Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2/2016

01.02.2016 | Leitthema

Programmierung von kindlichem Übergewicht durch perinatale Überflusssituation

verfasst von: V. Brüll, E. Hucklenbruch-Rother, Univ.-Prof. Dr. R. Ensenauer

Erschienen in: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde | Ausgabe 2/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Kindliches Übergewicht und Adipositas sind dringliche Gesundheitsprobleme mit weitreichenden Folgen bis ins Erwachsenenalter. Durch noch wenig verstandene Mechanismen, die als „fetale Programmierung“ bezeichnet werden, werden in den frühesten Lebensphasen bereits Krankheitsrisiken geprägt, die die kindliche Übergewichtsproblematik zu verstärken scheinen. Eine perikonzeptionelle maternale Adipositas, aber auch weitere perinatale Risikofaktoren, wie disproportional hohe Gewichtszunahme in der Schwangerschaft, Gestationsdiabetes oder eine rasche postnatale Gewichtszunahme des Kindes begünstigen das Risiko für die Entwicklung von Übergewicht und metabolischen Störungen im weiteren Leben. Tierexperimentelle Studien erlauben eine kontrollierte Untersuchung der Folgen einer perinatalen Überflusssituation für die Nachkommen. Verschiedene ungünstige perinatale Ernährungseinflüsse (vermehrte Zufuhr gesättigter Fettsäuren oder zusätzliche Erhöhung des Zuckeranteils in der maternalen Nahrung) haben Auswirkungen auf Körpergewicht und -fettanteil der Nachkommen. Sie verursachen außerdem Störungen der Funktion zahlreicher metabolisch aktiver Organe (Fettgewebe, Gehirn, Leber oder Muskel). Als zugrunde liegende Mechanismen für diesen prägenden Effekt werden proinflammatorische und epigenetische Prozesse diskutiert. Früh ansetzende vorgeburtliche Präventionskonzepte mit positiven Langzeiteffekten auf die Nachkommen stehen derzeit noch aus. Unmittelbar postnatal sind Stillförderung und die Vermeidung einer raschen übermäßigen Gewichtszunahme in den ersten beiden Lebensjahren wichtige Bausteine pädiatrisch-frühpräventiver Maßnahmen.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolton JL, Bilbo SD (2014) Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 16:307–320PubMedCentralPubMed Bolton JL, Bilbo SD (2014) Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 16:307–320PubMedCentralPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang GQ, Gaysinskaya V, Karatayev O et al (2008) Maternal high-fat diet and fetal programming: increased proliferation of hypothalamic peptide-producing neurons that increase risk for overeating and obesity. J Neurosci 28:12107–12119PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chang GQ, Gaysinskaya V, Karatayev O et al (2008) Maternal high-fat diet and fetal programming: increased proliferation of hypothalamic peptide-producing neurons that increase risk for overeating and obesity. J Neurosci 28:12107–12119PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahlhoff M, Pfister S, Blutke A et al (2014) Peri-conceptional obesogenic exposure induces sex-specific programming of disease susceptibilities in adult mouse offspring. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842:304–317CrossRefPubMed Dahlhoff M, Pfister S, Blutke A et al (2014) Peri-conceptional obesogenic exposure induces sex-specific programming of disease susceptibilities in adult mouse offspring. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842:304–317CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat De Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E (2010) Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 92:1257–1264CrossRefPubMed De Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E (2010) Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 92:1257–1264CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Dearden L, Ozanne SE (2015) Early life origins of metabolic disease: Developmental programming of hypothalamic pathways controlling energy homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.08.001PubMed Dearden L, Ozanne SE (2015) Early life origins of metabolic disease: Developmental programming of hypothalamic pathways controlling energy homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.08.001PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Demerath EW, Reed D, Choh AC et al (2009) Rapid postnatal weight gain and visceral adiposity in adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Obesity 17:2060–2066PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Demerath EW, Reed D, Choh AC et al (2009) Rapid postnatal weight gain and visceral adiposity in adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Obesity 17:2060–2066PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Ensenauer R (2014) Gewichtszunahme/Adipositas. In: Rosenecker J (Hrsg) Pädiatrische Differenzialdiagnostik. Springer, Heidelberg, S 51–56CrossRef Ensenauer R (2014) Gewichtszunahme/Adipositas. In: Rosenecker J (Hrsg) Pädiatrische Differenzialdiagnostik. Springer, Heidelberg, S 51–56CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ensenauer R, Brandlhuber L, Burgmann M et al (2015) Obese nondiabetic pregnancies and high maternal glycated hemoglobin at delivery as an indicator of offspring and maternal postpartum risk: the prospective PEACHES mother-child cohort. Clin Chem 61(11):1381–1390. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.242206CrossRefPubMed Ensenauer R, Brandlhuber L, Burgmann M et al (2015) Obese nondiabetic pregnancies and high maternal glycated hemoglobin at delivery as an indicator of offspring and maternal postpartum risk: the prospective PEACHES mother-child cohort. Clin Chem 61(11):1381–1390. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.242206CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ensenauer R, Chmitorz A, Riedel C et al (2013) Effects of suboptimal or excessive gestational weight gain on childhood overweight and abdominal adiposity: results from a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes 37:505–512CrossRef Ensenauer R, Chmitorz A, Riedel C et al (2013) Effects of suboptimal or excessive gestational weight gain on childhood overweight and abdominal adiposity: results from a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes 37:505–512CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Grube MM, Von Der Lippe E, Schlaud M et al (2015) Does breastfeeding help to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity? A propensity score analysis of data from the KiGGS study. PloS One 10:e0122534PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Grube MM, Von Der Lippe E, Schlaud M et al (2015) Does breastfeeding help to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity? A propensity score analysis of data from the KiGGS study. PloS One 10:e0122534PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill B, Skouteris H, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M (2013) Interventions designed to limit gestational weight gain: a systematic review of theory and meta-analysis of intervention components. Obes Rev 14:435–450CrossRefPubMed Hill B, Skouteris H, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M (2013) Interventions designed to limit gestational weight gain: a systematic review of theory and meta-analysis of intervention components. Obes Rev 14:435–450CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hornell A, Lagstrom H, Lande B et al (2013) Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Food Nutr Res. doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21083 Hornell A, Lagstrom H, Lande B et al (2013) Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Food Nutr Res. doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21083
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Institute of Medicine (2009) Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC Institute of Medicine (2009) Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kral JG, Biron S, Simard S et al (2006) Large maternal weight loss from obesity surgery prevents transmission of obesity to children who were followed for 2 to 18 years. Pediatrics 118:e1644–e1649CrossRefPubMed Kral JG, Biron S, Simard S et al (2006) Large maternal weight loss from obesity surgery prevents transmission of obesity to children who were followed for 2 to 18 years. Pediatrics 118:e1644–e1649CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer MS (1981) Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent obesity? J Pediatr 98:883–887CrossRefPubMed Kramer MS (1981) Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent obesity? J Pediatr 98:883–887CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurth BM, Schaffrath Rosario A (2007) The prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents living in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 50:736–743CrossRef Kurth BM, Schaffrath Rosario A (2007) The prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents living in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 50:736–743CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Lane M, Zander-Fox DL, Robker RL et al (2015) Peri-conception parental obesity, reproductive health, and transgenerational impacts. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26:84–90CrossRefPubMed Lane M, Zander-Fox DL, Robker RL et al (2015) Peri-conception parental obesity, reproductive health, and transgenerational impacts. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26:84–90CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Huang J, Li JS et al (2012) Accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipogenesis in the liver through generational effects of high fat diets. J Hepatol 56:900–907CrossRefPubMed Li J, Huang J, Li JS et al (2012) Accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipogenesis in the liver through generational effects of high fat diets. J Hepatol 56:900–907CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al (2008) Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 358:1991–2002CrossRefPubMed Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al (2008) Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 358:1991–2002CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Monteiro PO, Victora CG (2005) Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life-a systematic review. Obes Rev 6:143–154CrossRefPubMed Monteiro PO, Victora CG (2005) Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life-a systematic review. Obes Rev 6:143–154CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Murabayashi N, Sugiyama T, Zhang L et al (2013) Maternal high-fat diets cause insulin resistance through inflammatory changes in fetal adipose tissue. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 169:39–44CrossRefPubMed Murabayashi N, Sugiyama T, Zhang L et al (2013) Maternal high-fat diets cause insulin resistance through inflammatory changes in fetal adipose tissue. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 169:39–44CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Nehring I, Von Kries R, Ensenauer R (2013) Perinatale Determinanten. In: Wirth A, Hauner H (Hrsg) Adipositas: Ätiologie, Folgekrankheiten, Diagnostik, Therapie. Springer, Heidelberg, S 56–59 Nehring I, Von Kries R, Ensenauer R (2013) Perinatale Determinanten. In: Wirth A, Hauner H (Hrsg) Adipositas: Ätiologie, Folgekrankheiten, Diagnostik, Therapie. Springer, Heidelberg, S 56–59
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicholas LM, Morrison JL, Rattanatray L et al (2015) The early origins of obesity and insulin resistance: timing, programming and mechanisms. Int J Obes doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.178 Nicholas LM, Morrison JL, Rattanatray L et al (2015) The early origins of obesity and insulin resistance: timing, programming and mechanisms. Int J Obes doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.178
