Stellungnahme der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbands der Augenärzte Deutschlands zur Therapie der diabetischen Makulopathie

null Die redaktionellen Mitarbeiter sind am Ende des Beitrags gelistet

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1273357

Subscribe to RSS

Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.

https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000031.xml

Share / Bookmark

Facebook X Linkedin Weibo

Download PDF

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2011; 228(5): 446-459
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273357

Statement

Stellungnahme der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbands der Augenärzte Deutschlands zur Therapie der diabetischen Makulopathie

Stand: Dezember 2010Recommendation of the Retinological Society, the German Ophthalmological Society and the Professional Association of Ophthalmologists in Germany: treatment of diabetic maculopathyDie redaktionellen Mitarbeiter sind am Ende des Beitrags gelistet

Further Information

Publication History

Eingegangen: 5.4.2011

Angenommen: 7.4.2011

Publication Date:
29 April 2011 (online)

Also available at

Abstract
Full Text
References

Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Abstract

Schlüsselwörter

Retina - diabetische Makulopathie - fokale Laserkoagulation - anti-VEGF

Key words

retina - diabetic maculopathy - focal laser - anti-VEGF

Literatur

1 Hammes H P, Lemmen K D, Jochmann C et al. Diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006; 131 1173-1175

Google Scholar
2 Wild S, Roglic G, Green A et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27 1047-1053

Google Scholar
3 Lipscombe L L, Hux J E. Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995 – 2005: a population-based study. Lancet. 2007; 369 750-756

Google Scholar
4 Knauer C, Pfeiffer N. Blindness in Germany – today and in 2030. Ophthalmologe. 2006; 103 735-741

Google Scholar
5 Heintz E, Wirehn A B, Peebo B B et al. Prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based register study in Sweden. Diabetologia. 2010; 53 2147-2154

Google Scholar
6 Gelisken F, Ziemssen F. Diabetic maculopathy. Diagnosis and treatment. Ophthalmologe. 2010; 107 773-786

Google Scholar
7 Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E. The Wisconsin epidemiological study of diabetic retinopathy: a review. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989; 5 559-570

Google Scholar
8 Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1984; 91 1464-1474

Google Scholar
9 Brown M M, Brown G C, Sharma S et al. Quality of life with visual acuity loss from diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002; 120 481-484

Google Scholar
10 Hariprasad S M, Mieler W F, Grassi M et al. Vision-related quality of life in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008; 92 89-92

Google Scholar
11 Clarke P M, Simon J, Cull C A et al. Assessing the impact of visual acuity on quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes using the short form-36. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 1506-1511

Google Scholar
12 Warrian K J, Lorenzana L L, Lankaranian D et al. The assessment of disability related to vision performance-based measure in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010; 149 852-860

Google Scholar
13 Sharma S, Oliver-Fernandez A, Liu W et al. The impact of diabetic retinopathy on health-related quality of life. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005; 16 155-159

Google Scholar
14 Miyamoto J M, Eraker S A. Parameter estimates for a QALY utility model. Med Decis Making. 1985; 5 191-213

Google Scholar
15 Chen E, Looman M, Laouri M et al. Burden of illness of diabetic macular edema: literature review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010; 26 1587-1597

Google Scholar
16 Smith A F. The economic impact of ophthalmic services for persons with diabetes in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia: 1993 – 1996. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001; 8 13-25

Google Scholar
17 Ferber von L, Koster I, Hauner H. Medical costs of diabetic complications total costs and excess costs by age and type of treatment results of the German CoDiM Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007; 115 97-104

Google Scholar
18 Matz H, Falk M, Gottinger W et al. Cost-benefit analysis of diabetic eye disease. Ophthalmologica. 1996; 210 348-353

Google Scholar
19 Lamoureux E L, Tai E S, Thumboo J et al. Impact of diabetic retinopathy on vision-specific function. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117 757-765

Google Scholar
20 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, und Arbeitsgemeinschaft der wissenschaftlichen medizinischen Fachgesellschaften .Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie Diabetes: Prävention und Therapie von Netzhautkomplikationen. 2010 http://www.versorgungsleitlinien.de/themen/diabetes2/dm2_netzhaut/pdf/nvl_dm2netzhaut_lang.pdf

Google Scholar
21 Hammes H P, Lemmen K D, Bertram B. Diabetische Retinopathie und Makulopathie (Praxis Leitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft). Diabetologie. 2010; 5 117-121

