Background
Methods
Search strategy and selection process
Results
Characteristics of the included studies
Author (year) [Ref] | Number of centers and setting | Design | Candidemia group | Causative microorganisms | Bacteremia group | Severity of infection N (%) | PCT level (ng/ml) in the candidemia group | PCT level (ng/ml) in the bacteremia group | PCT testing assay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles et al. (2006) [25] | Single center (ICU) | Retrospective study | 11 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (13) | 33 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria. Septic shock: 19 (54.3%) with bacteremia, 8 (53.3%) with candidemia Severe sepsis: 12 (34.3%) with bacteremia, 7 (46.7%) with candidemia | 0.65 [0.08–5.46] | 9.75 [1–259.5] | Kryptor |
Martini et al. (2010) [26] | Single center (ICU) | Observational prospective study | 17 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (6); C. parapsilosis (6); C. glabrata (4); C. tropicalis (3); Candida spp. and bacteria (2) | 16 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 0.71 [0.5–1.1] | 12.9 [2.6–81.2] | LUMItest |
Fu et al. (2012) [27] | Single centre (ICU) | Prospective observational study | 23 patients with candidemia | Candida spp. | 39 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 1.0 [0.5–7.3] | G− 20.9 [12.4–40.7]; G + 10.0 [2.9–19.7] | E170 |
Brodskà et al. (2013) [28] | Single center (ICU) | Retrospective study | 5 patients with candidemia | Candida spp. | 161 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 0.58 [0.35–0.73] | G− 8.90 [1.88–32.60]; G+ 0.73 [0.22–3.40] | ECLIA |
Held et al. (2013) [29] | Single center (hospitalized patients) | Retrospective case–control study | 56 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (32); C. glabrata (11); C. tropicalis (6); C. parapsilosis (4); C. guilliermondii (3) | 100 patients with bacteremia | NA | 0.80 (NA) | 2.36 (NA) | NA |
Cortegiani et al. (2014) [30] | Single center (ICU) | Retrospective study | 18 patients with candidemia; 31 mixed BSI | C. albicans (13); C. parapsilosis (9); C. glabrata (2); C. krusei (1); Candida spp. +bacteria (31) | 151 cases of bacteremia | Severe sepsis or septic shock as inclusion criteria. Septic shock: 52 (34.4%) with bacteremia; 9 (29%) with mixed; 7 (31.8%) with Candida; 83 (31.9%) overall | 0.99 [0.86–1.34]; Mixed BSI: 4.76 [2.98–6.08] | Bacteremia 16.75 [7.65–50.5] | Kryptor |
Leli et al. (2015) [31] | Single center (medical ward) | Prospective observational study | 20 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (12); C. lusitaniae (5); C. parapsilosis (3) | 562 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 0.5 [0.4–1] | G + 2.1 [0.6–7.6]; G− 13.8 [3.4–44.1] | VIDAS |
Miglietta et al. (2015) [32] | Single center (ICU) | Retrospective study | 33 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (17); other Candida spp. (16) | 70 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 0.55 [0.36–0.9] | 10.2 [1.28–25.3] | NA |
Oussalah et al. (2015) [33] | Multi-center (67 healthcare departments) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | 256 patients with candidemia | NA | 2443 patients with bacteremia | NA | 1 [0.3–2.7] | G− 2.2 [0.6–12.2]; G+ 1.3 [0.3–6.9] | Kryptor |
Li et al. (2016) [34] | Single center (hospitalized patients) | Retrospective study | 16 cases of candidemia | C. albicans (8); C. parapsilosis (8) | 328 cases of bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | C. albicans 1.00 [0.30–2.65]; C. parapsilosis 0.73 [0.23–1.60] | G− 7.47 [1.09–41.26]; G+ 0.48 [0.15–2.16] | VIDAS |
Giacobbe et al. (2017) [35] | Multi-center (3 ICUs) | Retrospective study | 73 critically ill adult patients with candidemia | C. albicans (37); C. parapsilosis (23); C. tropicalis (7); C. glabrata (4); C. guilliermondii (1); C. lusitaniae (1) | 93 patients with bacteremia | NA | 0.76 [NA] | 4.32 [NA] | CLIA |
Pieralli et al. (2017) [36] | Single center (internal medicine wards) | Retrospective case–control study | 64 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (42); C. parapsilosis (16); C. glabrata (8); C. tropicalis (2); C. krusei (1); C. albicans + C. glabrata (3); C. albicans + C. parapsilosis (1); C. parapsilosis + C. krusei (1) | 128 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 0.73 [0.26–1.85] | 4.48 [1.10–18.26] | VIDAS |
Yan et al. (2017) [37] | Single center (ICU and EM department) | Retrospective study | 26 cases of candidemia | C. albicans (19); C. parapsilosis (5); C. tropicalis (2) | 456 cases of bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | C. albicans 1.11 [0.41–2.24]; C. parapsilosis 0.79 [0.40–1.70]; C. tropicalis 5.37 [0.29–10.45] | G− 2.42 [0.38–15.52]; G+ 0.49 [0.13–5.89] | VIDAS |
Bassetti et al. (2018) [38] | Single center (ICU) | Retrospective case–control study | 11 patients with candidemia | Candida spp. | 247 patients with positive BC (other than Candida) | Sepsis or septic shock: 46 (43.4%) with G−; 70 (49.6%) with G+; 5 (45.4%) with Candida | 2.1 ± 1.8 | G− 25.1 ± 19.9; G+ 29.9 ± 13.2 | NA |
Murri et al. (2018) [39] | Single centre (hospitalized patients) | Retrospective cohort study | 83 patients with candidemia | Candida spp. (59); mixed (G + and Candida spp.) (24) | 263 patients with bacteremia | Sepsis as inclusion criteria | 1.07 (5.9) alone; mixed with G− 0.1 (± 0.1); mixed with G+ 3.1 (±12.2) | G− 12.2 (±28.6); G+ 3.4 (±16.6) | ADVIA Centaur |
Thomas-Ruddel et al. (2018) [40] | Multi-center (ICUs) | Secondary analysis of a cluster randomized trial | 65 patients with candidemia | C. albicans (57); Candida other spp. (37) | 815 patients with G− bacteremia; 948 with G+ bacteremia | Sepsis with organ dysfunction as inclusion criteria; Septic shock: 1137 (57.3%) with positive BCs; 2714 (55.9%) overall | 4.7 [2–14] | G− 26 ng/ml [7.7–63.1]; G+ 7.1 ng/ml [2.0–23.3] | NA |