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Erschienen in: Trials 1/2017

Open Access 01.12.2017 | Study protocol

Protective intraoperative ventilation with higher versus lower levels of positive end-expiratory pressure in obese patients (PROBESE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

verfasst von: T. Bluth, R. Teichmann, T. Kiss, I. Bobek, J. Canet, G. Cinnella, L. De Baerdemaeker, C. Gregoretti, G. Hedenstierna, S. N. Hemmes, M. Hiesmayr, M. W. Hollmann, S. Jaber, J. G. Laffey, M. J. Licker, K. Markstaller, I. Matot, G. Müller, G. H. Mills, J. P. Mulier, C. Putensen, R. Rossaint, J. Schmitt, M. Senturk, A. Serpa Neto, P. Severgnini, J. Sprung, M. F. Vidal Melo, H. Wrigge, M. J. Schultz, P. Pelosi, M. Gama de Abreu, for the PROBESE investigators, and the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet), on behalf of the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA)

Erschienen in: Trials | Ausgabe 1/2017

Abstract

Background

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) increase the morbidity and mortality of surgery in obese patients. High levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with lung recruitment maneuvers may improve intraoperative respiratory function, but they can also compromise hemodynamics, and the effects on PPCs are uncertain. We hypothesized that intraoperative mechanical ventilation using high PEEP with periodic recruitment maneuvers, as compared with low PEEP without recruitment maneuvers, prevents PPCs in obese patients.

Methods/design

The PRotective Ventilation with Higher versus Lower PEEP during General Anesthesia for Surgery in OBESE Patients (PROBESE) study is a multicenter, two-arm, international randomized controlled trial. In total, 2013 obese patients with body mass index ≥35 kg/m2 scheduled for at least 2 h of surgery under general anesthesia and at intermediate to high risk for PPCs will be included. Patients are ventilated intraoperatively with a low tidal volume of 7 ml/kg (predicted body weight) and randomly assigned to PEEP of 12 cmH2O with lung recruitment maneuvers (high PEEP) or PEEP of 4 cmH2O without recruitment maneuvers (low PEEP). The occurrence of PPCs will be recorded as collapsed composite of single adverse pulmonary events and represents the primary endpoint.

Discussion

To our knowledge, the PROBESE trial is the first multicenter, international randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of two different levels of intraoperative PEEP during protective low tidal volume ventilation on PPCs in obese patients. The results of the PROBESE trial will support anesthesiologists in their decision to choose a certain PEEP level during general anesthesia for surgery in obese patients in an attempt to prevent PPCs.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02148692. Registered on 23 May 2014; last updated 7 June 2016.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.​1186/​s13063-017-1929-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
An erratum to this article is available at http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13063-017-1987-3.
Abkürzungen
AE
Adverse event
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARISCAT
Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia
BMI
Body mass index
CONSORT
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CRF
Case report form
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DSMB
Data and Safety Monitoring Board
FiO2
Fraction of inspired oxygen
GIF
Gastrointestinal failure
I:E
Inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio
ICU
Intensive care unit
INR
International normalized ratio
ITT
Intention-to-treat
OSA
Obstructive sleep apnea
PaO2
Partial pressure of arterial oxygen
PBW
Predicted body weight
PEEP
Positive end-expiratory pressure
PEPC
Postoperative extrapulmonary complication
POD
Postoperative day
PPC
Postoperative pulmonary complication
Ppeak
Peak airway pressure
Pplat
Plateau airway pressure
PROBESE trial
PRotective Ventilation with Higher versus Lower PEEP during General Anesthesia for Surgery in OBESE Patients
REDCap™
Research Electronic Data Capture (web-based system used during PROBESE as electronic case report form)
RIFLE classification system
Risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage kidney disease
RM
Recruitment maneuver
RR
Respiratory rate
SPIRIT
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials
SpO2
Peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oximetry
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer
VAS
Visual analogue scale
VT
Tidal volume
WHO
World Health Organization

Background

It is well established that postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), especially postoperative respiratory failure, add greatly to perioperative morbidity and mortality, as well as to postoperative length of hospital stay [13]. Several independent risk factors for the development of PPCs have been identified, ranging from a patient’s health conditions to surgical approaches and anesthetic management [4]. Considering that more than 234 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide per year [5], a reduction of the rate of PPCs might have an important impact on global morbidity and mortality and reduce health system costs. Anesthetists could importantly contribute to preventing such respiratory complications, such as through intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategies expected to affect PPCs beyond preoperative patient status optimization and selection of operative methods to minimize surgical trauma. In fact, mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia has the potential to cause harm to previously noninjured lungs [4].
Authors of an individual patient data meta-analysis showed that intraoperative lung-protective mechanical ventilation using lower tidal volume (VT) in the range of 6 to 8 ml/kg of predicted body weight (PBW), with or without higher levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and with or without lung recruitment maneuvers (RMs), reduced the incidence of PPCs [2]. More recently, authors of another individual patient data meta-analysis identified the use of intraoperative low VT as a protective measure against PPCs, whereas the role of PEEP was unclear [6]. In fact, in a randomized controlled trial with patients with body mass index (BMI) <40 kg/m2 undergoing open abdominal surgery, higher PEEP with RMs did not prevent PPCs compared with lower PEEP without RMs [7].
BMI is an important determinant of respiratory function before and during anesthesia in obese patients [810]. In these patients, lung function impairment can manifest as (1) reduced lung volume with increased atelectasis and/or small airway closure; (2) derangements in respiratory system, lung, and chest wall compliance as well as increased resistance; and (3) moderate to severe hypoxemia. These physiological alterations are more marked in obese patients with hypercapnia or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). To reduce such complications, PEEP levels should theoretically be set higher in obese than in nonobese patients. However, there is as yet no clinical evidence supporting such an approach. An observational study conducted in 28 centers in France revealed that most patients undergoing general surgery, including obese patients, were ventilated with low PEEP (≤4 cmH2O) or even without PEEP, even though average PEEP was higher in obese than in nonobese patients [11]. In fact, current recommendations on the use of PEEP and RMs [4, 12] are derived from trials that included mainly patients with BMI <35 kg/m2 and therefore cannot be extrapolated to obese patients.
The aim of the PRotective Ventilation with Higher versus Lower PEEP during General Anesthesia for Surgery in OBESE Patients (PROBESE) trial is to compare the effects of two intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategies on PPCs, extrapulmonary postoperative complications (PEPCs), and length of hospital stay, as well as intraoperative lung function and hemodynamics, in surgical patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m2. We hypothesized that intraoperative mechanical ventilation using high PEEP with periodic RMs, as compared with low PEEP without RMs, prevents PPCs in obese patients.