Google Scholar
22 Browning D J, Altaweel M M, Bressler N M et al. Diabetic macular edema: what is focal and what is diffuse?. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008; 146 649-655, 655

Google Scholar
23 Lee C M, Olk R J. Modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Long-term visual results. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98 1594-1602

Google Scholar
24 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs – an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98 786-806

Google Scholar
25 Gangnon R E, Davis M D, Hubbard L D et al. A severity scale for diabetic macular edema developed from ETDRS data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008; 49 5041-5047

Google Scholar
26 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. ETDRS report number 11. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98 807-822

Google Scholar
27 Elman M J, Aiello L P, Beck R W et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117 1064-1077

Google Scholar
28 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985; 103 1796-1806

Google Scholar
29 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98 766-785

Google Scholar
30 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic macular edema. Relationship of treatment effect to fluorescein angiographic and other retinal characteristics at baseline: ETDRS report no. 19. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995; 113 1144-1155

Google Scholar
31 Fong D S, Segal P P, Myers F et al. Subretinal fibrosis in diabetic macular edema. ETDRS report 23. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997; 115 873-877

Google Scholar
32 DRCR.net . A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2008; 115 1447-1449, 1449

Google Scholar
33 Beck R W, Edwards A R, Aiello L P et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127 245-251

Google Scholar
34 DRCR.net . The course of response to focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2009; 29 1436-1443

Google Scholar
35 Roider J. Laser treatment of retinal diseases by subthreshold laser effects. Semin Ophthalmol. 1999; 14 19-26

Google Scholar
36 Schatz H, Madeira D, McDonald H R et al. Progressive enlargement of laser scars following grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991; 109 1549-1551

Google Scholar
37 Tranos P G, Topouzis F, Stangos N T et al. Effect of laser photocoagulation treatment for diabetic macular oedema on patient’s vision-related quality of life. Curr Eye Res. 2004; 29 41-49

Google Scholar
38 Ziemssen F, Wiedemann P, Kampik A et al. Intravitreal injections of medications in Germany. Contract situation and legal conditions. Ophthalmologe. 2009; 106 465-470

Google Scholar
39 Retinologische Gesellschaft, Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft und Berufsverband der Augenärzte . New aspects in the therapy of neovascular age related macular degeneration. Current position of the Retinological Society, the Germany Ophthalmologic Society and the Professional Union of Eye Doctors of Germany. Ophthalmologe. 2009; 106 457-464

Google Scholar
40 Nicholson B P, Schachat A P. A review of clinical trials of anti-VEGF agents for diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 248 915-930

Google Scholar
41 Parravano M, Menchini F, Virgili G. Antiangiogenic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor modalities for diabetic macular oedema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; CD007419

Google Scholar
42 Salam A, DaCosta J, Sivaprasad S. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for diabetic maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010; 94 821-826

Google Scholar
43 Klettner A, Mohle F, Roider J. Intracellular bevacizumab reduces phagocytotic uptake in RPE cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 248 819-824

Google Scholar
44 Ziemssen F, Bartz-Schmidt K U, Grisanti S. (Side) effects of VEGF inhibition. Ophthalmologe. 2006; 103 484-492

Google Scholar
45 Chew E Y, Ferris III F L, Csaky K G et al. The long-term effects of laser photocoagulation treatment in patients with diabetic retinopathy: the early treatment diabetic retinopathy follow-up study. Ophthalmology. 2003; 110 1683-1689

Google Scholar
46 Kook D, Wolf A, Kreutzer T et al. Long-term effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) in patients with chronic diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2008; 28 1053-1060

Google Scholar
47 Karim R, Tang B. Use of antivascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular edema. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010; 4 493-517

Google Scholar
48 Goyal S, Lavalley M, Subramanian M L. Meta-analysis and review on the effect of bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 249 15-27

Google Scholar
49 Michaelides M, Kaines A, Hamilton R D et al. A prospective randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy in the management of diabetic macular edema (BOLT study) 12-month data: report 2. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117 1078-1086

Google Scholar
50 Arevalo J F, Sanchez J G, Fromow-Guerra J et al. Comparison of two doses of primary intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for diffuse diabetic macular edema: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES) at 12-month follow-up. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009; 247 735-743

Google Scholar
51 Lam D S, Lai T Y, Lee V Y et al. Efficacy of 1.25 MG versus 2.5 MG intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema: six-month results of a randomized controlled trial. Retina. 2009; 29 292-299

