Background
Methods
Study design
Study population and setting
Data source and data extraction
Data handling
Measures
Dependent variable: Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs)
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Description of the study population
Characteristics |
N
| % |
---|---|---|
Total | 4073 | 100.0 |
Age mean (±SD) | 72.6 (±6.2) | |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 157 | 4.3 |
Married | 3488 | 95.7 |
Gender | ||
Male | 1759 | 43.2 |
Female | 2314 | 56.8 |
Nationality | ||
Saudi | 3737 | 91.9 |
Non-Saudi | 331 | 8.1 |
Comorbidities Hypertension | ||
Yes | 3007 | 73.8 |
Diabetes | ||
Yes | 2309 | 56.7 |
Dyslipidemia | ||
Yes | 2209 | 54.2 |
Heart failure | ||
Yes | 51 | 1.3 |
Ischemic Heart disease | ||
Yes | 254 | 6.2 |
Chronic kidney disease | ||
Yes | 119 | 2.9 |
Cancer | ||
Yes | 123 | 3.0 |
Asthma | ||
Yes | 403 | 9.9 |
COPD | ||
Yes | 17 | 0.4 |
Osteoarthritis | ||
Yes | 373 | 9.2 |
Osteoporosis | ||
Yes | 344 | 8.4 |
Anxiety | ||
Yes | 376 | 9.2 |
Depression | ||
Yes | 60 | 1.5 |
Dementia | ||
Yes | 25 | 0.6 |
No. of chronic conditions | ||
No chronic | 234 | 5.7 |
one chronic condition | 665 | 16.3 |
≥ two chronic conditions | 3174 | 77.9 |
Polypharmacy | ||
0 to 4 drugs | 794 | 19.5 |
≥ 5 | 3279 | 80.5 |
Prevalence of PIMs
Number | Percent | |
---|---|---|
PIMs “That Should Be Avoided” | ||
Yes | 2346 | 57.5 |
No | 1727 | 42.4 |
Numbers of PIMs Use That Should Be Avoided | ||
One PIM | 1625 | 39.9 |
Two PIMs | 588 | 14.4 |
Three or more PIMs | 133 | 3.3 |
PIMs “That Should Be Used With Caution” | ||
Yes | 1529 | 37.5 |
NO | 2544 | 62.5 |
Numbers of PIMs Use With Caution | ||
One PIM with caution | 1341 | 32.9 |
Two PIMs with caution | 174 | 4.3 |
Three or more PIMs with caution | 14 | 0.3 |
Medication Groups |
N
| (%) |
---|---|---|
Gastrointestinal Agents | 1450 | 35.6 |
Endocrine Agents | 1397 | 34.3 |
NSAID Agents | 278 | 6.8 |
Antidepressant Agents | 19 | 0.5 |
Antispasmodic Agents | 20 | 0.5 |
Antipsychotic Agents | 8 | 0.2 |
Anti-infective Agents | 7 | 0.2 |
Genitourinary medications | 4 | 0.1 |
Central Alpha Blocker Agents | 1 | 0.02 |
Peripheral Alpha-1 Blocker Agents | 1 | 0.02 |
Potentially Inappropriate Medications to Be Used With Caution in Older Adults | ||
Diuretics | 1354 | 33.2 |
Antidepressant SSRI | 200 | 4.9 |
Anticoagulant Agents | 54 | 1.3 |
Vasodilators | 54 | 1.3 |
Anticonvulsant Agents | 27 | 0.6 |
Antidepressant Alpha-2 Antagonist Agents | 19 | 0.5 |
Anti-neoplastic alkylating Agents | 13 | 0.3 |
Anti-neoplastic Agent, Antimicrotubule | 9 | 0.2 |
Factors associated with PIMs use on bivariate analysis
PIM Use | No PIM Use | PIM Use | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % | P value | Sig. | OR | 95% CI | Sig. | |
Total | 2346 | 57.5 | 1727 | 42.4 | |||||
Age Mean | 72.8 | 72.3 | 0.23 | ||||||
Marital Status | 0.77 | ||||||||
Single | 88 | 56.1 | 69 | 43.9 | |||||
Married | 1995 | 57.2 | 1493 | 42.8 | |||||
Gender | 0.36 | ||||||||
Male | 999 | 56.8 | 760 | 43.2 | |||||
Female | 1347 | 58.2 | 967 | 41.8 | |||||
Nationality | 0.25 | ||||||||
Saudi | 2165 | 57.9 | 1572 | 42.1 | |||||
Non-Saudi | 181 | 54.7 | 150 | 45.3 | |||||
Hypertension | 0.00 | *** | |||||||
Yes | 1802 | 59.9 | 1205 | 40.1 | 0.95 | [0.79, 1.13] | |||
Diabetes | 0.00 | *** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 1523 | 66.0 | 786 | 34.0 | 2.03 | [1.76, 2.34] | |||
Dyslipidemia | 0.00 | ** | |||||||
Yes | 1320 | 59.8 | 889 | 40.2 | 0.98 | [0.84, 1.13] | |||
Heart failure | 0.00 | *** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 48 | 94.1 | 13 | 5.9 | 8.19 | [2.36, 28.38] | |||
Ischemic Heart disease | 0.00 | *** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 207 | 81.5 | 47 | 18.5 | 2.74 | [1.93, 3.88] | |||
Chronic kidney disease | 0.00 | *** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 97 | 81.5 | 22 | 18.5 | 2.34 | [1.41, 3.87] | |||
Cancer | 0.00 | *** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 97 | 78.9 | 26 | 21.1 | 2.71 | [1.65, 4.44] | |||
Asthma | 0.46 | ||||||||
Yes | 239 | 59.3 | 164 | 40.7 | |||||
COPD | 0.03 | * | |||||||
Yes | 14 | 82.4 | 31 | 17.6 | 0.72 | [0.17, 3.01] | |||
Osteoarthritis | 0.00 | ** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 191 | 51.2 | 182 | 48.8 | 0.61 | [0.48, 0.76] | |||
Osteoporosis | 0.00 | ** | *** | ||||||
Yes | 172 | 50.0 | 172 | 50.0 | 0.63 | [0.49, 0.79] | |||
Anxiety | 0.00 | *** | ** | ||||||
Yes | 262 | 69.7 | 114 | 30.3 | 1.5 | [1.15, 1.96] | |||
Depression | 0.68 | ||||||||
Yes | 33 | 55.0 | 27 | 45.0 | |||||
Dementia | 0.51 | ||||||||
Yes | 16 | 64.0 | 19 | 36.0 | |||||
Polypharmacy | 0.00 | *** | *** | ||||||
> =5 | 2188 | 66.7 | 1091 | 33.3 | 7.79 | [6.36, 9.54] | |||
0 to 4 drugs | 158 | 19.9 | 636 | 80.1 |