Background
Methods
Type of the study
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patient management
Methodology of the study
Technical equipment and materials
Embolic agents | Manufacturer | Product | Structure | Size |
n
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coils | Boston Scientific Corp. | IDC™ Interlocking Detachable Coils | nf | Micro | 40 |
Interlock™ - 18 Fibered IDC™ Occlusion System | f | Micro | 4 | ||
Interlock™ Coils | f | Micro | 65 | ||
Interlock™ - 35 Fibered IDC™ Occlusion System | f | Macro | 4 | ||
COOK® Medical | Detach-11™ Detach Embolization Coil System | nf | Micro | 98 | |
Detach-18® Detach Embolization Coil System | nf | Micro | 12 | ||
“MWCE” Embolization Coil | f | both | 3a/29b
| ||
ABC Embolization Microcoils™ | f | Micro | 7 | ||
MReye® Embolization Coils (“0.035”) | f | Macro | 174 | ||
Hilal Embolization Microcoils™ | f | Micro | 154 | ||
MicroVention, Inc. | MicroPlex® Coil System | nf | Micro | 104 | |
MicroTherapeutics, Inc. | “KA” family | nf | Micro | 4 | |
“KB” family | nf | Micro | 1 | ||
“KD” family | nf | Micro | 41 | ||
“J” family | nf | Micro | 11 | ||
Topaz family | nf | Micro | 12 | ||
Dendron family | nf | Micro | 6 | ||
Not identified coils
| - | - | - | 99 | |
Particles | Boston Scientific Corp. | Contour™ PVA particles | - | - | 52 |
Nycomed Amersham plc | Ultra Drivalon PVA particles | - | - | 5 | |
BTG plc | BeadBlock® Embolic Device | - | - | 1 | |
Not identified particles
| - | - | - | 4 | |
Acrylic Glues | Ethicon, Inc. | Ethibloc® | - | - | 16 |
GEM s.r.l | Lipiodol-Glubran 2® | - | - | 1 | |
Not identified
| Lipiodol (only) | - | - | 3 | |
Other | |||||
Boston Scientific Corp. | FastTracker™ Microcatheter family | ||||
Fathom™-16 | |||||
Mustang™ Over-The-Wire Balloon Dilatation Catheter | |||||
Renegade™ HI-FLO™ Microcatheter | |||||
Renegade™ STC 18 Microcatheter | |||||
Medi-Tech, Inc. | Occlusion Balloon Catheter | ||||
Target Therapeutics, Inc. | Coil Pusher-10 | ||||
Coil Pusher-14 | |||||
Coil Pusher-16 | |||||
Coil Pusher-18 | |||||
TurboTracker-18 Infusion Catheter | |||||
Codman & Shurtleff, Inc. | Prowler® Select® LP ES | ||||
Cordis® | STABILIZER® Balance Performance Steerable Guidwire | ||||
COOK® Medical | D.A.S.H.® Extractor Catheter | ||||
Flexor® Introducer with small Check-Flo® Valve | |||||
MicroFerret® - 18 Zeta Infusion Catheter | |||||
ev3™ Inc. | Silverspeed™ Hydrophilic Guidewire “SilverSpeed-14” | ||||
X-Pedion™ Hydrophilic Guidewire “X-Pedion 14” | |||||
St. Jude Medical™, Inc. | AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II |
Parameters measured
Admission |
n
| Injured Vessel |
n
| Cause of Accident |
n
| OTA |
n
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emergency department | 53 | Internal pudendal artery | 29 | Hit by vehicle | 21 | A | 16 |
Secondary | 48 | Obturator artery | 29 | Hit by heavy object | 15 | B | 46 |