Google Scholar
52 Meyer C H, Ziemssen F, Heimann H et al. Intravitreal injection. Monitoring to avoid postoperative complications. Ophthalmologe. 2008; 105 143-155, 157

Google Scholar
53 Shimura M, Nakazawa T, Yasuda K et al. Comparative therapy evaluation of intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide on persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008; 145 854-861

Google Scholar
54 Biester S, Ziemssen F, Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt K et al. Is intravitreal bevacizumab treatment effective in diffuse diabetic macular edema?. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009; 247 1575-1577

Google Scholar
55 Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Obudi A et al. Randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus macular photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116 1142-1150

Google Scholar
56 Ahmadieh H, Ramezani A, Shoeibi N et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab with or without triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema; a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008; 246 483-489

Google Scholar
57 Faghihi H, Roohipoor R, Mohammadi S F et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus combined bevacizumab-triamcinolone versus macular laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008; 18 941-948

Google Scholar
58 Cunningham Jr E T, Adamis A P, Altaweel M et al. A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112 1747-1757

Google Scholar
59 Nguyen Q D, Shah S M, Khwaja A A et al. Two-Year Outcomes of the Ranibizumab for Edema of the mAcula in Diabetes (READ-2) Study. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117 2146-2151

Google Scholar
60 Massin P, Bandello F, Garweg J G et al. Safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE Study): a 12-month, randomized, controlled, double-masked, multicenter phase II study. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33 2399-2405

Google Scholar
61 Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U et al. The RESTORE Study Ranibizumab Monotherapy or Combined with Laser versus Laser Monotherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophtalmology. 2011; 118 615-625

Google Scholar
62 Felinski E A, Antonetti D A. Glucocorticoid regulation of endothelial cell tight junction gene expression: novel treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res. 2005; 30 949-957

Google Scholar
63 Gillies M C, McAllister I L, Zhu M et al. Pretreatment with intravitreal triamcinolone before laser for diabetic macular edema: 6-month results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51 2322-2328

Google Scholar
64 Steijns D, Duijvesz D, Breedijk M A et al. Steroid injection in addition to macular laser grid photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema: a systematic review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010; 88 389-393

Google Scholar
65 Mirshahi A, Shenazandi H, Lashay A et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone as an adjunct to standard laser therapy in coexisting high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema. Retina. 2010; 30 254-259

Google Scholar
66 Spitzer M S, Ziemssen F, Yoruk E et al. Preservative-Free Triamcinolone versus Purified Triamcinolone Preparations. Klein Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2010; E-Pub

Google Scholar
67 Chew E, Strauber S, Beck R et al. Randomized trial of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide with and without focal photocoagulation for mild diabetic macular edema: a pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2007; 114 1190-1196

Google Scholar
68 Martidis A, Duker J S, Greenberg P B et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109 920-927

Google Scholar
69 Sutter F K, Simpson J M, Gillies M C. Intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema that persists after laser treatment: three-month efficacy and safety results of a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111 2044-2049

Google Scholar
70 Lam D S, Chan C K, Mohamed S et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone plus sequential grid laser versus triamcinolone or laser alone for treating diabetic macular edema: six-month outcomes. Ophthalmology. 2007; 114 2162-2167

Google Scholar
71 Batioglu F, Ozmert E, Parmak N et al. Two-year results of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol. 2007; 27 299-306

Google Scholar
72 Gillies M C, Sutter F K, Simpson J M et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113 1533-1538

Google Scholar
73 Park H Y, Yi K, Kim H K. Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2005; 19 122-127

Google Scholar
74 Audren F, Lecleire-Collet A, Erginay A et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema: phase 2 trial comparing 4 mg vs. 2 mg. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 142 794-799

Google Scholar
75 Taban M, Singh R P, Chung J Y et al. Sterile endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone: a possible association with uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007; 144 50-54

Google Scholar
76 Hsu J. Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007; 18 235-239

Google Scholar
77 Pearson P, Levy B, Cornstock T. Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 3-year results of a multicenter clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006; 47: E-Abstract 5442

Google Scholar
78 Liu Y, Ke Q, Chen J et al. Sustained mechanical release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate from a foldable capsular vitreous body. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51 1636-1642

Google Scholar
79 Schwartz S G, Flynn Jr H W. Fluocinolone Acetonide Implantable Device for Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011; 12 347-351

