Background
Methods
Study population and sampling
Data collection, terms and classifications
Statistical analysis
Results
Overall and ethnic specific alcohol use
Sector | Category | number | Current drinking %, (95% CI) | Former drinking %, (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban
|
Male
| 312 | 57.6 (51.2-63.9) | 16.0 (10.9-21.2) |
Female
| 487 | 2.9 (1.1-4.8) | 1.6 (0.5-2.8) | |
All
| 799 | 29.5 (25.7-33.3) | 8.6 (5.9-11.3) | |
Rural
|
Male
| 1466 | 45.7 (41.1-50.3) | 22.9 (20.1-25.6) |
Female
| 2226 | 0.7 (0.1-1.4) | 0.4 (0.1-0.8) | |
All
| 3692 | 22.2 (19.8-24.7) | 11.2 (9.8-12.6) | |
Overall
|
Male
| 1778 | 48.1 (44.3-51.9) | 21.4 (19.1-23.8) |
Female
| 2713 | 1.2 (0.6-1.8) | 0.7 (0.3-1.0) | |
All
| 4491 | 23.7 (21.7-25.7) | 10.6 (9.4-11.9) |
Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n) | Current (%) | Former (%) | Total (n) | Current (%) | Former (%) | ||
Age group (years)
| <20 | 53 | 34.6 (18.2-51.0) | 14.2 (4.8-23.5) | 45 | 2.2 (0.2-6.7) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) |
20 – 29 | 260 | 48.0 (40.9-55.0) | 18.9 (13.9-23.8) | 384 | 1.3 (0.4-2.9) | 0.8 (0.1-1.7) | |
30 – 39 | 335 | 58.9 (52.6-65.3) | 17.1 (12.8-21.4) | 553 | 1.8 (0.5-3.1) | 0.6 (0.1-1.2) | |
40 – 49 | 418 | 50.3 (44.0-56.6) | 18.5 (14.0-22.9) | 674 | 2.0 (0.5-3.6) | 0.4 (0.1-0.8) | |
50 – 59 | 350 | 52.4 (45.7-59.0) | 15.9 (12.0-19.8) | 547 | 0.2 (0.1-0.6) | 0.7 (0.2-1.6) | |
60 – 69 | 212 | 38.2 (30.9-45.6) | 35.6 (28.3-42.8) | 326 | 0.7 (0.6-2.0) | 1.3 (0.2-2.4) | |
≥ 70 | 150 | 24.6 (15.5-33.6) | 42.5 (32.7-52.2) | 184 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.5 (0.5-1.4) | |
All | 1778 | *p <0.0001 | *p <0.0001 | 2713 | *p < 0.005 | *p < NS | |
Ethnicity
| Sinhalese | 1524 | 49.4 (46.2-52.7) | 22.6 (20.1-25.1) | 2356 | 1.1 (0.6-1.7) | 0.7 (0.3-1.0) |
Sri Lankan Tamil | 59 | 67.1 (52.6-81.6) | 8.7 (2.4-15.0) | 77 | 1.8 (0.1-5.4) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Plantation Tamil | 76 | 65.6 (53.3-77.9) | 13.4 (6.3-20.4) | 88 | 2.5 (0.1-6.7) | 2.2 (0.1-4.4) | |
Burgher | 3 | 64.0 (0.1-129.9) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 8 | 30.8 (5.5-56.1) | 11.2 (0.4-22.0) | |
Sri Lankan Moor | 116 | 7.3 (1.3-13.4) | 20.1 (11.0-29.1) | 184 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
All | 1778 |
+p < 0.0001 |
+p < 0.05 | 2713 |
+p = NS |
+p = NS |
Age and sector specific alcohol consumption
Severity and hazardous drinking
Sector | Category | Number | Number of units of alcohol per day | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 7 | 7 – 13 | 14 - 20 | ≥21 | |||
Urban
|
Male
| 312 | 46.2 (40.6-51.8) | 4.1 (1.6-6.5) | 1.9 (0.5-3.2) | 5.4 (2.7-8.2) |
Female
| 487 | 2.8 (1.1-4.6) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.1 (0.01-0.3) | |
All
| 799 | 23.9 (20.5-27.3) | 2.0 (0.8-3.2) | 0.9 (0.2-1.6) | 2.7 (1.3-4.1) | |
Rural
|
Male
| 1466 | 35.8 (32.0-39.5) | 2.3 (1.4-3.2) | 2.6 (1.6-3.6) | 5.1 (3.6-6.5) |
Female
| 2226 | 0.7 (0.1-1.4) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
All
| 3692 | 17.5 (15.5-19.5) | 1.1 (0.7-1.5) | 1.2 (0.7-1.7) | 2.4 (1.8-3.1) | |
Overall
|
Male
| 1778 | 37.9 (34.8-41.0) | 2.6 (1.8-3.5) | 2.4 (1.6-3.3) | 5.2 (3.9-6.4) |
Female
| 2713 | 1.2 (0.6-1.8) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.02 (0.01-0.05) | |
All
| 4491 | 18.8 (17.1-20.5) | 1.3 (0.9-1.7) | 1.2 (0.8-1.6) | 2.5(1.9-3.1) |
Associations of current and hazardous drinking with the level of education, income and occupation
Educational and occupational category | Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Current (%) | Hazardous (%) | N | Current (%) | Hazardous (%) | ||
Education