Methods/design

Objectives and design

PROBESE is a prospective international multicenter, randomized, controlled, two-arm trial initiated by investigators of the PROtective VEntilation NETwork (www.​provenet.​eu). In total, 2013 patients will be randomly assigned to one of two different intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategies (see Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials [CONSORT] diagram, Fig. 1).
The PROBESE trial will test the hypothesis that, during an intraoperative lung-protective mechanical ventilation strategy with low VT s, higher levels of PEEP and RMs, as compared with ventilation with lower levels of PEEP without RMs, reduce PPCs in obese patients at intermediate to severe risk for PPCs. After starting the trial, recalculation of the sample size was conducted upon a recommendation of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) (seeSample size calculations” section). There were changes in neither the study protocol (version 2.5; February 2016, Additional file 1) nor any of the endpoints. A complete checklist of recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents according to the "Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 is provided in Additional file 2.

Study population

Investigators screen for obese patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia. Patients are eligible if the expected duration of surgery (from incision to closure) exceeds 2 h and if they are at intermediate to high risk for PPCs. The number of patients meeting these enrollment criteria will be recorded.
To identify patients at risk for PPCs, the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia (ARISCAT) score is used [13]. This score predicts individual preoperative risk for PPCs using seven independent predictors, four of which are patient-related and three of which are surgery-related (Table 1). An ARISCAT risk score ≥26 is associated with an intermediate to high risk for PPCs.
Table 1
Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia scores
 
Multivariate analysis, OR (95% CI), n = 1624
β Coefficient
Risk scorea
Age, years
 ≤50
1
  
 51–80
1.4 (0.6–3.3)
0.331
3
 >80
5.1 (1.9–13.3)
1.619
16
Preoperative SpO2, %
 ≥96
1
  
 91–95
2.2 (1.2–4.2)
0.802
8
 ≤90
10.7 (4.1–28.1)
2.375
24
Respiratory infection in the last month
5.5 (2.6–11.5)
1.698
17
Preoperative anemia (≤10 g/dl)
3.0 (1.4–6.5)
1.105
11
Surgical incision
 Peripheral
1
  
 Upper abdominal
4.4 (2.3–8.5)
1.480
15
 Intrathoracic
11.4 (4.9–26.0)
2.431
24
Duration of surgery, h
 ≤2
1
  
 >2–3
4.9 (2.4–10.1)
1.593
16
 >3
9.7 (4.7–19.9)
2.268
23
Emergency procedure
2.2 (1.04–4.5)
0.768
8
SpO 2 Peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oximetry breathing air in supine position
Independent predictors of risk for development of postoperative pulmonary complications as described by Canet et al. [13] (ARISCAT score). A risk score ≥26 predicts an intermediate to high risk for postoperative pulmonary complications)
aThe simplified risk score is the sum of each logistic regression coefficient multiplied by 10, after rounding off its value
Patients are excluded from participation if they are aged <18 years, have undergone any kind of previous lung surgery, have been invasively mechanically ventilated for longer than 30 minutes within the last 30 days before surgery, or have received recent immunosuppressive medication (chemotherapy or radiation therapy up to 2 months prior to surgery). Further exclusion criteria comprise neurosurgical procedures and cardiac surgery, need for one-lung ventilation or planned reintubation following surgery, need for intraoperative prone or lateral decubitus position, enrollment in another interventional study, or refusal to give written informed consent. Additionally, patients showing at least one the following medical conditions are excluded: pregnancy (excluded by anamnesis and/or laboratory analysis), persistent hemodynamic instability or intractable shock (considered hemodynamically unsuitable for the study by the patient’s managing physician), history of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; defined as noninvasive ventilation and/or oxygen therapy at home or repeated systemic corticosteroid therapy for acute exacerbations of COPD), severe cardiac disease (defined as New York Heart Association class III or IV, acute coronary syndrome, or persistent ventricular tachyarrhythmia), concurrent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) expected to require prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation, severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (defined as systolic pulmonary arterial pressure >40 mmHg), intracranial injury, or tumor or neuromuscular disease.

Intervention

Patients undergo intraoperative lung-protective mechanical ventilation with protective low VT of 7 ml/kg (PBW), and they are randomly assigned to a PEEP level of 12 cmH2O with planned lung RMs performed after intubation, hourly thereafter and preceding extubation (“high PEEP”), or a level of PEEP of 4 cmH2O without planned RMs (“low PEEP”). PEEP levels are to be maintained throughout the whole period of intraoperative mechanical ventilation.

Minimization of bias

The allocation sequence is computer-generated (nQuery 4; Statsols, Boston, MA, USA) using permuted blocks of different block sizes, with a maximum block size of 8. Allocation is stratified per center with an allocation ratio of 1:1 for each group. The process of sequence generation and storage is managed by an independent information technology expert not involved in patient care. Randomization is then performed patient-by-patient using a web interface as an integral part of the online case report form (CRF, Additional file 3; seeHandling of data” section).
At each study site, at least two investigators are involved with the study. One investigator is involved with the intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategy and performs the interventions defined in the protocol. A second investigator, who is blinded to randomization, performs postoperative visits and assessment of primary and secondary endpoints.

Standard procedures

To avoid interference with the trial intervention, routine elements of perioperative anesthetic care (including general anesthesia, postoperative pain management, physiotherapeutic procedures, and fluid management) are performed according to each center’s specific expertise and clinical routine. The following approaches are suggested (not mandatory) for anesthetic management:
1.
Use of inhalational isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane; intravenous propofol, remifentanil, or sufentanil; and cisatracurium, atracurium, vecuronium, or rocuronium as required;
 
2.
Use of a balanced solution of prostigmine, or neostigmine and atropine or glycopyrrolate, for reversal of muscle relaxation, guided by neuromuscular function monitoring;
 
3.
Performing postoperative pain management to achieve a visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score <3, and regional or neuraxial analgesia should be used whenever indicated;
 
4.
Use of physiotherapy by early mobilization, deep breathing exercises with and without incentive spirometry, and stimulation of cough in the postoperative period; (5) avoidance of hypo- and hypervolemia;
 
5.
Use of invasive measurement of arterial blood pressure whenever indicated; and
 
6.
Use of appropriate prophylactic antibiotic drugs whenever indicated.
 
Data on the procedures applied will be collected in detail and analyzed.
In addition, the study protocol stresses that routine intraoperative monitoring should include measurements of noninvasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, end-tidal carbon dioxide fraction, and electrocardiography. Every patient should receive at least one peripheral venous line to allow adequate fluid resuscitation during the study period. Nasogastric tubes, urinary bladder catheters, and/or other intravenous catheters, as well as other, more invasive monitoring, may be used according to local practice and/or guidelines. Other procedures should follow the Safe Surgery Checklist of the World Health Organization (WHO) (www.​who.​int/​patientsafety/​safesurgery/​en/​index.​html).

Mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation is performed with anesthesia ventilators in use at each individual center participating in the study. Patients undergo volume-controlled mechanical ventilation with the lowest possible fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2; ≥0.4) to maintain a peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) >92%, an inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio (I:E) of 1:2, and a respiratory rate adjusted to normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure between 35 and 45 mmHg). It is left to the discretion of the attending anesthesiologist whether to use a higher FiO2.
VT is set to 7 ml/kg (PBW). The PBW is calculated according to a predefined formula: 50 + 0.91 × (centimeters of height − 152.4) for men and 45.5 + 0.91 × (centimeters of height − 152.4) for women [14, 15]. VT throughout this protocol refers to the actual inspired VT in the ventilator circuit. PEEP is set according to the randomized intervention to 4 vs. 12 cmH2O and is modified only as part of the rescue strategy (in case of desaturation; see below) or at the discretion of the treating physician.

Planned and unplanned recruitment maneuvers

The RM, as part of the high-PEEP strategy, is performed directly after induction of anesthesia, after any disconnection from the mechanical ventilator, every 1 h during surgery, and before extubation, in a hemodynamically stable situation as judged by the anesthesiologist. RMs may also be performed as part of a rescue strategy in the low-PEEP group. To obtain standardization among centers, RMs will be performed in volume-controlled ventilation mode, as shown schematically in Fig. 2, and according to the following steps:
1.
Set peak inspiratory pressure limit to 55 cmH2O.
 
2.
Set VT to 7 ml/kg PBW and respiratory rate to ≥6 breaths/minute while PEEP is 12 cmH2O (or higher if during rescue; see below).
 
3.
Set I:E to 1:1.
 
4.
Increase VT in steps of 4 ml/kg PBW until plateau pressure reaches 40–50 cmH2O.
 
5.
If the maximum VT allowed by the anesthesia ventilator is achieved and the plateau pressure is <40 cmH2O, increase the PEEP as needed but only to a maximum of 20 cmH2O.
 
6.
Allow the patient three breaths while maintaining plateau pressure of 40–50 cmH2O.
 
7.
Set respiratory rate, I:E, inspiratory pause, and VT back to prerecruitment values while maintaining PEEP at 12 cmH2O (or higher if during rescue).
 

Rescue strategies for intraoperative hypoxemia

If SpO2 ≤92% develops, increase in airway resistance, presence of intrinsic PEEP, hemodynamic impairment, and ventilator malfunction must be excluded before group-specific stepwise rescue strategies can be applied (Table 2).
Table 2
Rescue strategies for intraoperative hypoxemia
 
Lower PEEP
Higher PEEP
Step
FiO2
PEEP (cmH2O)
FiO2
PEEP (cmH2O)
1
0.5
4
 
0.4
14
(+RM)
2
0.6
4
 
0.4
16
(+RM)
3
0.7
4
 
0.4
18
(+RM)
4
0.8
4
 
0.5
18
 
5
0.9
4
 
0.6
18
 
6
1.0
4
 
0.7
18
 
7
1.0
5
 
0.8
18
 
8
1.0
6
 
0.9
18
 
9
1.0
7
(+RM)
1.0
18
 
10
   
1.0
20
(+RM)
Abbreviations: FiO 2 Fraction of inspired oxygen, PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure, RM Recruitment maneuver
If intraoperative hypoxemia, defined as oxygen saturation ≤92%, develops, sequences of interventions will be used according to group assignment
In patients receiving lower PEEP levels, rescue consists primarily of an increase in FiO2, whereas elevation of PEEP levels is restricted to more severe cases of hypoxemia. In the higher PEEP group, the rescue strategy consists primarily of increase of PEEP before FiO2 is to be increased. At any rescue step, the treating physician may consider reducing PEEP if SpO2 deteriorates further in an otherwise hemodynamically stable patient.

Protocol deviation

Anesthesiologists may deviate from the ventilation protocol at any time if concerns about patient safety arise or upon the surgeon’s request. PEEP may be modified according to the anesthesiologist’s judgment in the presence of any of the following clinical situations:
1.
Decrease in systolic arterial pressure <90 mmHg and unresponsive to fluids and/or vasoactive drugs
 
2.
Need for a dosage of vasoactive drugs at the tolerance limit
 
3.
New arrhythmias unresponsive to the treatment suggested by the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines [16]
 
4.
Blood loss requiring massive transfusion (defined as replacement of >100% blood volume in 24 h or >50% of blood volume in 4 h to maintain hematocrit >21% [hemoglobin >7 mg/dl])
 
5.
Any life-threatening surgical complication that might benefit from changes in PEEP
 
Details about any protocol deviation will be prospectively collected and analyzed.

Study endpoints

The primary endpoint of PROBESE is a collapsed composite of all PPCs developing within the first 5 postoperative days. With this approach, each complication is weighted equally. Patients who develop a least one complication are considered as meeting the primary endpoint.
PPCs are defined as follows:
1.
Mild respiratory failure (partial pressure of arterial oxygen [PaO2] <60 mmHg or SpO2 <90% breathing at least 10 minutes of room air but responding to supplemental oxygen of 2 L/minute, excluding hypoventilation);
 
2.
Moderate respiratory failure (PaO2 <60 mmHg or SpO2 <90% breathing ≥10 minutes of room air but responding only to supplemental oxygen >2 L/minute, excluding hypoventilation);
 
3.
Severe respiratory failure (need for noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, excluding hypoventilation resulting from use of sedative agents);
 
4.
ARDS (according to the Berlin Definition [17]);
 
5.
Bronchospasm (newly detected expiratory wheezing treated with bronchodilators);
 
6.
New pulmonary infiltrates (chest x-ray demonstrating new monolateral or bilateral infiltrate without other clinical signs);
 
7.
Pulmonary infection (new or progressive radiographic infiltrate plus at least two of the following: antibiotic treatment, tympanic temperature >38 °C, leukocytosis or leukopenia [white blood cell count <4000 cells/mm3 or >12,000 cells/mm3], and/or purulent secretions);
 