Google Scholar
80 Croxtall J D, Hal P T, Choudhury van Q et al. Different glucocorticoids vary in their genomic and non-genomic mechanism of action in A 549 cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2002; 135 511-519

Google Scholar
81 Yeung C K, Chan K P, Chan C K et al. Cytotoxicity of triamcinolone on cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells: comparison with dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2004; 48 236-242

Google Scholar
82 Kuppermann B D, Blumenkranz M S, Haller J A et al. Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007; 125 309-317

Google Scholar
83 Haller J A, Kuppermann B D, Blumenkranz M S et al. Randomized controlled trial of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010; 128 289-296

Google Scholar
84 Blumenkranz M S, Haller J A, Kuppermann B D et al. Correlation of visual acuity and macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in patients with persistent macular edema. Retina. 2010; 30 1090-1094

Google Scholar
85 Boyer D S, Faber D, Gupta V. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized patients. Retina. 2010; in press.

Google Scholar
86 Lin J EC, Burke J A, Peng Q. Pharmacokinetics of a sustained release dexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; In Press

Google Scholar
87 Haller J A, Qin H, Apte R S et al. Vitrectomy outcomes in eyes with diabetic macular edema and vitreomacular traction. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117 1087-1093

Google Scholar
88 Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N et al. Long-term follow-up of vitrectomy for diffuse nontractional diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2009; 29 464-472

Google Scholar
89 Patel J I, Hykin P G, Schadt M et al. Pars plana vitrectomy with and without peeling of the inner limiting membrane for diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2006; 26 5-13

Google Scholar
90 Flaxel C J, Edwards A R, Aiello L P et al. Factors associated with visual acuity outcomes after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema: diabetic retinopathy clinical research network. Retina. 2010; 30 1488-1495

Google Scholar
91 Yamamoto T, Takeuchi S, Sato Y et al. Long-term follow-up results of pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007; 51 285-291

Google Scholar
92 Navarro A, Pournaras J A, Hoffart L et al. Vitrectomy may prevent the occurrence of diabetic macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010; 88 483-485

Google Scholar
93 Park J H, Woo S J, Ha Y J et al. Effect of vitrectomy on macular microcirculation in patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009; 247 1009-1017

Google Scholar
94 Laidlaw D A. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular oedema. Eye. 2008; 22 1337-1341

Google Scholar
95 Dolgin E. In vision trial, some researchers would rather see double. Nat Med. 2010; 16 611

Google Scholar
96 Lee C M, Olk R J. Modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Long-term visual results. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98 1594-1602

Google Scholar
97 Funatsu H, Noma H, Mimura T et al. Association of vitreous inflammatory factors with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116 73-79

Google Scholar
98 Baskin D E. Optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010; 21 172-177

Google Scholar
99 Virgili G, Menchini F, Dimastrogiovanni A F et al. Optical coherence tomography versus stereoscopic fundus photography or biomicroscopy for diagnosing diabetic macular edema: a systematic review. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48 4963-4973

Google Scholar
100 Browning D J, McOwen M D, Bowen Jr R M et al. Comparison of the clinical diagnosis of diabetic macular edema with diagnosis by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111 712-715

Google Scholar
101 Michaelides M, Fraser-Bell S, Hamilton R et al. Macular perfusion determined by fundus fluorescein angiography at the 4-month time point in a prospective randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy in the management of diabetic macular edema (Bolt Study): Report 1. Retina. 2010; 30 781-786

Google Scholar
102 Chung E J, Roh M I, Kwon O W et al. Effects of macular ischemia on the outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2008; 28 957-963

Google Scholar
103 Empfehlung der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbandes der Augenärzte Deutschlands für die Durchführung von intravitrealen Injektionen (IVI). 2007 http://www.dog.org/publikationen

Google Scholar
104 Scott I U, Edwards A R, Beck R W et al. A phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2007; 114 1860-1867

Google Scholar
105 Dehghan M H, Ahmadieh H, Ramezani A et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol. 2008; 28 7-17

Google Scholar
106 Bressler N M, Edwards A R, Beck R W et al. Exploratory analysis of diabetic retinopathy progression through 3 years in a randomized clinical trial that compares intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide with focal/grid photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127 1566-1571

Google Scholar
107 Gillies M C, Simpson J M, Gaston C et al. Five-year results of a randomized trial with open-label extension of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116 2182-2187

Google Scholar
108 Jaffe G J, Martin D, Callanan D et al. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113 1020-1027

Google Scholar

>