Pulmonary metastases occur in up to 25% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Many studies have reported that pulmonary metastasectomy might increase 5-year survival of these patients. The aim of this study was to describe our experience with pulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer and to explore the prognostic value of p53 overexpression and other factors.
Methods
Between July 2002 and December 2013, the clinicopathological data of 88 patients with colorectal carcinoma who underwent pulmonary metastases resection were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Clinical, biochemical and imaging, and operative data, and expression of p53 were retrospectively collected. Immunohistochemical staining for p53 was performed on paraffin-embedded 5-μm sections using mouse anti-human tumor protein p53 monoclonal antibody (DO-7, Dako, Denmark). Overall survival (OS) was calculated from resection of pulmonary metastases to death. The prognostic effect of each variable on survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. For the multivariate analysis of prognostic factors, the Cox regression model was used.
Results
There were 58 men and 30 women in this study, and their median age was 55 (range 31 to 85). Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed in 59 cases (78%), and 29 patients (19%) underwent thoracotomy. Lung wedge resection and pulmonary lobectomy were performed in 52 (59.1%) and 36 (40.9%) patients, respectively. After a median follow-up duration of 44 months, the cumulative 5-year survival was 45.4%, and the median overall survival was 57.8 months. The expression of p53 significantly influenced survival. In patients with p53 protein overexpression, we observed a median OS of 46.1 months, whereas the median OS of patients with negative protein expression of p53 was 62.6 months (p = 0.047). However, in multivariate analysis, p53 overexpression was failed to be an independently significant prognostic factor for survival.
Conclusions
Pulmonary resection of metastatic colorectal cancer might offer a chance to prolong survival including those patients with extrapulmonary metastases. p53 protein expression was identified as a prognosis-related factor for surgery.
Abkürzungen
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen serum
CRC
Colorectal cancer
IHC
Immunohistochemical
VATS
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy all round the world [1]. At least 50% of CRC patients will develop a metastatic disease and about 5–25% of them are located in the lung [2]. Due to the development of new chemotherapeutic drugs and minimal invasive video-assisted thoracoscopy and the fact that liver metastasectomy contributes to survival improvement, pulmonary metastasectomy has emerged as a potentially curative option in the multimodal management of metastatic CRC [2, 3]. When compared with 5% for patients without pulmonary metastasis local treatment, the reported 5-year survival of CRC can be elevated up to 62% after pulmonary metastasectomy [4]. Since the 1990s, a large number of retrospective studies have shown that multiple clinical features may be probable prognostic survival factors for patients after metastasectomy, such as the number of metastases, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen serum (CEA) level, thoracic lymph node involvement, and surgical procedures [4‐8]. However, reliable and objective prognostic variables are still in urgent need of distinguishing patients who benefit from a surgical approach [2, 4]. As a common tumor suppressor, p53 overexpression is thought to be a probable prognostic factor and response to therapy. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of p53 overexpression in CRC patients after pulmonary metastasectomy was investigated in few studies. Therefore, the objective of this retrospective study was to describe our experience in pulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic CRC and explore whether p53 overexpression has prognostic value in pulmonary metastasectomy of CRC.