8.
Aspiration pneumonitis (respiratory failure after the inhalation of regurgitated gastric contents);
 
9.
Pleural effusion (chest x-ray demonstrating blunting of the costophrenic angle, loss of the sharp silhouette of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm in upright position, evidence of displacement of adjacent anatomical structures, or [in supine position] a hazy opacity in one hemithorax with preserved vascular shadows);
 
10.
Atelectasis (lung opacification with shift of the mediastinum, hilum, or hemidiaphragm toward the affected area, as well as compensatory overinflation in the adjacent nonatelectatic lung);
 
11.
Cardiopulmonary edema (clinical signs of congestion, including dyspnea, edema, rales, and jugular venous distention, with chest x-ray demonstrating increase in vascular markings and diffuse alveolar interstitial infiltrates); and
 
12.
Pneumothorax (air in the pleural space with no vascular bed surrounding the visceral pleura).
 
Secondary clinical endpoints include the following:
1.
Collapsed severe PPC composite, defined as any of the above-mentioned adverse pulmonary events, except mild respiratory failure;
 
2.
Intraoperative adverse events (AEs), such as hypoxemia (defined as SpO2 ≤92%), hypotension (defined as systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), and bradycardia (defined as heart rate <50 beats/minute);
 
3.
Unexpected need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission or ICU readmission;
 
4.
Hospital-free days at follow-up day 90;
 
5.
Postoperative wound healing; and
 
6.
Postoperative extrapulmonary complications (PEPCs).
 
PEPCs include systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock (all according to consensus criteria [18]); extrapulmonary infection (wound infection or any other infection); coma (Glasgow Coma Scale score <8 in the absence of therapeutic coma or sedation); acute myocardial infarction (according to universal definition of myocardial infarction [19]); acute renal failure (according to the risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage kidney disease [RIFLE] classification system [20]); disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (according to the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis diagnostic scoring system for DIC [21]); gastrointestinal failure (GIF) (defined according to the GIF score [22]); and hepatic failure (defined as the ratio of total bilirubin on postoperative day 5 to postoperative day 1 >1.7 and ratio of international normalized ratio [INR] on postoperative day 5 to postoperative day 1 >1.0, or new presence of hepatic encephalopathy and coagulopathy [INR >1.5] within 8 weeks after initial signs of liver injury [e.g., jaundice] without evidence of chronic liver disease) (adapted from Du et al. [23] and Wlodzimirow et al. [24]).
At the discretion of participating centers, blood and urine samples are collected preoperatively as well as directly postoperatively and on postoperative day 5. Samples will be analyzed centrally for systemic markers of inflammation and coagulation (including but not limited to interleukins 6 and 8, thrombin-antithrombin, protein C, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) as well as systemic markers of injury to the lungs (including but not limited to plasma E-cadherin, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, and surfactant proteins A and D) and to distal organs, including renal injury (including but not limited to plasma/urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cystatin C). The standard operating procedure for collecting and processing biomarkers in plasma and urine is available in the online supplement (Additional files 4 and 5, respectively).

Study visits and data collection

Patients are visited preoperatively, intraoperatively, daily between postoperative days 1 and 5, and at discharge. On postoperative day 90, patients are contacted by phone (Fig. 3). A complete participant time line, including all variables as well as interventions, is available in Additional files 1 and 2.
During the preoperative visit, eligible patients meeting none of the exclusion criteria are asked by physicians to provide written informed consent. (Model consent form and information to study patients). Baseline variables are collected, including sex; age; height; weight; BMI; waist/hip ratio according to WHO guidelines; physical status according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists; functional status according to Cumulated Ambulation Score [25]; cardiovascular status (heart failure according to the New York Heart Association classification, coronary heart disease according to Canadian Cardiovascular Society, atrial flutter/fibrillation, arterial hypertension); pulmonary status (COPD, including steroids and/or inhalation therapy use, respiratory infection within the last month, use of noninvasive ventilatory support); history of OSA, including apnea-hypopnea index or STOP-Bang score (snoring, tired, observed stopped breathing or choking/gasping, pressure, body mass index >35 kg/m2, age >50 years, large neck size, and male sex) [26] in patients without diagnosis of OSA); metabolic status (diabetes mellitus, including data on treatment); history of active cancer; smoking status; alcohol status; gastroesophageal reflux; oral medication (e.g., use of antibiotics, statins, aspirin); preoperative organ function (SpO2 in beach chair position breathing room air; if possible, SpO2 in supine position breathing room air; if possible, so-called oxygen stress test, with this measurement left to the discretion of each center); respiratory rate; heart rate; mean arterial pressure; body temperature; airway secretion, including data on purulence, VAS score (1–10) for dyspnea, chest pain, and abdominal rest; and incident pain. Preoperative nonmandatory measurements include spirometry (forced ventilatory capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second), chest x-ray (assessed for infiltrates, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and cardiopulmonary edema), and routine laboratory tests (including hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase, bilirubin).
During the intraoperative visit, both surgery- and anesthesia-related data are recorded, including duration of surgery (from incision to closure), transfusion of blood products within 6 h before surgery, priority and type of surgery, wound classification, patient positioning during operation, duration of anesthesia (from intubation to extubation or exit from operating room if on mechanical ventilation), anesthetic procedure details, drugs and fluids administered during anesthesia (e.g., anesthetics, vasoactive drugs, transfusion). Ventilator settings, hemodynamics, need for rescue strategy, and AEs are recorded at anesthesia induction and hourly thereafter (in the higher PEEP group, before performing the RM) as well as during the plateau phase of the RM.
Clinical data, including actual organ function and the presence of PPCs and PEPCs, are scored during postoperative visits on a daily basis. Nonmandatory measures include chest x-ray, spirometry, and routine laboratory tests. Patients will be visited until discharge. On postoperative day 90, the sum of hospital-free days is recorded. Day 90 is defined as the last day of follow-up; accordingly, patients still admitted to the hospital will be last visited on that day.

Study dropouts

Because participation in the trial is voluntary, a subject has the right to withdraw consent to participate in the study at any time for any reason without any consequences for further medical treatment. Furthermore, investigators have the right to terminate participation of any subject at any time if the investigator deems it in the participant’s best interest. The reasons and circumstances for study discontinuation will be documented in the CRF. Primarily, all data will be analyzed according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. Secondarily, data will be analyzed as per protocol.