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Nivoit P, Morens C, Van Assche FA et al (2009) Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 52:1133–1142CrossRefPubMed Nivoit P, Morens C, Van Assche FA et al (2009) Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 52:1133–1142CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Oken E, Levitan EB, Gillman MW (2008) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 32(2):201–210. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803760CrossRef Oken E, Levitan EB, Gillman MW (2008) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 32(2):201–210. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803760CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM et al (2000) Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ 320:967–971PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM et al (2000) Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ 320:967–971PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Philipps LH, Santhakumaran S, Gale C et al (2011) The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 54:1957–1966CrossRefPubMed Philipps LH, Santhakumaran S, Gale C et al (2011) The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 54:1957–1966CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Pirkola J, Pouta A, Bloigu A et al (2010) Risks of overweight and abdominal obesity at age 16 years associated with prenatal exposures to maternal prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 33:1115–1121PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Pirkola J, Pouta A, Bloigu A et al (2010) Risks of overweight and abdominal obesity at age 16 years associated with prenatal exposures to maternal prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 33:1115–1121PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Plagemann A (2004) “Fetal programming” and “functional teratogenesis”: on epigenetic mechanisms and prevention of perinatally acquired lasting health risks. J Perinat Med 32:297–305CrossRefPubMed Plagemann A (2004) “Fetal programming” and “functional teratogenesis”: on epigenetic mechanisms and prevention of perinatally acquired lasting health risks. J Perinat Med 32:297–305CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Riedel C, Von Kries R, Buyken AE et al (2014) Overweight in adolescence can be predicted at age 6 years: a CART analysis in German cohorts. PloS One 9:e93581PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Riedel C, Von Kries R, Buyken AE et al (2014) Overweight in adolescence can be predicted at age 6 years: a CART analysis in German cohorts. PloS One 9:e93581PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Schellong K, Schulz S, Harder T et al (2012) Birth weight and long-term overweight risk: systematic review and a meta-analysis including 643,902 persons from 66 studies and 26 countries globally. PloS One 7:e47776PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Schellong K, Schulz S, Harder T et al (2012) Birth weight and long-term overweight risk: systematic review and a meta-analysis including 643,902 persons from 66 studies and 26 countries globally. PloS One 7:e47776PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Tie HT, Xia YY, Zeng YS et al (2014) Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 289:247–257CrossRefPubMed Tie HT, Xia YY, Zeng YS et al (2014) Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 289:247–257CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Vogt MC, Paeger L, Hess S et al (2014) Neonatal insulin action impairs hypothalamic neurocircuit formation in response to maternal high-fat feeding. Cell 156:495–509PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Vogt MC, Paeger L, Hess S et al (2014) Neonatal insulin action impairs hypothalamic neurocircuit formation in response to maternal high-fat feeding. Cell 156:495–509PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Volpato AM, Schultz A, Magalhaes-Da-Costa E et al (2012) Maternal high-fat diet programs for metabolic disturbances in offspring despite leptin sensitivity. Neuroendocrinology 96:272–284CrossRefPubMed Volpato AM, Schultz A, Magalhaes-Da-Costa E et al (2012) Maternal high-fat diet programs for metabolic disturbances in offspring despite leptin sensitivity. Neuroendocrinology 96:272–284CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T et al (1999) Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 319:147–150CrossRef Von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T et al (1999) Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 319:147–150CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Waters E, De Silva-Sanigorski A, Hall BJ et al (2011) Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub3PubMed Waters E, De Silva-Sanigorski A, Hall BJ et al (2011) Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub3PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber M, Grote V, Closa-Monasterolo R et al (2014) Lower protein content in infant formula reduces BMI and obesity risk at school age: follow-up of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 99:1041–1051CrossRefPubMed Weber M, Grote V, Closa-Monasterolo R et al (2014) Lower protein content in infant formula reduces BMI and obesity risk at school age: follow-up of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 99:1041–1051CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitaker RC (2004) Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 114:e29–e36CrossRefPubMed Whitaker RC (2004) Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 114:e29–e36CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Ensenauer R (2012) Globale Epidemie Adipositas. Beginnt kindliches Übergewicht im Mutterleib? Gyne 9:22–24. (Mediengruppe Oberfranken – Fachverlage GmbH und Co. KG) Ensenauer R (2012) Globale Epidemie Adipositas. Beginnt kindliches Übergewicht im Mutterleib? Gyne 9:22–24. (Mediengruppe Oberfranken – Fachverlage GmbH und Co. KG)
Metadaten
Titel
Programmierung von kindlichem Übergewicht durch perinatale Überflusssituation
verfasst von
V. Brüll
E. Hucklenbruch-Rother
Univ.-Prof. Dr. R. Ensenauer
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0026-9298
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0474
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-015-0010-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2016

Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.