Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences 3/2012

01.03.2012 | Editorial

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Bad Genes, Bad Luck

verfasst von: Pietro Invernizzi, M. Eric Gershwin

Erschienen in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Excerpt

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is considered a model for autoimmune disease based upon its hallmark autoantibodies serologic response, the focused target destruction of biliary epithelial cells (BEC), and the clinical homogeneity among patients [1]. PBC is also overwhelmingly a disease of middle-aged and older females, being virtually absent in the pediatric or adolescent population. True pediatric PBC is indeed highly rare, and likely represents an etiopathogenesis that is extremely atypical compared to the classical PBC in adults. PBC also has one of the latest ages of onset out of all autoimmune diseases [2]. The etiology remains enigmatic, although various genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the disease development and progression, many of which also provide insight as to why females are more prone to PBC [3, 4]. …
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Invernizzi P, Selmi C, Gershwin ME. Update on primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:401–408.PubMedCrossRef Invernizzi P, Selmi C, Gershwin ME. Update on primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:401–408.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Invernizzi P. Geoepidemiology of autoimmune liver diseases. J Autoimmunol. 2010;34:J300–J306.CrossRef Invernizzi P. Geoepidemiology of autoimmune liver diseases. J Autoimmunol. 2010;34:J300–J306.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Invernizzi P, Pasini S, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Podda M. Female predominance and X chromosome defects in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmunol. 2009;33:12–16.CrossRef Invernizzi P, Pasini S, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Podda M. Female predominance and X chromosome defects in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmunol. 2009;33:12–16.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirschfield GM, Invernizzi P. Progress in the genetics of primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 2011;31:147–156.PubMedCrossRef Hirschfield GM, Invernizzi P. Progress in the genetics of primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 2011;31:147–156.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hakim FT, Flomerfelt FA, Boyiadzis M, Gress RE. Aging, immunity and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2004;16:151–156.PubMedCrossRef Hakim FT, Flomerfelt FA, Boyiadzis M, Gress RE. Aging, immunity and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2004;16:151–156.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Prelog M. Aging of the immune system: a risk factor for autoimmunity? Autoimmunol Rev. 2006;5:136–139.CrossRef Prelog M. Aging of the immune system: a risk factor for autoimmunity? Autoimmunol Rev. 2006;5:136–139.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Weng NP, Akbar AN, Goronzy J. Cd28(−) t cells: their role in the age-associated decline of immune function. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:306–312.PubMedCrossRef Weng NP, Akbar AN, Goronzy J. Cd28(−) t cells: their role in the age-associated decline of immune function. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:306–312.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Vallejo AN. Immunological hurdles of ageing: indispensable research of the human model. Ageing Res Rev. 2011. Vallejo AN. Immunological hurdles of ageing: indispensable research of the human model. Ageing Res Rev. 2011.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Battezzati PM, et al. Frequency of monosomy x in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 2004;363:533–535.PubMedCrossRef Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Battezzati PM, et al. Frequency of monosomy x in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 2004;363:533–535.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Miozzo M, Selmi C, Gentilin B, et al. Preferential × chromosome loss but random inactivation characterize primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:456–462.PubMedCrossRef Miozzo M, Selmi C, Gentilin B, et al. Preferential × chromosome loss but random inactivation characterize primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:456–462.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Vallejo AN. Cd28 extinction in human t cells: altered functions and the program of t-cell senescence. Immunol Rev. 2005;205:158–169.PubMedCrossRef Vallejo AN. Cd28 extinction in human t cells: altered functions and the program of t-cell senescence. Immunol Rev. 2005;205:158–169.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernuzzi F, Fenoglio D, Battaglia F, et al. Phenotypical and functional alterations of cd8 regulatory t cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmunol. 2010;35:176–180.CrossRef Bernuzzi F, Fenoglio D, Battaglia F, et al. Phenotypical and functional alterations of cd8 regulatory t cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmunol. 2010;35:176–180.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Collado M, Blasco MA, Serrano M. Cellular senescence in cancer and aging. Cell. 2007;130:223–233.PubMedCrossRef Collado M, Blasco MA, Serrano M. Cellular senescence in cancer and aging. Cell. 2007;130:223–233.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Haga H, Manabe T, Nakanuma Y. Frequent cellular senescence in small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis: a possible role in bile duct loss. J Pathol. 2005;205:451–459.PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Haga H, Manabe T, Nakanuma Y. Frequent cellular senescence in small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis: a possible role in bile duct loss. J Pathol. 2005;205:451–459.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Nakanuma Y. Activation of atm signaling pathway is involved in oxidative stress-induced expression of mito-inhibitory p21waf1/cip1 in chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis in primary biliary cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical study. J Autoimmunol. 2008;31:73–78.CrossRef Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Nakanuma Y. Activation of atm signaling pathway is involved in oxidative stress-induced expression of mito-inhibitory p21waf1/cip1 in chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis in primary biliary cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical study. J Autoimmunol. 2008;31:73–78.