Background
Research on the characteristics and risk-protective factors in gambling
The present study
Methods
Study design and research goal
Statistical analysis
Measures and data collection
Participants
Ethics and study procedure
Results
Descriptive and inferential analysis
Sociodemographic characteristics and gambling
Variable | Group | never | rarely | sometimes | often | always | ∑ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Playing cards | Male | N | 62 | 17 | 20 | 12 | 16 | 127 |
% | 16.9 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 179 | 28 | 18 | 8 | 6 | 239 | |
% | 48.9 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 241 | 45 | 38 | 20 | 22 | 366 | |
% | 65.8 | 12.3 | 10.4 | 5.5 | 6 | 100 | ||
Sports betting house | Male | N | 79 | 9 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 127 |
% | 21.6 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 3 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 225 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 239 | |
% | 61.5 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 304 | 17 | 21 | 13 | 11 | 366 | |
% | 83.1 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 100 | ||
Slot machines at casinos | Male | N | 96 | 11 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 127 |
% | 26.2 | 3 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 234 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 239 | |
% | 63.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 330 | 12 | 13 | 7 | 4 | 366 | |
% | 90.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 100 | ||
Live games at casinos | Male | N | 99 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 127 |
% | 27 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 232 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 239 | |
% | 63.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 331 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 366 | |
% | 90.4 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 100 | ||
Internet sports betting house | Male | N | 93 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 12 | 127 |
% | 25.4 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 229 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 239 | |
% | 62.6 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 322 | 15 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 366 | |
% | 88 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 100 | ||
Internet casino games | Male | N | 84 | 11 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 127 |
% | 23 | 3 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 206 | 17 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 239 | |
% | 56.3 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 290 | 28 | 23 | 16 | 9 | 366 | |
% | 79.2 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 100 | ||
Own or someone else’s performance in games of skill | Male | N | 47 | 29 | 24 | 19 | 8 | 127 |
% | 12.8 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 141 | 50 | 23 | 17 | 8 | 239 | |
% | 38.5 | 13.7 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 188 | 79 | 47 | 36 | 16 | 366 | |
% | 51.4 | 21.6 | 12.8 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 100 | ||
A dare or challenge that you or someone else can do something | Male | N | 58 | 22 | 27 | 12 | 8 | 127 |
% | 15.8 | 6 | 7.4 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 162 | 34 | 22 | 15 | 6 | 239 | |
% | 44.3 | 9.3 | 6 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 220 | 56 | 49 | 27 | 14 | 366 | |
% | 60.1 | 15.3 | 13.4 | 7.4 | 3.8 | 100 | ||
Video games for money or something of value | Male | N | 87 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 127 |
% | 23.8 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 34.7 | ||
Female | N | 218 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 239 | |
% | 59.6 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 65.3 | ||
∑ | N | 305 | 27 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 366 | |
% | 83.3 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 100 |
Variable | Gender | N | Mean | SD | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological consequences of gambling | M | 127 | 6.48 | 3.76 | 7.18*** |
F | 239 | 4.44 | 1.68 | ||
Social consequences of gambling | M | 127 | 4.72 | 1.69 | 4.18*** |
F | 239 | 4.16 | .89 | ||
Financial consequences of gambling | M | 127 | 4.42 | 1.29 | 3.89*** |
F | 239 | 4.06 | .45 | ||
Family relations quality | M | 127 | 7.35 | 6.45 | .32 |
F | 239 | 7.13 | 6.26 | ||
Problem gambling | M | 127 | 10.64 | 4.19 | 7.03*** |
F | 239 | 8.47 | 1.66 | ||
Risk behaviour | M | 127 | 11.61 | 4.74 | 2.61* |
F | 239 | 10.44 | 3.70 |
Correlation and regression analysis results for problem gambling
Discussion
Adolescent gambling preferences
Variable | Age | N | Mean | SD | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological consequences of gambling | Younger | 197 | 4.79 | 2.25 | −2.65** |
Older | 169 | 5.56 | 3.23 | ||
Social consequences of gambling | Younger | 197 | 4.27 | 1.15 | −1.33 |
Older | 169 | 4.45 | 1.37 | ||
Financial consequences of gambling | Younger | 197 | 4.13 | .83 | −1.24 |
