Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Community Mental Health Journal 6/2018

14.11.2017 | Original Paper

Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Self-harming Behaviour: Potential Barriers to Employment?

verfasst von: J. S. Hansen, E. Simonsen

Erschienen in: Community Mental Health Journal | Ausgabe 6/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The current study screened for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-harming behaviours, often related to borderline personality disorder (BPD), among individuals in a job centre considered unemployable primarily for psychological reasons. Participants (N = 112) filled in questionnaires on PTSD symptoms (n = 62) and self-harming behaviours (n = 59) as part of participating in team-meetings providing the individuals with a return-to-work plan. Differences in demographic variables between individuals with and without valid protocols were small to moderate. Of the individuals filling in the PTSD questionnaire 40% fulfilled criteria for probable PTSD and 31% of the individuals filling in the questionnaire on self-harming behaviours reported five or more types of self-harming behaviours. Only a minority of these individuals had PTSD or BPD respectively mentioned in their case records. Further investigation of the prevalence of PTSD and self-harming behaviour among individuals considered unemployable is warranted as well as an enhanced focus in jobcentres and other institutions supporting employability on detection and treatment of PTSD and early signs of BPD.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Arens, E. A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Appel, K., Dudeck, M., Volzke, H., et al. (2013). Borderline personality disorder in four different age groups: A cross-sectional study of community residents in Germany. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 196–207.CrossRefPubMed Arens, E. A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Appel, K., Dudeck, M., Volzke, H., et al. (2013). Borderline personality disorder in four different age groups: A cross-sectional study of community residents in Germany. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 196–207.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Audhoe, S. S., Hoving, J. L., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Friperson, R., de Jong, P. R., Sluiter, J. K., et al. (2012). Prognostic factors for the work participation of sick-listed unemployed and temporary agency workers with psychological problems. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22, 437–446.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Audhoe, S. S., Hoving, J. L., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Friperson, R., de Jong, P. R., Sluiter, J. K., et al. (2012). Prognostic factors for the work participation of sick-listed unemployed and temporary agency workers with psychological problems. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22, 437–446.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Biskin, R. S., & Paris, J. (2012). Diagnosing borderline personality disorder. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184, 1789–1794.CrossRefPubMed Biskin, R. S., & Paris, J. (2012). Diagnosing borderline personality disorder. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184, 1789–1794.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bobo, W. V., Warner, C. H., & Warner, C. M. (2007). The management of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the primary care setting. Southern Medical Journal, 100, 797–802.CrossRefPubMed Bobo, W. V., Warner, C. H., & Warner, C. M. (2007). The management of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the primary care setting. Southern Medical Journal, 100, 797–802.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bohus, M., & Kroger, C. (2011). Psychopathology and psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder: State of the art. Der Nervenarzt, 82, 16–24.CrossRefPubMed Bohus, M., & Kroger, C. (2011). Psychopathology and psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder: State of the art. Der Nervenarzt, 82, 16–24.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.CrossRefPubMed Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bunting, B. P., Murphy, S. D., O’Neill, S. M., & Ferry, F. R. (2012). Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and delay in treatment following initial onset: evidence from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1727–1739.CrossRefPubMed Bunting, B. P., Murphy, S. D., O’Neill, S. M., & Ferry, F. R. (2012). Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and delay in treatment following initial onset: evidence from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1727–1739.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Comtois, K. A., Kerbrat, A. H., Atkins, D. C., Harned, M. S., & Elwood, L. (2010). Recovery from disability for individuals with borderline personality disorder: a feasibility trial of DBT-ACES. Psychiatric Services, 61, 1106–1111.CrossRefPubMed Comtois, K. A., Kerbrat, A. H., Atkins, D. C., Harned, M. S., & Elwood, L. (2010). Recovery from disability for individuals with borderline personality disorder: a feasibility trial of DBT-ACES. Psychiatric Services, 61, 1106–1111.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Crespo, M., & Gomez, M. M. (2016). Diagnostic concordance of DSM-IV and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a clinical sample. Psicothema, 28, 161–166.PubMed Crespo, M., & Gomez, M. M. (2016). Diagnostic concordance of DSM-IV and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a clinical sample. Psicothema, 28, 161–166.