Background
Methods
Participants
Design
Intervention
Theme | Lesson titles | Content summary |
---|---|---|
Introduction | Healthy Living | Lifestyle options, choices and consequences; eatwell plate |
Introduction: What is PA and where do we do it? | Map maker | PA definitions, intensities, guidelines for health, opportunities in local environment [mapping], types of activities |
Monitoring and goal setting | Go for goal | Simple monitoring of PA [diary/pedometer], goal setting principles |
Reducing sedentary time | Power down | |
Impact of technology | Identifying sedentary behaviours, when they occur, how technology has changed our lifestyles, goal setting for reducing screen time | |
Components of fitness | Muscle mysteries | |
The human heart | Simplify the concept of fitness as representing ‘heart health’, ‘muscle health’, ‘body composition’; incorporate FITT principle as means of enhancing fitness, basic physiological principles to demonstrate effects of PA on body [e.g., pulse rate, etc.] | |
Energy balance | Keeping the balance | Fuel; intake; expenditure; balance; negative/ positive; monitoring; nutrient functions and sources |
Carbohydrate | Carb smart | Types; processing; starchy foods; why important; fibre; good sources |
Sugar | Sugar water | |
Beverage buzz | Terminology & types; requirement; labels; sources - hidden; amounts; added sugar; consumption calculations | |
Fat | Hunting hidden fat | Terminology & types; requirement; labels (graphing activity); sources; effect of cooking; fish oils |
Fruit & vegetables | Menu monitoring | Benefits (source of variety of nutrients); portions; preparation; variety, storage; cooking; access; other foods containing fruit & vegetables, menu planning |
Breakfast | Brilliant breakfast | Benefits (energy); portions; choices; sugar; salt; nutritional comparison of different types of breakfast |
Snacks (fat/sugar/salt) | Snack attack | |
Snack decisions | Frequency of eating; swaps; snacks at bedtime; requirements; hidden sources of fat/sugar/salt; amounts | |
Variety | Balancing act | |
Keeping the balance | Why variety needed; balanced diet & eatwell plate; nutrient functions and sources; food swaps; access; monitoring task | |
Awareness | Foods around the world | Food production – growing; local specialities; history; access; food miles; mapping locality. |
Summary | Have you CHANGE!’d? | Summary of principles of healthy living |
Outcome measures
Primary outcomes: body size
Secondary outcomes
Physical activity and sedentary time
Food intake
Assessment of covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Preliminary results
Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | Comparison | Intervention | ||||
Boy | Girl | All | Boy | Girl | ||
Age (yrs) | 10.7 (0.3) | 10.7 (0.3) | 10.7 (0.3) | 10.6 (0.3) | 10.6 (0.3) | 10.6 (0.3) |
Stature (m) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) |
Body mass (kg) | 35.3 (7.9) | 39.9 (11.1) | 38.1 (10.2) | 35.7 (6.3) | 36.1 (9.0) | 36.2 (7.9) |
Maturity offset (yrs from APHV) | −3.1 (0.4) | −1.3 (0.6) | −2.0 (1.1) | −3.0 (0.4) | −1.4 (0.6) | −2.1 (1.0) |
SES (IMD score) | 26.0 (15.0) | 23.1 (13.8) | 24.2 (14.3) | 27.2 (18.0) | 30.7 (18.9) | 29.2 (18.5) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.0 (2.9) | 18.8 (4.0) | 18.1 (3.7) | 17.5 (2.4) | 18.1 (3.4) | 17.9 (3.0) |
Weight status: | ||||||
Normal weight (%) | 82.6 | 74.7 | 78.3 | 88.6 | 71.8 | 79.9 |
Overweight/obese (%) | 17.4 | 25.3 | 21.7 | 11.4 | 28.2 | 20.1 |
BMI-z-score | −0.2 (1.4) | 0.3 (1.4) | 0.1 (1.4) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.1 (1.3) | 0.2 (1.1) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 60.7 (7.9) | 63.1 (9.1) | 62.2 (8.7) | 61.6 (6.1) | 61.3 (8.7) | 61.5 (7.6) |
Physical activity: | ||||||
LPA (min/day) | 182.9 (31.5) | 176.8 (23.9) | 179.3 (27.26) | 167.5 (27.7) | 175.8 (30.2) | 172.2 (29.3) |
MPA (min/day) | 49.1 (11.4) | 37.8 (9.9) | 42.3 (11.8) | 55.1 (14.1) | 43.8 (12.4) | 48.9 (14.3) |
VPA (min/day) | 17.5 (9.0) | 11.1 (5.0) | 13.6 (7.5) | 18.8 (8.5) | 14.1 (7.1) | 16.2 (8.1) |
Sedentary time (min/day) | 505.2 (68.6) | 519.8 (58.5) | 513.9 (62.9) | 505.2 (55.0) | 498.1 (57.0) | 501.2 (56.0) |