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Decreased expression of bmi1 is closely associated with cellular senescence in small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Pathol. 2006;169:831–845.PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Decreased expression of bmi1 is closely associated with cellular senescence in small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Pathol. 2006;169:831–845.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Yamaguchi J, Nakada S, Nakanuma Y. Telomere shortening in the damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis reflects ongoing cellular senescence. Hepatology. 2008;48:186–195.PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Yamaguchi J, Nakada S, Nakanuma Y. Telomere shortening in the damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis reflects ongoing cellular senescence. Hepatology. 2008;48:186–195.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimoda S, Harada K, Niiro H, et al. Biliary epithelial cells and primary biliary cirrhosis: the role of liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells. Hepatology. 2008;47:958–965.PubMedCrossRef Shimoda S, Harada K, Niiro H, et al. Biliary epithelial cells and primary biliary cirrhosis: the role of liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells. Hepatology. 2008;47:958–965.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvaro D, Mancino MG, Glaser S, et al. Proliferating cholangiocytes: a neuroendocrine compartment in the diseased liver. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:415–431.PubMedCrossRef Alvaro D, Mancino MG, Glaser S, et al. Proliferating cholangiocytes: a neuroendocrine compartment in the diseased liver. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:415–431.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Isse K, Harada K, Zen Y, et al. Fractalkine and cx3cr1 are involved in the recruitment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatology. 2005;41:506–516.PubMedCrossRef Isse K, Harada K, Zen Y, et al. Fractalkine and cx3cr1 are involved in the recruitment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatology. 2005;41:506–516.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Modulation of the microenvironment by senescent biliary epithelial cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:318–325.PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Modulation of the microenvironment by senescent biliary epithelial cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:318–325.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsuneyama K, Harada K, Yasoshima M, et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, -2, and -3 are distinctively expressed in portal tracts and granulomata in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2001;193:102–109.PubMedCrossRef Tsuneyama K, Harada K, Yasoshima M, et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, -2, and -3 are distinctively expressed in portal tracts and granulomata in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2001;193:102–109.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Selmi C, et al. Autophagy: highlighting a novel player in the autoimmunity scenario. J Autoimmunol. 2007;29:61–68.CrossRef Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Selmi C, et al. Autophagy: highlighting a novel player in the autoimmunity scenario. J Autoimmunol. 2007;29:61–68.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Autophagy mediates the process of cellular senescence characterizing bile duct damages in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lab Invest. 2010;90:835–843.PubMedCrossRef Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Autophagy mediates the process of cellular senescence characterizing bile duct damages in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lab Invest. 2010;90:835–843.PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat White E, Lowe SW. Eating to exit: autophagy-enabled senescence revealed. Genes Dev. 2009;23:784–787.PubMedCrossRef White E, Lowe SW. Eating to exit: autophagy-enabled senescence revealed. Genes Dev. 2009;23:784–787.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Autophagy may precede cellular senescence of bile ductular cells in ductular reaction in primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. (Epub ahead of print). doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1929-y. Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Autophagy may precede cellular senescence of bile ductular cells in ductular reaction in primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. (Epub ahead of print). doi:10.​1007/​s10620-011-1929-y.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Lleo A, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, et al. Apotopes and the biliary specificity of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2009;49:871–879.PubMedCrossRef Lleo A, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, et al. Apotopes and the biliary specificity of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2009;49:871–879.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Lleo A, Bowlus CL, Yang GX, et al. Biliary apotopes and anti-mitochondrial antibodies activate innate immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2010;52:987–998.PubMedCrossRef Lleo A, Bowlus CL, Yang GX, et al. Biliary apotopes and anti-mitochondrial antibodies activate innate immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2010;52:987–998.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Rong G, Zhong R, Lleo A, et al. Epithelial cell specificity and apotope recognition by serum autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2011;54:196–203.PubMedCrossRef Rong G, Zhong R, Lleo A, et al. Epithelial cell specificity and apotope recognition by serum autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2011;54:196–203.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Lleo A, Shimoda S, Ishibashi H, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis: apotopes and epitopes. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:29–38.PubMedCrossRef Lleo A, Shimoda S, Ishibashi H, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis: apotopes and epitopes. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:29–38.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Bad Genes, Bad Luck
verfasst von
Pietro Invernizzi
M. Eric Gershwin
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2012
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Digestive Diseases and Sciences / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0163-2116
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2568
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-011-1993-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

Digestive Diseases and Sciences 3/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.