admitted to ED following sexual or physical assault, not requiring hospitalization | Urban level I trauma center | Sexual or physical assault | PTSD | Yes, DSM-IV |
Sullivan et al., 2017, USA, [21] | Patients aged 18 years and older, admitted to the trauma service for at least 24 h following aggravated assault | Urban level I trauma center | Aggravated assault and gunshot wounds | Depression, PTSD | No |
Walters et al., 2007, UK, [25] | Patients aged over 16 years, treated at the ED following assault | ED | Assault, no further exclusion criteria | PTSD | No |
Diagnostic instruments
PTSD (n = 15) | Instrument, cut-off | No./total no. | Prevalence in % (95% CI) | ||||
< 1 month | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | |||
Alarcon et al. [13] | PCL-C, ≥35 | 7/16 | – | 43.7 (11.4–76.2) | – | – | – |
Bisson et al. [23] | TSQ, ≥6 | 338/3349 | 59.1 (52.8–65.4) | – | – | – | – |
Cunningham et al. [15] | MINI, DSM-IV criteria | 30/184 | – | – | – | – | 16.3 (10.5–22.1) |
Elklit et al. [26] | HTQ, ≥3 on all scales | 26/118 | – | – | – | 22.0 (13.5–30.5) | – |
Fein et al. [16] | CATS, ≥27 | 4/96 | – | – | 5.8 (0.12–11.5) | – | – |
Hunt et al. [20] | CAPS, DSM-V criteria | 7/12 | – | 58.3 (15.1–100) | – | – | – |
Johansen et al. [27] | PTSS-10a,b | 46/138 | – | 33.3 (23.7–43.0)c | – | – | – |
Johansen et al. [28] | PTSS-10a,b | 20/70, 17/70, 19–70 | – | 28.6 (16.0–41.1) | 24.3 (12.7–35.8) | – | 27.1 (14.9–39.3) |
Kleim et al. [24] | SCID, DSM-IV criteria | 49/205 | – | – | – | 23.9 (17.2–30.6) | – |
McCart et al. [17] | TSCC, NR | 7/89 | 7.1 (1.85–12.4) | – | – | – | – |
Pailler et al. [18] | CATS, ≥27 | 3/158 | – | – | – | 1.9 (3.8–12.7) | – |
Purtle et al. [19] | CTSQ, ≥5 | 31/47 | 66.0 (42.7–89.2) | – | – | – | – |
Roy-Byrne et al. [22] | CAPS, DSM-V criteria | 14/23, 7/23 | – | 60.9 (29.0–92.8) | 30.4 (7.9–53.0) | – | – |
Sullivan et al. [21] | PC-PTSD, ≥3 | 33/87 | 37.9 (25.0–50.9) | – | – | – | – |
Walters et al. [25] | DTSd | NR | – | 11 (NR) | – | 7.7 (NR) | – |
ASD (N = 5) | Instrument, cut-off | No./total no. | Prevalence in % (95% CI) | ||||
< 1 week | 1 week | > 1 week | |||||
Boccelari et al. [14] | ASDS, > 36 | 221/541 | – | 40.9 (35.5–46.2) | – | ||
Elklit et al. [26] | HTQ, ≥2 | 47/196 | 24.0 (17.1–30.8) | – | – | ||
Fein et al. [16] | ISRCe | 17/69 | 24.6 (12.9–36.3) | – | – | ||
Kleim et al. [24] | ASDS, NR | 37/222 | – | – | 16.7 (11.3–22.0) | ||
Pailler et al. [18] | ISRC, NR | 46/394 | – | 11.7 (8.3–15.0) | – | ||
Depression (N = 5) | Instrument, cut-off | No./total no. | Prevalence in % (95% CI) | ||||
< 1 month | ≥ 1 month | ||||||
Boccelari et al. [14] | PHQ, NR | 191/541 | 35.3 (30.3–40.3) | – | |||
Cunningham et al. [15] | MINI, DSM-IV criteria | 31/184 | – | 16.8 (10.9–22.8) | |||
McCart et al. [17] | TSCC, NR | 5/89 | 5.1 (0.6–9.6) | – | |||
Pailler et al. [18] | CDI-SF, > 65 | 12/394 | 3.0 (1.3–4.8) | – | |||
Sullivan et al. [21] | PHQ-8, ≥10 | 36/87 | 41.4 (27.9–54.9) | – |
Prevalence rates
Quality assessment
Study | Study participation | Study attrition | Outcome measurement | Statistical analysis and presentation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alarcon et al. [13] | Low | High | Low | Low |
Bisson et al. [23] | Moderate | High | Low | NA |
Boccelari et al. [14] | Moderate | High | Moderate | Low |
Cunningham et al. [15] | Low | High | Moderate | Low |
Elklit et al. [26] | High | High | Low | Low |
Fein et al. [16] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
Hunt et al. [20] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
Johansen et al. [27] | Low | High | Moderate | Low |
Johansen et al. [28] | Low | High | Moderate | Low |
Kleim et al. [24] | Low | High | Low | Low |
McCart et al. [17] | Moderate | High | Low | Low |
Pailler et al. [18] | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Purtle et al. [19] | Low | High | Low | Low |
Roy-Byrne et al. [22] | Low | High | Low | Low |
Sullivan et al. [21] | Low | High | Low | Low |
Walters et al. [25] | Low | High | Low | Low |