Handling of data

Patient data are collected in pseudonymous form using a patient identification number of six digits. The first three digits correspond to the site identifier, and the remaining three digits correspond to the patient inclusion number at the respective site. Study data are collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap™; a web-based system used during PROBESE as electronic case report form) electronic data capture tools hosted at the Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials of the University of Dresden, Germany [27]. REDCap is a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)-encrypted, password-protected, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies. Full access to the final trial dataset will be granted to selected investigators only (MGdA, TB, and JSc). If a substudy is approved by the steering committee, access to data related only to the substudy will be granted to the respective principal investigator.

Sample size calculations

Sample size calculation was based on our primary hypothesis that, in obese patients ventilated intraoperatively with protective low VT, high PEEP leads to lower incidence of PPCs than lower PEEP. Effect sizes were derived from data collected during the ARISCAT study [13] and a single-center, relatively small study in which researchers reported the effects of intraoperative higher PEEP and RMs on the incidence of postoperative desaturation, chest infection, and bronchospasm in obese patients who underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery [28].
Prior to the start of the study, these calculations had indicated that 356 patients would be required per group, assuming a two-sided significance level of 0.05 (α) and a power of 80%, to detect the expected difference in PPCs between the higher-PEEP group of 30% and the lower-PEEP group of 40% (risk ratio of 0.75). However, the sample size was reestimated after data of the first 618 patients revealed that the overall incidence of the collapsed composite outcome was 20% and, thus, lower than initially expected. Also, the adjustment of the sample size took into account the need for interim analyses for efficacy and futility at 50%, 75%, and 100% of the total number of patients, for which a nonbinding group sequential design with γ spending functions (γ = −4 for each of α and β) was used. In total, 1912 patients will be included in the analysis. Assuming a dropout rate of 5%, 2013 patients will be enrolled. Table 3 shows the α and β spent over the trial, z-statistic boundaries for efficacy and futility, and boundary-crossing probabilities under the alternative hypothesis (H1). The corresponding P value boundaries for efficacy and futility at the first, second, and final looks, respectively, are P ≤ 0.006, P ≤ 0.015, and P ≤ 0.044, as well as P > 0.82, P > 0.35, and P > 0.044, respectively. Figure 4 displays the z-statistic boundaries for efficacy/harm and futility as a function of accrued sample size. East 6.0 interim monitoring software (Cytel Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA) was used for sample size calculations.
Table 3
Z-statistic boundaries and boundary-crossing probabilities
Look
Information fraction
N
Cumulative α spent
Cumulative β spent
Z-efficacy
Z-futility
Boundary-crossing probabilities under H1
Efficacy
Futility
1
0.5
956
0.006
0.024
≥2.75
<0.225
0.234
0.024
2
0.75
1434
0.018
0.071
≥2.432
<0.929
0.296
0.047
3
1
1912
0.05
0.2
≥2.012
<2.012
0.271
0.129
Look Interim analysis, N Number of patients, H1 Hypothesis 1 (group difference exists)
Values were calculated using power = 0.80, α = 0.05, γ spending functions (γ = −4), and expected incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications of 20% (p1) and 15% (p2) in the lower and higher positive end-expiratory pressure groups, respectively
To foster the study and increase the interest of practicing physicians, the steering committee will apply for endorsement of national and international professional societies. The following societies have already given endorsement to the trial: the European Society of Anaesthesiology, the European Society for Perioperative Care of the Obese Patient, the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, and the Italian Society of Anesthesiology and Reanimation.

Statistical analysis

Exploratory analysis will include mean and SD for normally distributed variables. Non-normally distributed variables will be expressed by their medians and IQRs, and categorical variables will be expressed as count (percent). Parametric or nonparametric tests will be used as appropriate. Categorical variables will be compared with chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact test, or as relative risk, if appropriate. Statistical uncertainty will be expressed by 95% CIs.
Preoperative (baseline) data will be tested for any imbalance. If imbalances are detected (despite 1:1 randomization of a relatively large cohort), those factors will be corrected for using a multiple logistic regression model.
The primary endpoint, namely occurrence of any PPC (collapsed composite endpoint) within the first 5 postoperative days, will be presented as total percentage per group and analyzed as continuous data. Primary and secondary outcome variables describing time to event will be analyzed using a proportional hazards model adjusted for possible baseline imbalances. A linear mixed model with two factors (study group and time) will be used to analyze variables repetitively measured over time.
In case of loss to follow-up or study dropout, those cases will be reported, and ITT as well as per-protocol analyses will be performed. For ITT analysis, data will be processed for all patients in the groups to which they were randomized. The per-protocol analysis will be conducted to assess the primary outcome in cases where there is a considerable proportion of patients who do not receive their randomized intervention or are lost to follow-up. Patients discharged earlier than postoperative day 5 are considered as not experiencing any PPC or PEPC during the out-of-hospital days. In this regard, missing data will be handled by means of the last observation carried forward method.
Given that laparoscopic surgery is common in obese patients, we anticipate that a subgroup analysis of primary and secondary endpoints will be conducted for this type of surgery as well. A further subgroup analysis of patients with obesity class III according to the WHO definition (i.e., BMI ≥40 kg/m2) will be performed. Given the importance of driving pressure to determine PPCs [29, 30], a subgroup analysis taking into account cutoff values and changes in PEEP will be conducted.

Possibility and policy for substudies

Participating centers are allowed to conduct substudies, provided that (1) no interference with the primary protocol occurs; (2) approval by the local institutional review board is obtained; and (3) the steering committee accepts the proposal according to its originality, feasibility, and importance. Currently, substudies with electrical impedance tomography, spirometry, respiratory system mechanics, and preoperative oxygen stress test are under evaluation. Publication of substudies, in any form, is strictly forbidden until the results of the primary study have been published.

Trial organization

The trial is managed by a team consisting of the chief investigator (MGdA), the trial coordinator (TB), the statisticians (JSc, GM), the informatics technician responsible for the web-based electronic data capture system (Marko Kaeppler), and the monitors (Luigi Vivona, Alice Bergamaschi). A steering committee contributed to the design and revision of the study and will be responsible for interpretation of data and compilation of a resulting manuscript.
Patient data and safety are closely monitored by a DSMB, which is composed of a chairperson (Daniel Sessler) and four other members (Jennifer Hunter, Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, Jean-Louis Vincent, and Andreas Hoeft). All AEs entered into the electronic CRF within prespecified time frames, including severe AEs and suspected unexpected severe adverse reactions, are monitored by an international AE manager (ASN), who provides the DSMB with reports for review. The DSMB further monitors the overall status of the trial (e.g., progress of patient enrollment, general adherence to protocol, and completeness of data entry). Monitoring visits will be conducted as deemed necessary by the DSMB. National coordinators are responsible for administration and communication with local principal investigators, as well as for assistance during trial management and data collection. When submitting the report on the results of the trial for possible publication, sites will be eligible for one collaborative coauthorship plus a further coauthorship for every 12 treated patients with complete datasets.