Methods
Between July 2002 and December 2013, 88 patients underwent resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Each patient had a proven tissue diagnosis of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. The criteria for resection of pulmonary metastases included unilateral or bilateral resectable lung lesions, no local recurrence of primary lesions, and adequate cardiorespiratory function for complete resection of all pulmonary lesions. Extrapulmonary metastases of light tumor burden were included. Clinical, biochemical and imaging, and operative data were collected from computerized records. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for p53 was performed on paraffin-embedded 5-μm sections using mouse anti-human tumor protein p53 monoclonal antibody (DO-7, Dako, Denmark). Samples were considered positive when at least 20% of the cancer cells were positive for p53 staining. Follow-up data were obtained from the patients’ records and by contacting the patients’ respective general practitioners. The data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 version. The prognostic effect of each variable on survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. For the multivariate analysis of prognostic factors, the Cox regression model was used. P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results
Patient characteristics
The study included 58 men (65.9%) and 30 women (34.1%), and the median age was 55 years (range 31 to 85 years). The primary tumor location included 25 (28.4%) in the colon and 63 (71.6%) in the rectum. Pulmonary metastasis was solitary in 71 patients (80.7%) and multiple in 17 patients (19.3%, unilateral in 5, bilateral in 12). Five patients had extrapulmonary metastases, including two solitary liver metastases (one of them had liver metastases resection after pulmonary metastasectomy), one thoracic lymph node metastasis, one pelvic soft tissue metastasis, and one pleura metastasis, and none of them received treatment for metastasis. Fifty-nine patients (67%) underwent palliative chemotherapy, and the common regimens were irinotecan-based or oxaliplatin-based combined chemotherapy. Among them, 24 patients (27.3%) underwent more than one line chemotherapy. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed in 59 cases (78%) and thoracotomy in 29 patients (19%). Fifty-two patients (59.1%) underwent lung wedge resection, and 36 patients (40.9%) underwent pulmonary lobectomy (Table 1).
Table 1
Clinical and pathological characteristics of 88 patients and univariate analysis for OS
Factor
Number (%)
OS (months)
p value
Age (years)
≤60
61 (69.3)
57.8
0.475
>60
27 (30.7)
55.6
Gender
Male
58 (65.9)
57.8
0.729
Female
30 (34.1)
67.9
Tumor size of lung metastasis (cm)
≤3
75 (85.2)
62.6
0.212
>3
13 (14.8)
47.2
Primary tumor localization
Left-sided colon
9 (10.2)
41.2
0.185
Right-sided colon
16 (18.2)
67.9
Rectum
63 (71.6)
61.6
Metastases phase
Synchronous metastases
10 (11.4)
46.1
0.661
Metachronous metastases
78 (88.6)
57.8
Pulmonary metastases number
Single
71 (80.7)
62.6
0.23
Multiple
17 (19.3)
49.8
Extrapulmonary metastasis
Yes
5 (5.7)
39.5
0.756
No
83 (94.3)
57.8
Surgical procedures
VATS
59 (67.0)
62.6
0.516
Thoracotomy
29 (33.0)
57.8
Resection range
Lung wedge resection
52 (59.1)
67.9
0.696
Pulmonary lobectomy
36 (40.9)
57.8
Preoperative CEA level
Normal
64 (72.7)
62.6
0.142
Elevated
24 (27.3)
42
p53 IHC
Positive
42 (47.7)
46.1
0.047
Negative
46 (52.3)
62.6
IHC immunological histological chemistry, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
We also analyzed the correlation between p53 expression level and clinicopathological factors, but none of them has significant relationship with p53 status (Table 2).
Table 2
Relationship between p53 protein levels in colorectal tumors and clinicopathological variables
Variable
Number (%)
p53 positive
p53 negative
p value
(n = 42)
(n = 46)
Age
Range
35–76
31–85
–
Median
53
55
Sex
Male
29
29
0.654
Female
13
17
T status
T1-2
9
8
0.788
T3-4
33
38
N status
N0
17
27
0.135
N+
25
19
Site
Left colon
5
4
0.851
Right colon
7
9
Rectum
30
33
Preoperative CEA
<5ng/ml
28
36
0.241
>5ng/ml
14
10
Survival analysis
Median follow-up duration was 44 months (range 3 to 162 months). The median interval between CRC diagnosis and lung metastasis diagnosis was 25 months (range 0 to 122 months). After pulmonary metastasectomy, disease recurrence was identified in 26 of the 88 patients (distant metastasis in 7, local recurrence in 19). The interval between pulmonary metastasectomy and disease recurrence had a median of 13.5 months (range 4.2 to 34.8 months). At the last follow-up, 51 patients (58.0%) were alive and the cumulative 5-year survival was 45.4%, and the median survival was 57.8 months.