Casualty department | 11 | Superior gluteal artery | 28 | Fall from standing height | 15 | C | 40 |
Internal iliac artery | 24 | Winter sport accident | 14 | Bruise | 10 | ||
Discharge |
n
| Pudendal artery | 21 | ||||
Home | 29 | Inferior gluteal artery | 15 | ||||
Rehabilitation | 33 | Inferior epigastric artery | 11 | ||||
ADL. external Hospitalization | 33 | Circumflex femoral artery | 10 | ||||
Corona mortisa
| 7 | ||||||
Lubar arteries | 6 | ||||||
Iliolumbar artery | 5 | ||||||
Lateral sacral artery | 5 | ||||||
Vesical arteries | 5 | ||||||
Superficial femoral artery | 4 | ||||||
External iliac artery | 2 | ||||||
Gluteal artery | 2 |
Statistics
Results
Patient characteristics
First group | Second group |
p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_1\pm {\sigma}_1 \)
|
n
1
|
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_2\pm {\sigma}_2 \)
|
n
2
| ||
Patients under 65 vs. over 65 years | |||||
ISS | 27.9 ± 14.3 | 66 | 17.1 ± 13.3 | 46 | < 0.0001 |
Surgical procedures | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 66 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 46 | 0.0001 |
Transfusion received | 44 yes / 22 no | 66 | 18 yes / 28 no | 46 | 0.0065 |
Hb (g/l) | 89.6 ± 28.8 | 66 | 100.8 ± 23.6 | 46 | 0.0115 |
Haematoma volume (ml) | 789.9 ± 484.0 | 66 | 614.0 ± 400.3 | 46 | 0.0325 |
Hospitalization (days) | 34.6 ± 27.4 | 66 | 25.5 ± 27.1 | 46 | 0.0376 |
Survival | 8 yes / 58 no | 66 | 9 yes / 37 no | 46 | 0.2974 |
Male vs. Female patients | |||||
Surgical procedures | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 72 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 40 | 0.0393 |
Duration trauma-angiography (min) | 393.7 ± 1088.0 | 69 | 405.5 ± 463.0 | 38 | 0.0475 |
ISS | 24.8 ± 14.8 | 72 | 21.1 ± 14.8 | 40 | 0.1927 |
Survival | 9 yes / 63 no | 72 | 8 yes / 32 no | 40 | 0.4100 |
Surviving vs. Deceased patients | |||||
Length of overall hospitalization | 34.2 ± 27.6 | 12.0 ± 18.9 | 17 | < 0.0001 | |
Haematoma volume (ml) | 650.4 ± 413.7 | 95 | 1093.3 ± 521.9 | 17 | 0.0002 |
ISS | 21.5 ± 13.7 | 95 | 34.8 ± 16.1 | 17 | 0.0015 |
Surgical procedures after angiography | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 17 | 0.072 | |
Share of microcoils (% of total) | 63.1 ± 46.5 | 89 | 28.5 ± 46.8 | 14 | 0.0078 |
PTT (s) | 44.7 ± 24.7 | 95 | 71.2 ± 53.4 | 17 | 0.0114 |
Hb (g/l) | 97.1 ± 26.2 | 95 | 77.6 ± 27.5 | 17 | 0.0123 |
Microcoils used | 64 yes / 25 no | 89 | 5 yes / 9 no | 14 | 0.0127 |
Transfusion received (any) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 95 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 17 | 0.463 |
Packed red blood cells | 4.5 ± 6.3 | 95 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 17 | 0.021 |
Fresh frozen plasma | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 95 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 17 | 0.046 |