Discussion

Despite being lifesaving, mechanical ventilation has the potential to aggravate or even initiate lung injury. In patients with previously injured lungs, especially those with ARDS, mechanical ventilation with low VT [31] and driving pressures [32] has been shown to decrease mortality. Furthermore, in more severe ARDS, high PEEP improves survival [33]. Such effects have been attributed to avoidance of tidal overdistention as well as cyclic collapse and reopening of lung units, which may trigger the inflammatory lung response [34]. Interestingly, low VT with low to moderate PEEP levels has been also reported to facilitate weaning [35] and reduce pulmonary complications [36] in critically ill patients without lung injury. However, the value of protective ventilation in the absence of lung injury has been challenged. In pigs with noninjured lungs, VT as high as 27 ml/kg was not associated with relevant degrees of lung damage [37]. Such an observation might be explained by the fact that, within a certain range, mechanical ventilation does not injure lungs if a previous insult (first hit), such as inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, or factors impairing the homogeneity of ventilation [38], are not present. Surgery itself can trigger a systemic inflammatory response [39], which may prime the lungs for possible harmful effects of mechanical ventilation. In fact, protective intraoperative mechanical ventilation with low VT and PEEP is able to prevent postoperative respiratory failure in patients undergoing abdominal or thoracic surgery, and those who develop this adverse pulmonary event not only have longer stays in the hospital but also a significantly higher risk of death [2]. However, though the role of intraoperative low VT [6] and low driving pressure [29, 30] to decrease the risk of PPCs has been defined, the role of PEEP is more controversial [4, 7, 40, 41].
The decision to address the obese patient population undergoing surgery is based on several aspects. The proportion of obese patients undergoing surgery is higher than in the general population [42]. Treatment of these patients is usually challenging because their needs in terms of perioperative care differ from those of nonobese patients and are often unmet. For example, the deleterious effects of anesthesia on the respiratory system of obese patients are exacerbated when compared with nonobese patients. The known decrease in end-expiratory lung volume following induction of general anesthesia is striking in obese patients, mainly because of formation of lung atelectasis, which may impair gas exchange [43]. Previous studies addressed the effects of intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategies aimed at reverting the formation of atelectasis during general anesthesia in obese patients. Respiratory strategies that increase the pressure of the airways during induction of anesthesia, such as the application of noninvasive ventilation [44], use of PEEP with [45] or without RMs [46], or a combination of all of these [47], seem to be useful for improving the respiratory function of obese patients in the pre- and intraoperative periods [48]. Nevertheless, their effects seem to be short-lived in the postoperative period [49, 50]. To our knowledge, the impact of such strategies on clinically relevant outcome endpoints, such as adverse pulmonary events, has not previously been addressed. Therefore, we believe PROBESE is the first large, international, multicenter randomized controlled trial addressing the effects of PEEP during protective low VT on postoperative outcome.
We opted for testing the impact of two ventilation strategies at the same low VT but mainly differing in the level of PEEP. The decision to use a PEEP value of 4 cmH2O in the low-PEEP group derives mainly from reports on the practice of intraoperative mechanical ventilation in obese patients [11, 51], but it also takes into account aspects regarding patient safety. In fact, use of PEEP of 0 cmH2O during anesthesia in morbidly obese patients is still common practice and is usually compensated for by means of proportionally high VT values [52]. The level of PEEP in the high-PEEP group has been intensely debated by the steering committee of the trial. The decision to use a PEEP of 12 cmH2O was based on reports of several small clinical studies showing that such a level of PEEP is able to preserve the end-expiratory lung volume after induction of anesthesia [46, 53] and to avoid development of significant atelectasis when preceded by RMs [45]. Theoretically, PEEP values >12 cmH2O might be even more effective to avoid progressive derecruitment of lungs, but they could also result in more severe impairment of hemodynamics [54, 55]. In fact, a previous trial by our group with nonobese patients undergoing open abdominal surgery showed that high PEEP levels are more frequently associated with intraoperative hypotension that in turn requires more fluids and support with vasoactive drugs [7]. We also decided not to use an individual titration of PEEP for two reasons. First, even a PEEP titrated to a respiratory mechanical target, such as the elastance of the respiratory system, represents a compromise in terms of regional overdistention and collapsing-reopening of lung units and does not fully prevent atelectasis formation. Second, the setting of PEEP shall be pragmatic (i.e., practicable for anesthetists worldwide) while keeping the physiological rationale. The RM is based on a stepwise increase of VT and PEEP, which allows opening of lung units without interruption of mechanical ventilation [40] and ensures standardization across different centers [7]. Furthermore, because the maneuver was designed for volume-controlled ventilation, it can be performed with practically all anesthesia ventilators. During RMs, the target airway pressure in the range of 40–50 cmH2O was based on previous functional studies in obese patients. Also, the inspiratory time of approximately 5 seconds was chosen to allow enough pressure versus time product to open atelectatic lung units [56]. We opted for recruiting lungs not only after intubation but also every hour thereafter in order to revert possible progressive derecruitment at PEEP of 12 cmH2O. For both the lower- and higher-PEEP groups, rescue protocols for the progression of intraoperative hypoxemia were defined to protect patients while allowing a standardized approach that minimizes interference with the respective interventions. Importantly, deviations from the protocol, even rescue because of hypoxemia, are explicitly allowed, provided this is in the best interest of the patient.
It is worth noting that recommendations have been made also with regard to different phases and aspects of the anesthetic procedure, including monitoring, choice of anesthetic agents, muscle paralysis and its reversal, intravascular volume loading and maintenance, postoperative analgesia target, and respiratory management at induction and emergence of anesthesia (e.g., use of continuous or noninvasive positive pressure and positioning). However, PROBESE is a pragmatic study, and influence on local practice of respective sites is being kept to a minimum, focusing on factors that are more directly related to the hypothesis being investigated.
Besides postoperative respiratory failure, several other adverse pulmonary events seem to add to the odds of mortality in the surgical population. In-hospital length of stay and mortality increase with the number of single pulmonary AEs in the postoperative period [1]. For this reason, in the PROBESE trial, we opted for a binary collapsed composite of single adverse pulmonary events as a primary endpoint, despite the fact that single events may differ in terms of severity. Therefore, the use of PPCs as a primary endpoint in the PROBESE trial not only has clinical relevance for the practicing anesthetist but also increases the study power because of summation of the incidence of single AEs. In spite of this, the study analysis will address not only the composite itself but also the incidence of each element separately, as well as a secondary composite that excludes mild respiratory failure. Furthermore, given the importance of minimally invasive surgical techniques in the obese population, we will conduct a separate analysis of the primary endpoint in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, as well as of patients with obesity class III of the WHO (BMI ≥40 kg/m2).
Not only the respiratory system but also other organ systems may be impaired in the postoperative period in obese patients. Thus, the analysis will also address the impact of intraoperative mechanical ventilation on single organs and a collapsed composite of nonpulmonary AEs, namely the PEPCs. In addition, further relevant outcome measures that might be related to PPCs and PEPCs, especially the length of hospital stay, will be addressed. This outcome variable not only is a measure of morbidity but has also direct impact on related health costs. Because we anticipate that, during surgery, both the lower- and the higher-PEEP groups will experience impacts on intraoperative oxygenation, respiratory system mechanics, and arterial blood pressure, intraoperative respiratory function and hemodynamic variables will also be evaluated.
Much attention has been paid to safety in the PROBESE trial. Accordingly, data and patient safety during the PROBESE trial is closely monitored by a DSMB whose members have been chosen for their expertise in clinical research, as well as by a serious AE/AE manager. The web-based approach for research electronic data capture (REDCap™) will be used for building the database within a secure system and allowing access to the electronic CRF as well as randomization of patients into groups within one single platform from all participating sites across the world.
In summary, PROBESE is the first multicenter, international, adequately powered randomized controlled trial that compares the effects of two different levels of intraoperative PEEP during protective low VT on PPCs in obese patients. The results of the PROBESE trial will support anesthesiologists in their decision to set PEEP during general anesthesia for surgery in obese patients.