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cusack, K. J., Grubaugh, A. L., Knapp, R. G., & Frueh, B. C. (2006). Unrecognized trauma and PTSD among public mental health consumers with chronic and severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 487–500.CrossRefPubMed Cusack, K. J., Grubaugh, A. L., Knapp, R. G., & Frueh, B. C. (2006). Unrecognized trauma and PTSD among public mental health consumers with chronic and severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 487–500.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Darves-Bornoz, J. M., de Alonso, J., de Girolamo G., Graaf R., Haro, J. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., et al. (2008). Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 455–462.CrossRefPubMed Darves-Bornoz, J. M., de Alonso, J., de Girolamo G., Graaf R., Haro, J. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., et al. (2008). Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 455–462.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dorrington, S., Zavos, H., Ball, H., McGuffin, P., Rijsdijk, F., Siribaddana, S., et al. (2014). Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric disorders in a middle-income setting: Prevalence and comorbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 383–389.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dorrington, S., Zavos, H., Ball, H., McGuffin, P., Rijsdijk, F., Siribaddana, S., et al. (2014). Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric disorders in a middle-income setting: Prevalence and comorbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 383–389.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Elklit, A., Norregaard, J., & Tibor, B. (1998). Occurrence and type of traumatic experiences among young Bosnian refugees in Denmark. Ugeskr. Laeger, 160, 4310–4314.PubMed Elklit, A., Norregaard, J., & Tibor, B. (1998). Occurrence and type of traumatic experiences among young Bosnian refugees in Denmark. Ugeskr. Laeger, 160, 4310–4314.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ferry, F. R., Brady, S. E., Bunting, B. P., Murphy, S. D., Bolton, D., & O’Neill, S. M. (2015). The Economic Burden of PTSD in Northern Ireland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 191–197.CrossRefPubMed Ferry, F. R., Brady, S. E., Bunting, B. P., Murphy, S. D., Bolton, D., & O’Neill, S. M. (2015). The Economic Burden of PTSD in Northern Ireland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 191–197.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Frommberger, U., Angenendt, J., & Berger, M. (2014). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int, 111, 59–65.PubMedPubMedCentral Frommberger, U., Angenendt, J., & Berger, M. (2014). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int, 111, 59–65.PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen, M., Andersen, T. E., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Palic, S., & Mackrill, T. (2010). PTSD-8: A short PTSD inventory. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 6, 101–108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hansen, M., Andersen, T. E., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Palic, S., & Mackrill, T. (2010). PTSD-8: A short PTSD inventory. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 6, 101–108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Hoge, C. W., Riviere, L. A., Wilk, J. E., Herrell, R. K., & Weathers, F. W. (2014). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: a head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist. Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 269–277.CrossRefPubMed Hoge, C. W., Riviere, L. A., Wilk, J. E., Herrell, R. K., & Weathers, F. W. (2014). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: a head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist. Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 269–277.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 5), 4–12 (discussion 13–4).PubMed Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 5), 4–12 (discussion 13–4).PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kiely, K. M., & Butterworth, P. (2014). Mental health selection and income support dynamics: Multiple spell discrete-time survival analyses of welfare receipt. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 68, 349–355.CrossRef Kiely, K. M., & Butterworth, P. (2014). Mental health selection and income support dynamics: Multiple spell discrete-time survival analyses of welfare receipt. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 68, 349–355.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kimerling, R., Alvarez, J., Pavao, J., Mack, K. P., Smith, M. W., & Baumrind, N. (2009). Unemployment among women: Examining the relationship of physical and psychological intimate partner violence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 450–463.CrossRefPubMed Kimerling, R., Alvarez, J., Pavao, J., Mack, K. P., Smith, M. W., & Baumrind, N. (2009). Unemployment among women: Examining the relationship of physical and psychological intimate partner violence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 450–463.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lang, U. E., & Hellweg, R. (2006). Prevalence and role of psychiatric disorders in disability. Versicherungsmedizin/herausgegeben von Verband der Lebensversicherungs-Unternehmen e. V. und Verband der Privaten Krankenversicherung e.V, 58, 164–169. Lang, U. E., & Hellweg, R. (2006). Prevalence and role of psychiatric disorders in disability. Versicherungsmedizin/herausgegeben von Verband der Lebensversicherungs-Unternehmen e. V. und Verband der Privaten Krankenversicherung e.V, 58, 164–169.