Older | 169 | 4.24 | .88 | ||
Family relations quality | Younger | 197 | 7.55 | 6.18 | 1.12 |
Older | 169 | 6.81 | 6.48 | ||
Problem gambling | Younger | 197 | 8.79 | 2.05 | −2.99** |
Older | 169 | 9.72 | 3.74 | ||
Risk behaviour | Younger | 197 | 9.93 | 3.98 | −4.70*** |
Older | 169 | 11.91 | 4.05 |
The role of sociodemographic traits in adolescent problem gambling
Variable | School success | N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological consequences | Lower | 54 | 6.24* > 2.3 | 3.46 | 4.00 | 18.00 | 6.14** |
Medium | 194 | 5.13 | 2.81 | 4.00 | 20.00 | ||
Higher | 118 | 4.67 | 2.16 | 4.00 | 19.00 | ||
Social consequences | Lower | 54 | 4.74 | 1.79 | 4.00 | 13.00 | 3.02 |
Medium | 194 | 4.28 | 1.04 | 4.00 | 12.00 | ||
Higher | 118 | 4.31 | 1.28 | 4.00 | 14.00 | ||
Financial consequences | Lower | 54 | 4.26 | .73 | 4.00 | 7.00 | .71 |
Medium | 194 | 4.21 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 12.00 | ||
Higher | 118 | 4.11 | .61 | 4.00 | 10.00 | ||
Family relations quality | Lower | 54 | 5.19 | 6.48 | .00 | 15.00 | 9.95*** |
Medium | 194 | 8.55* > 1.3 | 6.04 | .00 | 15.00 | ||
Higher | 118 | 5.94 | 6.24 | .00 | 15.00 | ||
Problem gambling | Lower | 54 | 9.78 | 3.59 | 8.00 | 30.00 | 1.37 |
Medium | 194 | 9.23 | 3.03 | 8.00 | 25.00 | ||
Higher | 118 | 8.97 | 2.57 | 8.00 | 21.00 | ||
Risk behaviour | Lower | 54 | 12.17 | 4.36 | 6.00 | 23.00 | 8.77*** |
Medium | 194 | 11.19 | 3.91 | 6.00 | 23.00 | ||
Higher | 118 | 9.65* < 1.2 | 4.10 | 6.00 | 31.00 |
Variable | School type | N | Mean | SD | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological consequences of gambling | Gymnasium | 144 | 4.82 | 2.50 | −1.82 |
Vocational school | 222 | 5.36 | 2.92 | ||
Social consequences of gambling | Gymnasium | 144 | 4.35 | 1.45 | −.01 |
Vocational school | 222 | 4.36 | 1.12 | ||
Financial consequences of gambling | Gymnasium | 144 | 4.09 | .45 | −1.55 |
Vocational school | 222 | 4.24 | 1.03 | ||
Family relations quality | Gymnasium | 144 | 5.14 | 5.92 | −5.22*** |
Vocational school | 222 | 8.55 | 6.22 | ||
Problem gambling | Gymnasium | 144 | 8.96 | 2.84 | −1.37 |
Vocational school | 222 | 9.39 | 3.07 | ||
Risk behaviour | Gymnasium | 144 | 10.25 | 4.37 | −2.22* |
Vocational school | 222 | 11.23 | 3.92 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 PSYCH CONSEQ GAMBLING | r | – | .58*** | .28*** | .16** | .67*** | .27*** | .20*** | −.35*** | −.01 | −.02 | .21*** |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
2 SOCIAL CONSEQ GAMBLING | r | .58*** | – | .39*** | −.01 | .72*** | .22*** | .13* | −.21*** | .02 | −.04 | .14** |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
3 FINANC CONSEQ GAMBL | r | .28*** | .39*** | – | .028 | .66*** | .17** | .091 | −.20*** | .05 | .02 | .06 |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
4 FAMILY RELATION QUALITY | r | ,.6** | −.01 | .03 | – | .06 | .49*** | −.01 | −.02 | −.02 | −.17** | −.01 |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
5 PROBLEM GAMBLING | r | .67*** | .72*** | .66*** | .06 | – | .26*** | .19*** | −.35*** | .04 | .000 | .08 |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
6 RISK BEHAVIOUR | r | .27*** | .22*** | .17** | .49*** | .26*** | – | .16** | −.12* | .08 | −.12* | .16** |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
7 AGE | r | .20*** | .13* | .09 | −.01 | .19*** | .16** | – | −.14** | .06 | −.05 | .15** |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
8 GENDER | r | −.35*** | −.21*** | −.20*** | −.02 | −.35*** | −.12* | −.14** | – | .06 | .05 | −.16** |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
9 FATHER EMPLOYMENT | r | −.01 | .02 | .05 | −.02 | .04 | .08 | .06 | .06 | – | .13* | .11* |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
10 MOTHER EMPLOYMENT | r | −.02 | −.04 | .02 | −.17** | .01 | −.12* | −.05 | .05 | .13* | – | .01 |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | |
11 SCHOOL SUCCESS | r | .20*** | .14** | .06 | −.01 | .08 | .16** | .15** | −.16** | .11* | .01 | – |
N | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 |
Problem gambling | Model 1 (Soc.-demo. characteristics) | Model 2 (Risk-protective factors) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE(B) | β | B | SE(B) | β | |
Age | .64 | .27 | .34* | −.06 | .14 | −.03 |
Gender | −2.11 | .31 | −.34*** | −.55 | .17 | −.09** |
Father’s education | −.36 | .17 | −.11* | −.12 | .09 | −.04 |
Mother’s education | .15 | .17 | .05 | −.04 | .09 | −.01 |
Father’s employment | .07 | .09 | .04 | .03 | .05 | .02 |
Mother’s employment | .03 | .11 | .01 | .02 | .06 | .01 |
Grade / class | −1.19 | .86 | −.19 | .45 | .45 | .08 |
School success | −.08 | .19 | −.02 | −.34 | .10 | −.09** |
Psychol. conseq. of gambling | .34 | .04 | .32*** | |||
Social conseq. of gambling | .87 | .08 | .37*** | |||
Financial conseq. of gambling | 1.39 | .09 | .39*** | |||
Family relations quality | −0.02 | .01 | −.01 | |||
Risk behaviour | .04 | .02 | .05 | |||
R2 | .160 | .781 | ||||
R Square Change | .160 | .621 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | .141 | .773 | ||||
df | 8, 357 | 13, 352 | ||||
F | 8.482*** | 96.559*** | ||||
F for change in R2 | 8.48*** | 199.71*** |