Trial status

The PROBESE trial is currently recruiting patients.

Acknowledgements

We thank Marko Kaeppler for building and maintaining the electronic CRF, as well as the team of the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) for organizational support, study promotion, and on-site monitoring: Brigitte Leva, Sandrine Damster, Benoit Plichon, Julia Dowell, and Pierre Harlet. We are also thankful to Edward J. Mascha, PhD, from the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and the Department of Anesthesia Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, for statistical advice regarding adjustment of sample sizes. We are indebted to all the PROBESE investigators listed in Appendix 1.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors’ contributions

TB conceived and designed the study, coordinates the overall study and drafted the manuscript. RT participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. TK participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. IB participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. JC participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Spain and contributed to the final manuscript. GC participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. LdB participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Belgium and contributed to the final manuscript. CG participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. GH participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. SNH participated in the design of the study, co-coordinates the study in the Netherlands and contributed to the final manuscript. MH participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. MWH participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in The Netherlands and contributed to the final manuscript. SJ participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. JGL participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Canada and contributed to the final manuscript. MJL participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Switzerland and contributed to the final manuscript. KM participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Austria and contributed to the final manuscript. IM participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. GM performed the sample size calculation, drafted the statistical analysis plan and contributed to the final manuscript. GHM participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in the United Kingdom and contributed to the final manuscript. JPM participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. CP participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. RR participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. JSc drafted the statistical analysis plan and contributed to the final manuscript. MS participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Turkey and contributed to the final manuscript. ASN participated in the design of the study, monitors and reports adverse events and contributed to the final manuscript. PS participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. JSp participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in the United States and contributed to the final manuscript. MFVM participated in the design of the study and contributed to the final manuscript. HW participated in the design of the study, coordinates the study in Germany and contributed to the final manuscript. MJS conceived and designed the study and drafted the manuscript. PP conceived and designed the study and drafted the manuscript. MGdA conceived and designed the study and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Not applicable.