| ≤ 5 years | 363 | 43.4 (36.1-50.7) | 8.5 (4.9-12.1) | 709 | 0.7 (0.1-1.4) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) |
6 – 11 years | 1094 | 50.7 (46.1-55.3) | 5.3 (3.8-6.8) | 1575 | 1.1 (0.4-1.8) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
≥ 12 years | 320 | 45.0 (37.7-52.4) | 1.1 (0.0-2.2) | 427 | 2.6 (1.0-4.2) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Occupation
| Senior officials and managers | 10 | 79.8 (59.5-100.0) | 11.1 (0.3-32.0) | 7 | 41.3 (12.7-69.9) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) |
Professionals | 51 | 41.1 (23.3-59.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 57 | 2.5 (0.2-6.2) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Technical and associated professionals | 76 | 69.0 (57.0-81.0) | 4.5 (0.2-9.1) | 18 | 4.8 (0.3-14.3) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Clerks | 28 | 54.8 (33.4-76.3) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 42 | 1.6 (-1.5-4.6) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Sale and service workers | 223 | 52.0 (42.0-62.0) | 3.9 (1.3-6.4) | 78 | 4.3 (-1.0-9.6) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers | 225 | 37.2 (27.9-46.5) | 4.7 (2.3-7.1) | 86 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Craft and related workers | 59 | 41.1 (27.9-54.4) | 6.3 (0.2-12.3) | 48 | 5.6 (1.0-13.7) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Plant and mechanic operators and assemblers | 100 | 64.6 (53.9-75.4) | 6.1 (1.9-10.4) | 13 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Elementary occupations | 480 | 56.8 (50.3-63.4) | 7.3 (4.2-10.5) | 364 | 1.6 (0.3-3.4) | 0.1 (0.01-0.4) | |
Armed Forces | 11 | 56.7 (24.8-88.5) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 3 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
No regular employment or unemployed | 514 | 36.1 (31.0-41.3) | 4.5 (2.3-6.3) | 1997 | 0.7 (0.3-1.1) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
Income category (LKR 000)
| < 7.0 | 866 | 43.2 (37.3-49.1) | 5.6 (3.6-7.6) | 1645 | 0.3 (0.1-0.7) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) |
7.0 – 13.0 | 465 | 51.6 (45.8-57.4) | 5.7 (3.5-7.8) | 590 | 1.4 (0.1-2.6) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
13.1 – 25.0 | 301 | 54.6 (48.4-60.9) | 3.9 (1.4-6.3) | 342 | 2.1 (0.7-3.5) | 0.2 (0.01-0.5) | |
25.1 – 50.0 | 105 | 56.9 (46.3-67.5) | 3.5 (0.2-7.2) | 103 | 9.0 (1.2-16.9) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
>50.0 | 24 | 60.2 (34.8-85.6) | 5.7 (0.5-16.9) | 26 | 17.2 (0.5-34.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) |
Smoking and alcohol use
Drinking | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Former | Current - NH | Current - H | p value* | ||
Smoking
|
Never*
| 85.9% | 4.3% | 9.5% | 0.3% | <0.0001 |
Former*
| 19.8% | 41.8% | 33.7% | 4.7% | <0.0001 | |
Current*
| 11.8% | 18.1% | 60.3% | 9.8% | <0.0001 |
Multiple logistic regression analysis in males
Total (n) | Never drinker | Former drinker | Current drinker | Hazardous drinker | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI for OR | OR | 95% CI for OR | OR | 95% CI for OR | OR | 95% CI for OR | ||
Sector of residence
| |||||||||
Rural | 1448 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Urban | 304 | 0.7 | 0.5-0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.3 | 1.5 | 1.1-2.0 | 1.3 | 0.8-2.2 |
Ethnicity
| |||||||||
Sinhalese | 1502 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Sri Lankan Tamil | 58 | 1.5 | 0.8-2.8 | 0.3 | 0.1-0.9 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.4 | 0.3 | 0.07-1.4 |
Plantation Tamil | 76 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.4 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.2 | 1.7 | 1.0-3.0 | 2.0 | 0.9-4.2 |