Platelet concentrate | 2.8 ± 6.4 | 95 | 5.5 ± 4.2 | 17 | 0.077 |
Length of microcoils (mm) | 427.5 ± 646.0 | 89 | 227.9 ± 450.8 | 14 | 0.0473 |
Surgical procedures before angiography | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 95 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 17 | 0.669 |
Length of intensive care stay | 19.5 ± 21.9 | 95 | 18.6 ± 20.2 | 17 | 0.741 |
Comparison of older and younger patients
Comparison of men and women
Comparison between deceased and surviving patients
Logistic regression analyses
Logistic Regression analysis | Wald | Odds ratio | Sig. |
Dependent: Survivala
| |||
Hb (g/l) | 3.915 | 1.028 | 0.048 |
Haematoma volume (ml) | 4.445 | 0.999 | 0.035 |
Age (years) | 6.249 | 0.941 | 0.012 |
ISS | 7.361 | 0.933 | 0.035 |
Dependent: Re-do Angiographya
| |||
Surgery before angiography | 7.508 | 5.533 | 0.006 |
Dependent: Use of Macrocoilsb
| |||
Hb (g/l) | 0.496 | 0.991 | 0.481 |
Crossover technique | 0.869 | 0.515 | 0.351 |
Direct or secondary admission | 1.179 | 0.544 | 0.278 |
Duration initial CT-angiography (min) | 2.036 | 1.004 | 0.154 |
Duration accident-angiography (min) | 2.083 | 0.996 | 0.149 |
Age (years) | 2.239 | 1.024 | 0.135 |
Arterial calcification | 2.868 | 0.087 | 0.090 |
Prothrombine time (%) | 2.958 | 0.978 | 0.085 |
Dependent: Use of Microcoilsa
| |||
Use of macrocoils | 7.100 | 0.251 | 0.008 |
Transfusion received | 9.519 | 0.239 | 0.002 |
Dependent: Use of Particlesa
| |||
Surgery before angiography | 3.543 | 0.268 | 0.060 |
Number of injured arteries | 8.601 | 2.030 | 0.003 |
Linear Regression analysis | B | β | Sig. (t- Test) |
Dependent: Duration Trauma to Angiographyc
| |||
OTA classification | −221.298 | −0.189 | 0.047 |
Anticoagulation | 612.148 | 0.242 | 0.011 |
Surgery before angiography | 1066.772 | 0.336 | < 0.001 |
Dependent: Hematomac
| |||
OTA classification | −115.568 | −0.240 | 0.028 |
ISS | 11.324 | 0.375 | 0.001 |
Dependent: Duration of Angiography and TAEc
| |||
Use of particles | −19.256 | −0.214 | 0.024 |
ISS | −0.639 | −0.215 | 0.019 |
Number of injured arteries | 17.149 | 0.346 | < 0.001 |
Dependent: Hospitalizationc
| |||
Duration of angiography | 0.108 | 0.172 | 0.018 |
ISS | 0.736 | 0.398 | < 0.001 |
Number of macrocoils used | 0.807 | 0.149 | 0.039 |
Crossover technique | 17.280 | 0.216 | 0.004 |
Re-do angiography | 30.730 | 0.394 | < 0.001 |
Survival | 35.369 | 0.442 | < 0.001 |
Linear regression analyses
Propensity score analyses
Deceased patients | Surviving patients | Re-do Angiography | No re-do Angiography | Surgical procedures before Angiography | No surgery before Angiography | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fisher’s exact test |
n
1
|
n
2
|
p value |
n
1
|
n
2
|
p value |
n
1
|
n
2
|
p value | ||||||||||||
Gender | 7 m | 8 f | 15 | 16 m | 13 f | 29 | 0.752 | 11 m | 5 f | 16 | 22 m | 10 f | 32 | 1.000 | 11 m | 4 f | 15 | 22 m | 8 f | 30 | 1.000 |
