Background
The need for implementing prevention and early intervention in youth mental health
Methods
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Towards a trans-diagnostic clinical staging model to intercept a wider at-risk youth population
Youth mental health: which targets for which interventions?
Mental health prevention and early intervention in youth: where is the evidence?
Promotion of youth mental health
Primary prevention in youth mental health
Developmental model for primary prevention
Universal prevention (pre-clinical stage)
Selective prevention (clinical stage 0)
Indicated prevention (clinical stage 1)
Secondary prevention in youth mental health (clinical stage 2)
Tertiary prevention in youth mental health (clinical stage 3)
Identified key target areas | Areas for further improvement and future objectives | |
---|---|---|
Promotion | Promotion-prevention continuum | Address entire community |
Nutrition and health care | Integrated and multidisciplinary actions | |
Housing and homelessness | Healthcare-community collaborations | |
Child abuse | ||
Negative consequences of parents’ divorce | ||
Family support | ||
Education and school-related problematic behavior | ||
Addictive substance use/dependence | ||
Personal skill development/management of stressful life events | ||
Primary prevention | Life-span continuum (Early stage-intensification of risk continuum) | |
Universal | Brain development and anti-inflammatory neuroprotection (Phosphatidylcholine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation) | Pathophysiological mechanisms during early development |
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and microbiota dysbiosis (Omega-3 fatty acid, vitamin, sulforaphane, and prebiotic supplementation) | ||
Bullying and peer rejection (School-based behavioral interventions) | ||
Substance abuse | ||
Brain plasticity, structure, connectivity, and cognitive functioning (Lifetime exercise training) | ||
Selective | Parental mental illness | Poor validity of boundaries between diagnostic categories |
Paternal age | Lack of evidence-based selective interventions | |
Maternal and obstetric complications of pregnancy | Youth with family history of severe mental illness (genetic risk) | |
Season of birth | ||
Ethnic minority | ||
Immigration status | ||
Urban environment | ||
Infections | ||
Childhood adversities, socio-financial disadvantage, maladaptive behavior (Nursing home visits, school-based interventions, home teaching) | ||
Vitamin D deficiency and malnutrition | ||
Low premorbid intelligence quotient | ||
Traumatic brain injury | ||
Heavy tobacco and cannabis use | ||
Indicated | Psychosis-risk state | Limited psychosis detection rate |
Service engagement and liaison with secondary intervention services | Pluripotent and trans-diagnostic risk state | |
Duration of untreated illness | Multi-component symptom intervention | |
Control of symptoms and self-control of emotion and behavior (Cognitive behavioral, relaxation, mindfulness, and meditation strategies) | ||
Poor social problem solving and low quality of social support (Social skill training) | ||
Interpersonal conflict (Interpersonal psychotherapy, forgiveness programs) | ||
Loneliness and social difficulties in general (Resilience training) | ||
Secondary prevention | Collaborative care | Primary care-specialist mental health care collaborations |
Recovery | ||
Duration of untreated illness | ||
Poor treatment response/treatment resistance | ||
Poor psycho-social well-being and functioning | ||
Comorbid substance use | ||
Burden on families | ||
Tertiary prevention | Recovery | Disease progression |
Poor treatment response/treatment resistance | Interventions to prevent multiple relapses | |
Poor psycho-social well-being and functioning | ||
Comorbid substance use | ||
Burden on families |