Background
Methods
Study design
Ethics
Sampling & Recruitment
Data collection
Analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study participants
Characteristics | Percentage/ Mean | Standard Deviation | Range (min – max) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (% female) | 69.2% | ||
Age (years) | 45.8 | 9.2 | 29–59 |
Primary care physician or nurse practitioner (% primary care physician) | 69.2% | ||
Number of years practicing | 15.3 | 9.9 | 1–32 |
Medical school/ nurse practitioner program location (% Canada) | 92.3% | ||
Practice location (% urban) | 69.2% | ||
Practice type (% family health team/ family health group) | 92.3% | ||
Approximate number of patients rostered/ in the practice | 2248 | 3219 | 200–12,500 |
Relevant TDF domains
Domain/ Theme | Sub-theme | Relevance | Enabler/ Barrier |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental context and resources | Using EMR tools | Frequent | Enabler |
Referring to guidelines | Frequent | Enabler | |
Depending on support staff | Frequent | Enabler | |
Knowledge | Being aware of guidelines | Conflicting | Enabler |
Having a positive attitude toward guidelines | Conflicting | Enabler & Barrier | |
Knowing what to do | Frequent | Enabler | |
Memory, attention and decision processes | Making a deliberate decision | Frequent | Enabler |
Forgetting | Important | Barrier | |
Beliefs about consequences | Being aware of clinical consequences | Frequent | Enabler |
Perceived low risk in delaying confirmatory test | Important | Barrier | |
Weighing the costs and benefits | Frequent | Enabler | |
Goals | Prioritizing care goals | Conflicting | Enabler & Barrier |
Recognizing the importance | Frequent | Enabler | |
Social or professional role | Claiming responsibility | Frequent | Enabler |
Identifying practice type or role influences | Frequent | Enabler & Barrier | |
Behavioural regulation | Taking ownership of action | Frequent | Enabler |
Skills | Demonstrating communication skills | Important | Enabler |
Optimism | Having a positive attitude | Frequent | Enabler |
N/Aa | Completing laboratory tests/ patient factors | Frequent | Barrier |
Identified TDF enablers
“I think that the algorithm approach is actually relatively simple as opposed to a lot of the other guidelines out there that have algorithms that are about three hundred things on a diagram and then having an application for it is useful. The KidneyWise application is actually quite useful.”
“Let’s just say I don’t know anything about any guidelines. I have a practice that I do, that I believe is correct, so we’ll see what happens there.” and “Actually there’s one today that just popped up that his glomerular filtration rate dropped like from 70 to 50 which is below normal, so I’m going to repeat it in three months.”
“So usually the first thing if I get an abnormal creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate or positive albumin-to-creatinine ratio then it’s to, kind of, look and see, okay, is this something new for this person or is this long-standing, is it getting worse, is it stable, is there something else going on, do they have a urinary tract infection… like, something that may account for the finding. If it’s something that’s completely new then, absolutely, it’s repeated.”
“If the world was a perfect place some of this stuff could be off loaded to either a nurse or a nurse practitioner that I work with but the world is not a perfect place and we’re all just too busy.”
“You’ve just got to focus in on one or two different things, and sometimes the chronic kidney disease could get lost in transition. But usually it’s incorporated, but that would be the most likely.” and “One [consequence] is that it continues to go up, and I miss that they’re going into much worse renal failure. Another is that I give them things that are more toxic, or that are toxic to an already compromised kidney. Those would be the biggest ones.”
“As a nurse practitioner I’m allowed a little bit more time so it makes it a little easier, so I try and provide as much health teaching to the patient and write it on the lab slip when I want them to check it.”
Identified TDF barriers
“I’m going to assume that [guidelines] are evidence based or at least partially evidence based as much as guidelines can be because if you look at those guidelines in general they’re about maximally 14% evidence based and the rest is opinion, so I assume that they are approximately the same as every other guideline.”
“So I’ll tell you what, we have 49 diseases that we deal with in family medicine. Kidneys are one small one, and there’s very little to do with that repeat creatinine. There’s nothing that changes. So is it a priority? No. There are many other things that are higher priority.”
“I think cognitive overload probably plays a part in everything that we do every day and it’s a matter of sometimes things just get forgotten.” and “…I guess once upon a time for me it would have been remembering when it was due. But electronic medical records make it that much easier because you can send yourself little reminders.”
“You know, it’s nice to initiate in the workup once they are confirmed [chronic kidney disease] a little bit earlier, but if it has to wait until a year, I don’t know that it makes a significant difference, ‘cause patients usually present on an annual basis for blood work. Or that’s their expectation. So sometimes you only have the chance to repeat it a year later.”
Other factors influencing laboratory test completion
“Providing more follow-up and making sure, again, tests are being done as asked of the patient just to make sure they are. So having maybe more tasks sent to myself reminding myself that things have been ordered, to recheck that.” and “Well, one thing that I will tell you is that I do not file the abnormal test into the patient’s chart until I am sure that the patient actually is aware of the abnormal result.”