Surgical procedures | 3 y | 12 n | 15 | 1 y | 28 n | 29 | 0.107 | 6 y | 10 n | 16 | 5 y | 27 n | 32 | 0.144 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Direct or secondary admission | 9 y | 6 n | 15 | 15 y | 14 n | 29 | 0.752 | 6 y | 10 n | 16 | 12 y | 20 n | 32 | 1.000 | 7 y | 8 n | 15 | 20 y | 10 n | 30 | 0.218 |
Transfusion received | 13 y | 2 n | 15 | 16 y | 13 n | 29 | 0.010 | 11 y | 5 n | 16 | 17 y | 15 n | 32 | 0.363 | 11 y | 4 n | 15 | 17 y | 13 n | 30 | 0.341 |
Oral anticoagulation | 4 y | 11 n | 15 | 10 y | 19 n | 29 | 0.738 | 3 y | 13 n | 16 | 5 y | 27 n | 32 | 1.000 | 2 y | 13 n | 15 | 6 y | 24 n | 30 | 0.699 |
Microcoils used | 5 y | 10 n | 15 | 26 y | 3 n | 29 | 0.000 | 10 y | 6 n | 16 | 19 y | 13 n | 32 | 1.000 | 6 y | 9 n | 15 | 18 y | 12 n | 30 | 0.226 |
Macrocoils used | 3 y | 12 n | 15 | 4 y | 25 n | 29 | 0.675 | 5 y | 11 n | 16 | 6 y | 26 n | 32 | 0.468 | 4 y | 11 n | 15 | 6 y | 24 n | 30 | 0.710 |
Particles used | 8 y | 7 n | 15 | 12 y | 17 n | 29 | 0.532 | 3 y | 13 n | 16 | 15 y | 17 n | 32 | 0.068 | 3 y | 12 n | 15 | 14 y | 16 n | 30 | 0.110 |
Re-do angiography | 2 y | 13 n | 15 | 6 y | 23 n | 29 | 0.695 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 y | 9 n | 15 | 6 y | 24 n | 30 | 0.174 |
Deceased | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 y | 14 n | 16 | 5 y | 27 n | 32 | 1.000 | 3 y | 12 n | 15 | 5 r | 25 l | 30 | 1.000 |
Mann-Whitney Test |
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_1\pm {\sigma}_1 \)
|
n
1
|
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_2\pm {\sigma}_2 \)
|
n
2
|
p value |
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_1\pm {\sigma}_1 \)
|
n
1
|
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_2\pm {\sigma}_2 \)
|
n
2
|
p value |
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_1\pm {\sigma}_1 \)
|
\( {\overset{-}{x}}_2\pm {\sigma}_2 \)
|
p value | ||||||||
Patient age (years) | 61.8 ± 17.1 | 15 | 63.3 ± 19.0 | 29 | 0.718 | 55.8 ± 21.5 | 16 | 54.5 ± 21.1 | 32 | 0.910 | 55.9 ± 17.9 | 15 | 52.9 ± 20.9 | 30 | 0.690 | ||||||
Accident till angiography (min) | 287.8 ± 212.4 | 15 | 582.6 ± 725.8 | 29 | 0.752 | 976.9 ± 2011.7 | 16 | 546.3 ± 1054.3 | 32 | 0.774 | 1374.0 ± 2450.5 | 15 | 365.0 ± 447.1 | 30 | 0.035 | ||||||
CT till angiography (min) | 192.7 ± 216.8 | 15 | 422.7 ± 655.9 | 29 | 0.194 | 692.4 ± 2072.1 | 16 | 234.6 ± 236.2 | 32 | 0.261 | 853.5 ± 2145.3 | 15 | 202.5 ± 273.0 | 30 | 0.387 | ||||||
Duration angiography (min) | 74.2 ± 51.0 | 15 | 89.2 ± 57.4 | 29 | 0.561 | 78.9 ± 44.8 | 16 | 76.5 ± 43.9 | 32 | 0.935 | 84.9 ± 56.6 | 15 | 71.7 ± 41.9 | 30 | 0.428 | ||||||
HB (g/l) | 77.0 ±29.3 | 15 | 94.6 ± 19.7 | 29 | 0.036 | 82.0 ± 28.5 | 16 | 95.9 ± 24.4 | 32 | 0.087 | 89.5 ± 25.1 | 15 | 86.4 ± 26.5 | 30 | 0.919 | ||||||