Muslim | 113 | 12.7 | 1.7-21.0 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.4 | 0.04 | 0.02-0.09 | 0.0 | 0.0-0.0 |
Burgher | 3 | 2.0 | 0.1-25.6 | 0.0 | 0.0-0.0 | 2.3 | 0.2-31.1 | 7.8 | 0.6-101.7 |
Level of education
| |||||||||
Less than 5 years | 360 | 0.6 | 0.3-0.9 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.5 | 1.2 | 0.7-1.6 | 3.2 | 1.3-7.7 |
6 to 11 years | 1085 | 0.6 | 0.4-0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.8 | 1.4 | 0.9-1.8 | 2.4 | 1.1-5.2 |
≥ 12 years | 307 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Occupation
| |||||||||
Senior officials and Managers | 10 | 1.3 | 0.3-6.0 | 0.0 | 0.0-0.0 | 2.8 | 0.3-8.0 | 2.6 | 0.2-16.0 |
Professionals | 49 | 1.0 | 0.5-1.9 | 0.9 | 0.4-2.0 | 1.2 | 0.6-2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0-0.0 |
Technical and Associated Professionals | 75 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.2 | 0.4 | 0.1-0.9 | 2.6 | 1.4-4.7 | 1.4 | 0.5-4.2 |
Clerks | 28 | 0.3 | 0.1-1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3-2.6 | 2.4 | 1.0-5.8 | 1.0 | 0.2-5.8 |
Sale and Service Workers | 221 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.2 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.1 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.3 | 1.1 | 0.5-2.2 |
Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers | 225 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 1.5 | 1.1-2.2 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.1 | 1.1 | 0.5-2.1 |
Craft and Related Workers | 59 | 1.6 | 0.8-3.1 | 1.2 | 0.6-2.2 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.1 | 1.4 | 0.6-3.9 |
Plant and Mechanic Operators and Assemblers | 100 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.3 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.2 | 1.8 | 1.0-3.1 | 1.1 | 0.4-2.6 |
Elementary Occupations | 477 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.3 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0-2.0 | 1.5 | 0.6-2.9 |
Armed Forces | 11 | 1.4 | 0.3-5.9 | 1.0 | 0.2-4.8 | 0.8 | 0.2-3.1 | 0.0 | 0.0-0.0 |
No regular employment or unemployed | 497 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Age category
| |||||||||
18-29 years | 306 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
30-39 years | 329 | 0.4 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.5 | 2.1 | 1.5-3.1 | 2.2 | 0.9-.5.2 |
40-49 years | 409 | 0.6 | 0.4-0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 1.7 | 1.2-2.4 | 4.0 | 1.8-8.8 |
50-59 years | 347 | 0.6 | 0.4-0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.3 | 1.9 | 1.3-2.8 | 5.0 | 2.2-11.3 |
60-69 years | 210 | 0.5 | 0.3-0.7 | 1.9 | 1.3-3.0 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.6 | 3.7 | 1.5-9.2 |
≥70 years | 149 | 0.5 | 0.3-0.9 | 2.1 | 1.3-3.4 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.4 | 5.4 | 1.9-15.3 |
Current Smoker
| |||||||||
Yes | 682 | 0.2 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5-0.8 | 5.6 | 4.4-7.1 | 4.8 | 3.1-7.2 |
No | 1070 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Monthly income (LKR 000)
| |||||||||
<7 | 861 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
7.1-13.0 | 463 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.3 | 1.3 | 1.0-1.7 | 1.6 | 1.1-2.6 |
13.1-25.0 | 300 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 1.5 | 1.1-2.1 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.6 |
25.1-50.0 | 104 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.4 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.1 | 1.7 | 1.0-2.9 | 2.6 | 1.1-6.2 |
> 50.0 | 24 | 1 | 0.4-2.6 | 0.2 | 0.02-1.4 | 2.2 | 0.8-5.9 | 1.8 | 0.3-9.8 |