20 m SRT performance (shuttle runs) | 39.2 (19.5) | 25.8 (13.0) | 31.1 (17.1) | 30.9 (14.4) | 20.8 (10.0) | 25.4 (13.1) |
Food consumption: | ||||||
Breakfast (%) | 89.7 | 91.6 | 90.7 | 92.4 | 89.4 | 90.9 |
Fruit (%) | 73.1 | 71.3 | 72.1 | 66.7 | 77.1 | 72.0 |
Vegetables (%) | 60.3 | 48.1 | 53.7 | 49.4 | 48.2 | 48.8 |
Intervention effects
Crude modela
| Adjusted modelb
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome measure | β or OR (95% CI) | ICC | P | β or OR (95% CI) | ICC | P |
Body size: | ||||||
Waist circumference (cm) |
−1.83
c
(−2.38, -1.29)
| 0.004 |
<0.001
|
−1.63
c
(−2.20, -1.07)
|
0.00
|
<0.001
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.06c (−0.30, 0.42) | 0.05 | 0.74 | 0.10c (−0.37, 0.38) | 0.05 | 0.98 |
BMI z-score | −0.01c (−0.19, 0.17) | 0.04 | 0.92 | −0.04c (−0.22, 0.15) | 0.03 | 0.68 |
Physical activity: | ||||||
LPA (min/day) | −6.21c (−16.29, 3.86) | 0.08 | 0.23 | 5.14c (−10.29, 20.57) | 0.00 | 0.51 |
MPA (min/day) | −1.23c (−6.08, 3.62 | 0.10 | 0.62 | 1.67c (−7.35, 10.68) | 0.04 | 0.72 |
VPA (min/day) | −0.22c (−2.64, 2.20) | 0.05 | 0.86 | 2.85c (−1.64, 7.35) | 0.00 | 0.21 |
Sedentary time (min/day) | 0.51c (−18.84, 19.87) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 28.35c (−14.88, 71.58) | 0.00 | 0.20 |
Food: | ||||||
Breakfast | 1.21d (0.38, 2.04) | - | 0.65 | 1.13d (0.02, 2.22) | - | 0.84 |
Fruit | 0.75d (0.14, 1.36) | - | 0.35 | 0.81d (0.42, 1.20) | - | 0.60 |
Vegetables | 1.22d (0.65, 1.79) | - | 0.33 | 1.17d (1.02, 1.32) | - | 0.64 |
Crude modela
| Adjusted modelb
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome measure | β or OR (95% CI) | ICC | P | β or OR (95% CI) | ICC | P |
Body size: | ||||||
Waist circumference (cm) |
−0.95
c
(0.98, -0.92)
| 0.10 |
0.06
| −0.64c (−1.50, 0.22) | 0.06 | 0.15 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.55c (−1.16, 0.06) | 0.22 | 0.76 | −0.47c (−1.03, 0.09) | 0.18 | 0.09 |
BMI z-score |
−0.27
c
(−0.53, -0.01)
| 0.21 |
0.04
|
−0.24
c
(−0.48, -0.003)
| 0.17 |
0.04
|
Physical activity: | ||||||
LPA (min day) | −2.40c (−18.05, 13.25) | 0.19 | 0.76 |
25.97 (8.04, 43.89)
| 0.04 |
0.01
|
MPA (min/day) | −3.92c (−9.94, 2.10) | 0.07 | 0.20 | −3.27c (−13.02, 6.48) | 0.00 | 0.52 |
VPA (min/day) | −1.12c (−3.16, 0.92) | 0.00 | 0.28 | 1.73c (−3.25, 6.71) | 0.00 | 0.50 |
Sedentary time (min/day) | −0.02c (−18.79, 18.76) | 0.00 | 0.99 | −8.44c (−53.23, 36.35) | 0.00 | 0.97 |
Food: | ||||||
Breakfast | 0.85d (0.03, 1.67) | - | 0.70 | 1.88d (0.76, 2.99) | - | 0.27 |
Fruit | 1.35d (0.69, 2.01) | - | 0.37 | 0.99d (0.24, 1.74) | - | 0.99 |
Vegetables | 1.07d (0.39, 1.75) | - | 0.62 | 1.06d (3.45, 1.78) | - | 0.87 |
Interaction effects
Body size | Physical activity | Food intake | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waist circumference | BMI | BMI z-score | LPA | Breakfast | ||||||
Interactions | Β (95% CI) | p | Β (95% CI) | p | Β (95% CI) | p | Β (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
Intervention * sex (crude) | 0.46 (−0.57, 1.49) | 0.38 |
0.77 (0.31, 1.23)
|
0.001
|
0.34 (0.08, 0.59)
|
0.01
|
12.84 (0.18, 25.50)
|
0.04
| 1.18 (−0.50, 2.86) | 0.76 |
Girls | n/a | - |
−0.39 (−0.81, 0.03)
|
0.07
| −0.18 (−0.42, 0.06) | 0.14 | −1.05 (−18.10, 16.0) | 0.92 | n/a | - |
Boys | n/a | - |
0.47 (0.03 ,0.91)
|
0.04
|
0.27 (0.02, 0.52)
|
0.04
| 10.25 (−6.31, 26.81) | 0.22 | n/a | - |
Intervention x weight status (crude) |
−1.38 (−2.70, -0.05)
|
0.04
| 0.10 (−0.51, 0.71) | 0.75 | −0.01 (−0.33, 0.32) | 0.97 | 1.10 (−14.58, 16.78) | 0.89 |
10.30 (9.30, 11.30)
|
0.06
|
NW |
−1.34 (−2.00, -0.72)
|
<0.001
| n/a | - | n/a | - | n/a | - | 0.67 (0.59, 1.94) | 0.53 |
OWOB |
−2.82 (−4.06, -1.58)
|
<0.001
| n/a | - | n/a | - | n/a | - | 5.08 (2.73, 7.43) | 0.17 |
Intervention * SES (crude) | 0.44 (−0.65, 1.53) | 0.42 | −0.11 (−0.64, 0.42) | 0.68 | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.30) | 0.95 | −1.49 (−15.07, 12.09) | 0.82 |
7.69 (5.66, 9.72)
|
0.05
|
High SES | n/a | - | n/a | - | n/a | - | n/a | - |
8.82 (6.47, 11.16)
|
0.07
|
Low SES | n/a | - | n/a | - | n/a | - | n/a | - | 0.38 (−1.04, 1.80) | 0.19 |