Zurück zum Zitat Le, Q. A., Doctor, J. N., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2014). Cost-effectiveness of prolonged exposure therapy versus pharmacotherapy and treatment choice in posttraumatic stress disorder (the optimizing PTSD treatment trial): A doubly randomized preference trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 222–230.CrossRefPubMed Le, Q. A., Doctor, J. N., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2014). Cost-effectiveness of prolonged exposure therapy versus pharmacotherapy and treatment choice in posttraumatic stress disorder (the optimizing PTSD treatment trial): A doubly randomized preference trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 222–230.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liebschutz, J., Saitz, R., Brower, V., Keane, T. M., Lloyd-Travaglini, C., Averbuch, T., et al. (2007). PTSD in urban primary care: High prevalence and low physician recognition. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 719–726.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Liebschutz, J., Saitz, R., Brower, V., Keane, T. M., Lloyd-Travaglini, C., Averbuch, T., et al. (2007). PTSD in urban primary care: High prevalence and low physician recognition. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 719–726.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Wagner, B., Glaesmer, H., & Brahler, E. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Germany. Results of a nationwide epidemiological study. Der Nervenarzt, 79, 577–586.CrossRefPubMed Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Wagner, B., Glaesmer, H., & Brahler, E. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Germany. Results of a nationwide epidemiological study. Der Nervenarzt, 79, 577–586.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Matthews, L. R., Harris, L. M., Jaworski, A., Alam, A., & Bozdag, G. (2013). Function in job seekers with mental illness and drug and alcohol problems who access community based disability employment services. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 460–467.CrossRefPubMed Matthews, L. R., Harris, L. M., Jaworski, A., Alam, A., & Bozdag, G. (2013). Function in job seekers with mental illness and drug and alcohol problems who access community based disability employment services. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 460–467.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nandi, A., Galea, S., Tracy, M., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Gershon, R., et al. (2004). Job loss, unemployment, work stress, job satisfaction, and the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder one year after the September 11 attacks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46, 1057–1064.CrossRefPubMed Nandi, A., Galea, S., Tracy, M., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Gershon, R., et al. (2004). Job loss, unemployment, work stress, job satisfaction, and the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder one year after the September 11 attacks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46, 1057–1064.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Newcombe, R. G. (1998). Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Statistics in Medicine, 17, 873–890.CrossRefPubMed Newcombe, R. G. (1998). Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Statistics in Medicine, 17, 873–890.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Newcombe, R. G. (1999). The value of the negative predictive values. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 106, 1331–1332.CrossRefPubMed Newcombe, R. G. (1999). The value of the negative predictive values. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 106, 1331–1332.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Newcombe, R. G. (2006). Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann–Whitney statistic. Part 1: General issues and tail-area-based methods. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 543–557.CrossRefPubMed Newcombe, R. G. (2006). Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann–Whitney statistic. Part 1: General issues and tail-area-based methods. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 543–557.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2000). Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 46–59.CrossRefPubMed Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2000). Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 46–59.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Peters, L., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (1999). A comparison of ICD10 and DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 335–343.CrossRefPubMed Peters, L., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (1999). A comparison of ICD10 and DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 335–343.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 635–641.CrossRefPubMed Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 635–641.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (2003). r equivalent: A simple effect size indicator. Psychological methods, 8, 492–496.CrossRefPubMed Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (2003). r equivalent: A simple effect size indicator. Psychological methods, 8, 492–496.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Personality dysfunction and employment dysfunction: double, double, toil and trouble. Psychiatry, 7, 12–16.PubMed Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Personality dysfunction and employment dysfunction: double, double, toil and trouble. Psychiatry, 7, 12–16.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2012). Employment in borderline personality disorder. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 25–29.PubMedPubMedCentral Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2012). Employment in borderline personality disorder. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 25–29.PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Sansone, R. A., Wiederman, M. W., & Sansone, L. A. (1998). The Self-Harm Inventory (SHI): Development of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 973–983.CrossRefPubMed Sansone, R. A., Wiederman, M. W., & Sansone, L. A. (1998). The Self-Harm Inventory (SHI): Development of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 973–983.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, M. W., Schnurr, P. P., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2005). Employment outcomes and PTSD symptom severity. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 89–101.CrossRefPubMed Smith, M. W., Schnurr, P. P., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2005). Employment outcomes and PTSD symptom severity. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 89–101.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sogaard, H. J., & Bech, P. (2009). Psychiatric disorders in long-term sickness absence: A population-based cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37, 682–689.CrossRefPubMed Sogaard, H. J., & Bech, P. (2009). Psychiatric disorders in long-term sickness absence: A population-based cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37, 682–689.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Svedberg, P., Salmi, P., Hagberg, J., Lundh, G., Linder, J., & Alexanderson, K. (2010). Does multidisciplinary assessment of long-term sickness absentees result in modification of sick-listing diagnoses? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38, 657–663.CrossRefPubMed Svedberg, P., Salmi, P., Hagberg, J., Lundh, G., Linder, J., & Alexanderson, K. (2010). Does multidisciplinary assessment of long-term sickness absentees result in modification of sick-listing diagnoses? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38, 657–663.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Rabinowitz, J., Feldman, D., & Vaturi, R. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder in primary-care settings: Prevalence and physicians’ detection. Psychological Medicine, 31, 555–560.CrossRefPubMed Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Rabinowitz, J., Feldman, D., & Vaturi, R. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder in primary-care settings: Prevalence and physicians’ detection. Psychological Medicine, 31, 555–560.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van Rijn, R. M., Robroek, S. J., Brouwer, S., & Burdorf, A. (2014). Influence of poor health on exit from paid employment: A systematic review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71, 295–301.CrossRefPubMed van Rijn, R. M., Robroek, S. J., Brouwer, S., & Burdorf, A. (2014). Influence of poor health on exit from paid employment: A systematic review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71, 295–301.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver, B., & Koopman, R. (2014). An SPSS macro to compute confidence intervals for Pearson’s correlation. Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 10, 29–39.CrossRef Weaver, B., & Koopman, R. (2014). An SPSS macro to compute confidence intervals for Pearson’s correlation. Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 10, 29–39.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2010). The 10-year course of psychosocial functioning among patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122, 103–109.CrossRefPubMed Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2010). The 10-year course of psychosocial functioning among patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122, 103–109.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zanarini, M. C., Horwood, J., Wolke, D., Waylen, A., Fitzmaurice, G., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in two community samples: 6330 English 11-year-olds and 34,653 American adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 607–619.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zanarini, M. C., Horwood, J., Wolke, D., Waylen, A., Fitzmaurice, G., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in two community samples: 6330 English 11-year-olds and 34,653 American adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 607–619.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Zanarini, M. C., Jacoby, R. J., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2009). The 10-year course of social security disability income reported by patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 346–356.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zanarini, M. C., Jacoby, R. J., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2009). The 10-year course of social security disability income reported by patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 346–356.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). A screening measure for BPD: The McLean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 568–573.CrossRefPubMed Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). A screening measure for BPD: The McLean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 568–573.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman, M., Martinez, J. H., Young, D., Chelminski, I., & Dalrymple, K. (2012). Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 856–862.CrossRefPubMed Zimmerman, M., Martinez, J. H., Young, D., Chelminski, I., & Dalrymple, K. (2012). Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 856–862.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Self-harming Behaviour: Potential Barriers to Employment?
verfasst von
J. S. Hansen
E. Simonsen
Publikationsdatum
14.11.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Community Mental Health Journal / Ausgabe 6/2018
Print ISSN: 0010-3853
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0180-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2018

Community Mental Health Journal 6/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.