Among the analyzed prognostic factors, age, gender, maximum tumor size of lung metastasis, localization of the primary tumor, metastases phase, and the number of lung metastasis, extrapulmonary metastases and preoperative CEA level did not influence survival significantly. However, p53 overexpression greatly affected survival. In patients with negative p53 expression, an overall survival of 62.6 months was observed, whereas an overall survival of 46.1 months was observed in patients with positive p53 expression (p = 0.047) (Table 1, Fig. 1). Furthermore, repeated analysis in patients with solitary or multiple lung metastases showed the prognostic value of p53 protein expression. However, p53 was not confirmed to be an independently significant prognostic factor for survival in multivariate analysis (p = 0.051).
Fig. 1
Probability of survival of patients with positive expression of p53 vs patients with negative expression (p = 0.047)
×
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Discussion
Even though there is no randomized trial evidence, resection of pulmonary metastases is considered to be an effective measure to improve the survival of the appropriately selected CRC patients with lung metastases. Multiple studies have evaluated a number of possible clinical or pathological prognostic indicators. However, the relationship between molecular abnormalities and survival is unclear [5, 9‐12].
As a tumor suppressor gene, p53 is a common target of genetic alteration in human cancer [13, 14], which exerts the function of controlling the induction of growth arrest and apoptosis by eliminating damaged cells [15, 16]. Alteration of this gene is associated with postoperative outcome and poor prognosis [17]. Technically, p53 protein expression can be assessed by IHC and p53 genomic status can be analyzed using direct gene sequencing [18]. In consideration of its technical reproducibility and high concordance with that of genomic analysis, IHC still holds considerable promise as a convenient and inexpensive means [18]. Therefore, IHC was adopted as a method to assess the p53 expression in this study.
Previous studies have revealed p53 protein expression with the help of IHC in 42–69% of CRCs [15, 16, 18]. Multiple tumors with increased p53 expression were associated with lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal invasion, pleural infiltration, and tumor location [19, 20]. Literature review showed that p53 overexpression could be an adverse independent predictor of survival [21, 22]. In addition, p53 expression was found to be related to liver metastases of colorectal tumors in some studies [23‐25]. However, some investigations failed to document a significant inverse correlation of p53 overexpression with CRC patients’ survival after pulmonary metastasectomy. One possible reason was that there were so many variables related to staining protocols and scoring systems that contrasting results were provided [26]. More importantly, the relationship between p53 overexpression and gene alteration was actually complicated [27]. Protein overexpression is seen in gene mutation type and cases with wild type [26, 28]. Generally, different kinds of antibodies mainly recognize certain mutants or wild type of genes, which cannot fully reflect protein expression to some extent.
In this study, p53 overexpression was shown in 42 (47.7%) cases with a significantly shorter survival (median OS 62.6 vs 42.1 months, p = 0.046), which suggested a potential candidate for modulating the risk of colorectal lung metastases of p53. However, a single-center retrospective design and highly selected patient population could have introduced biased information. Additionally, the small size of the population and the co-linear relation between the parameters may give rise to meaningless results of multivariate analysis. Therefore, a larger trial is needed to confirm the value of p53 overexpression or mutation.
Conclusions
In conclusion, surgical resection of pulmonary metastases may extend the survival of CRC patients even if there are extrapulmonary metastases. Besides, p53 overexpression may help judge the prognosis of patients who undergo pulmonary metastasectomy.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Zhang Yigong from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine for the statistical analysis.
Funding
This study is funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province. Award Number LY15H160003.
Availability of data and materials
The materials described in this manuscript can be freely available to anyone, and the process can be repeated.
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Authors’ contributions
The individual contributions of the authors to the manuscript are listed in the following. The author LC wrote the article. XQ, CL, and LC collected the relative information of the patients and supported literature. CY and YJ were responsible for the overall study. Everyone who provided professional support and help were listed as authors, so no one can be added in the Acknowledgements section. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
The author Chen Yinbo is the co-corresponding author.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Written informed consent for the publication of all the details has been obtained from the participants. The patients were informed that the data concerning the case would be submitted for publication and they consented.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
This article is a retrospective study which has not been granted ethics committee approval prior to commencing, so we did not obtain the ethics approval. Informed consent to participate in this study has been obtained from the participants.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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