PTT (s) | 70.7 ± 57.1 | 15 | 44.4 ± 13.7 | 29 | 0.185 | 56.2 ± 29.6 | 16 | 52.6 ± 43.2 | 32 | 0.117 | 62.5 ± 57.0 | 15 | 55.1 ± 37.4 | 30 | 0.919 | ||||||
Quick (%) | 55.2 ±29.2 | 15 | 61.9 ± 26.7 | 29 | 0.496 | 59.1 ± 23.6 | 16 | 67.6 ± 26.1 | 32 | 0.315 | 65.3 ± 29.0 | 15 | 61.3 ± 24.3 | 30 | 0.734 | ||||||
No. of arteries injured | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 15 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 29 | 0.955 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 16 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 32 | 0.724 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 15 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 30 | 0.598 | ||||||
Overall coil length (mm) | 393.0 ± 536.6 | 15 | 704.3 ±627.6 | 29 | 0.035 | 584.4 ± 794.9 | 16 | 352.0 ± 459.4 | 32 | 0.220 | 297.3 ± 463.4 | 15 | 485.7 ± 684.6 | 30 | 0.147 | ||||||
Overall No. of coils | 7.0 ± 7.6 | 15 | 12.7 ± 7.8 | 29 | 0.017 | 9.2 ± 8.1 | 16 | 6.7 ± 8.1 | 32 | 0.220 | 5.5 ± 8.3 | 15 | 6.9 ± 5.8 | 30 | 0.120 | ||||||
ISS | 35.2 ± 17.1 | 15 | 22.8 ± 14.6 | 29 | 0.024 | 28.5 ± 13.7 | 16 | 20.8 ± 14.2 | 32 | 0.061 | 26.5 ± 13.4 | 15 | 27.7 ± 17.3 | 30 | 0.948 | ||||||
OTA classification | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 15 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 29 | 0.760 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 16 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 32 | 0.063 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 15 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 30 | 0.189 | ||||||
Arterial calcification (cm3) | 0.49 ± 0.89 | 15 | 0.39 ± 1.14 | 29 | 0.656 | 0.27 ± 0.43 | 16 | 0.28 ± 1.1 | 32 | 0.968 | 0.11 ± 0.18 | 15 | 0.19 ± 0.36 | 30 | 0.902 | ||||||
Haematoma volume (ml) | 1031.3 ± 517.8 | 15 | 518.2 ± 258.0 | 29 | 0.000 | 770.9 ± 370.1 | 16 | 739.8 ± 454.9 | 32 | 0.638 | 887.9 ± 497.6 | 15 | 584.4 ± 334.6 | 30 | 0.061 | ||||||
Share of fibered coils (%) | 29.4 ± 44.5 | 15 | 50.1 ± 43.6 | 29 | 0.140 | 55.8 ± 42.3 | 16 | 44.6 ± 48.4 | 32 | 0.339 | 41.3 ± 49.8 | 15 | 45.1 ± 47.1 | 30 | 0.692 | ||||||
Hospitalization (days) | 10.4 ± 17.4 | 15 | 35.9 ± 29.6 | 29 | 0.000 | 63.1 ± 31.9 | 16 | 19.9 ± 19.0 | 32 | 0.000 | 40.3 ± 28.2 | 15 | 26.9 ± 19.7 | 30 | 0.181 | ||||||
Overall coil length (mm) | 393.0 ± 536.6 | 15 | 704.3 ±627.6 | 29 | 0.035 | 584.4 ± 794.9 | 16 | 352.0 ± 459.4 | 32 | 0.220 | 297.3 ± 463.4 | 15 | 485.7 ± 684.6 | 30 | 0.147 | ||||||
Overall No. of coils | 7.0 ± 7.6 | 15 | 12.7 ± 7.8 | 29 | 0.017 | 9.2 ± 8.1 | 16 | 6.7 ± 8.1 | 32 | 0.220 | 5.5 ± 8.3 | 15 | 6.9 ± 5.8 | 30 | 0.120 | ||||||
No. of microcoils used | 4.1 ± 6.9 | 15 | 11.2 ± 8.2 | 29 | 0.002 | 5.7 ± 7.3 | 16 | 5.8 ± 7.4 | 32 | 0.906 | 2.9 ± 4.8 | 15 | 4.9 ± 5.8 | 30 | 0.212 | ||||||
No. of macrocoils used | 2.9 ± 6.0 | 15 | 1.5 ± 8.2 | 29 | 0.487 | 3.5 ± 6.9 | 16 | 0.9 ± 2.5 | 32 | 0.140 | 2.5 ± 6.0 | 15 | 2.0 ± 4.1 | 30 | 0.461 |