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Anhänge

Appendix 1

Table 4
PROBESE investigators
Site ID
Site name
Collaborator(s)
Email address(es)
001
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering Group, University Hospital Dresden, Germany
Andreas Güldner
Robert Huhle
Christopher Uhlig
Luigi Vivona
Alice Bergamaschi
andreas.güldner@uniklinikum-dresden.de
robert.huhle@tu-dresden.de
christopher.uhlig@uniklinikum-dresden.de
vivonag@tiscali.it
alice_bergamaschi@libero.it
002
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Aachen, Germany
Rossaint, Rolf
Stevanovic, Ana
rrossaint@ukaachen.de
astevanovic@ukaachen.de
003
Department of Anesthesiology CLIPS Clinical Trials – Patient-centered Studies, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
Treschan, Tanja
Maximilian Schaefer
Kienbaum, Peter
tanja.treschan@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
maximilian.schaefer@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
peter.kienbaum@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
004
Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
Laufenberg-Feldmann, Rita
rita.laufenberg@unimedizin-mainz.de
005
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Clinic Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Germany
Bergmann, Lars
Ebner, Felix
Robitzky, Luisa
Mölders, Patrick
Unterberg, Matthias
lars.bergmann@kk-bochum.de
felix.ebner@kk-bochum.de
luisa.robitzky@gmail.com
patrick.moelders@kk-bochum.de
matthias.unterberg@kk-bochum.de
006
Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
Busch, Cornelius
cornelius.busch@med.uni-heidelberg.de
007
Department of Anesthesiology, Marienhospital Wesel, Germany
Achilles, Marc
marc.achilles@prohomine.de
008
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Marienstift Friesoythe, Germany
Menzen, Angelika
Freesemann, Harbert
dr.menzen@marienstift-friesoythe.de
dr.freesemann@smhf.de
009
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
Putensen, Christian
putensen@uni-bonn.de
011
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal
Machado, Humberto
Cavaleiro, Carla
Ferreira, Cristina
Pinho, Daniela
Carvalho, Marta
Pinho, Sílvia
Soares, Maria
director.anestesia@hgsa.min-saude.pt
cscavaleiro@gmail.com
crispintoferreira@gamil.com
daniepinho@gmail.com
marta.monteiro.carvalho@gmail.com
silviaabpinho@gmail.com
mariapereirasoares@gmail.com
012
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Centro Hospitalar Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
Castro, Diogo Sousa
diogosousacastro@hotmail.com
013
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
Abelha, Fernando
fernando.abelha@gmail.com
014
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
Rabico, Rui
rrabico@gmail.com
021
Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York, NY, USA
Delphin, Ellise
edelphin@montefiore.org
022
Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Sprung, Juraj
Weingarten, Toby N.
Kellogg, Todd A.
Martin, Yvette N.
McKenzie, Travis J
sprung.juraj@mayo.edu
weingarten.toby@mayo.edu
kellogg.todd@mayo.edu
martin.yvette@mayo.edu
mckenzie.travis@mayo.edu
023
Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Brull, Sorin J.
Renew, J. Ross
brull.sorin@mayo.edu
renew.j@mayo.edu
024
Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Ramakrishna, Harish
ramakrishna.harish@mayo.edu
025
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, USA
Fernandez-Bustamante, Ana
ana.fernandez-bustamante@ucdenver.edu
026
Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Balonov, Konstantin
kbalonov@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
027
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
Baig, Harris R.
hbaig@umc.edu
028
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Kacha, Aalok
akacha@dacc.uchicago.edu
031
Department of Anesthesiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Pedemonte, Juan C.
Altermatt, Fernando
Corvetto, Marcia A.
Paredes, Sebastian
Carmona, Javiera
Rolle, Augusto
jcpedemo@gmail.com
falterma@med.puc.cl
marciacorvetto@gmail.com
sparedese@gmail.com
javiera.carmona.b@gmail.com
arollep@gmail.com
041
Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bos, Elke
Beurskens, Charlotte
e.m.bos@amc.uva.nl
c.j.beurskens@amc.uva.nl
042
Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Veering, B
b.t.h.veering@lumc.nl
043
Department of Anesthesiology, Westfriesgasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands
Zonneveldt, Harry
h.zonneveldt@westfriesgasthuis.nl
044
Department of Anesthesiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Boer, Christa
m.w.hollmann@amc.uva.nl
045
Department of Anesthesiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwen Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Godfried, Marc
Thiel, Bram
m.b.godfried@olvg.nl
b.thiel@olvg.nl
051
Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Kabon, Barbara
Reiterer, Christian
barbara.kabon@meduniwien.ac.at
christian.reiterer@meduniwien.ac.at
061
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
Canet, Jaume
Tolós, Raquel
Sendra, Mar
González, Miriam
Gómez, Noemí
jcanet.germanstrias@gencat.cat
rakeltp@yahoo.es
marsendra@gmail.com
miriamgn@hotmail.com
noe6gl@hotmail.com
062
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Spain
Ferrando, Carlos
Tania Socorro
Ana Izquierdo
Marina Soro
cafeoranestesia@gmail.com
austania@gmail.com
anaizpa@gmail.com
soromarina@gmail.com
063
Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Relief, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Spain
Granell Gil, Manuel
Hernández Cádiz, María José
Biosca Pérez, Elena
mgranellg@hotmail.com
mj.herca@hotmail.com
ebipe@hotmail.com
064
Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Critical Care, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Suarez-de-la-Rica, Alejandro
Lopez-Martinez, Mercedes
Huercio, Iván
Maseda, Emilio
Yagüe, Julio
alejandro.suarez.delarica@gmail.com
mercelopezmartinez@yahoo.es
ivanhuercio@gmail.com
emilio.maseda@gmail.com
juyaru@gmail.com
065
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Spain
Cebrian Moreno, Alba
a.cebrian.moreno@gmail.com
066
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Spain
Rivas, Eva
Lopez-Baamonde, Manuel
erivas@clinic.ub.es
lopez10@clinic.cat
071
Depts. of Anesthesiology, 1King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia & 2Assiut University- EGYPT & 3Mansoura University- EGYPT.
1,2 Elgendy, Hamed
1,3Sayedalahl,Mohamed
helgendy70@gmail.com
al-ahl.m@kamc.med.sa
072
Department of Anesthesiology, King Abdulaziz National Guard Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sibai, Abdul Razak
sibaiab@ngha.med.sa
081
Department of Anaesthesiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Yavru, Aysen
Sivrikoz, Nukhet
Karadeniz, Meltem
aysenyg@gmail.com
ntsz06@gmail.com
mskaradeniz@gmail.com
082
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Corman Dincer, Pelin
Ayanoglu, Hilmi Omer
Tore Altun, Gulbin
Kavas, Ayse Duygu
pelincorman@yahoo.com
ayanoglu@mamara.edu.tr
dr_gulbin@yahoo.com
adkavas@hotmail.com
083
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
Dinc, Bora
drboradinc@gmail.com
084
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
Kuvaki, Bahar
Ozbilgin, Sule
bkuvaki@deu.edu.tr
ozbilginsule@gmail.com
085
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Erdogan, Dilek
Koksal, Ceren
Abitagaglu, Suheyla
dilekerdoganari@gmail.com
ceren_hazer@yahoo.com
suheylaatay81@gmail.com
091
Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Italy
Aurilio, Caterina
Sansone, Pasquale
Pace, Caterina Maria
Donatiello, Valerio
Mattera, Silvana
Palange, Nazareno
Di Colandrea, Salvatore
caterina.aurilio@unina2.it
pasquale.sansone@unina2.it
caterina.pace@libero.it
valerio.donatiello@gmail.com
silvanamattera@gmail.com
nazareno.palange@gmail.com
di.colandrea@libero.it
092
Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Ospedale Sant’ Anna, Ferrara, Italy
Spadaro, Savino
Volta, Carlo Alberto
Ragazzi, Riccardo
Ciardo, Stefano
Gobbi, Luca
savinospadaro@gmail.com
vlc@unife.it
rgc@unife.it
stefano.ciardo@student.unife.it
lucagobbi1988@gmail.com
093
Department of Environment, Health and Safety, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Severgnini, Paolo
Bacuzzi, Alessandro
Brugnoni, Elisa
paolo.severgnini@uninsubria.it
alessandro.bacuzzi@gmail.com
elisa.brugnoni@gmail.com
094
Dept. of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, IRCCS AOU San Martino, IST, University of Genoa, Italy
Gratarola, Angelo
Micalizzi, Camilla
Simonassi, Francesca
Malerbi, Patrizia
a.gratarola@gmail.com
camilla.micalizzi@gmail.com
fra.simonassi@libero.it
patrizia.malerbi@hsanmartino.it
095
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ospedale U. Parini, AUSL della Valle d’ Aosta, Italy
Carboni, Adrea
acarboni@ausl.vda.it
101
Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland
Licker, Marc-Joseph
marc-joseph.licker@hcuge.ch
102
Institute for Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Kantonsspital Frauenfeld, Switzerland
Dullenkopf, Alexander
alexander.dullenkopf@stgag.ch
103
Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
Goettel, Nicolai
nicolai.goettel@usb.ch
111
University Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia
Nesek Adam, Visnja
Karaman Ilić, Maja
visnja.nesek@hotmail.com
majakilic@gmail.com
112
Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
Klaric, Vlasta
Vitkovic, Bibiana
Milic, Morena
Miro, Zupcic
vllastica@gmail.com
bibianavit@hotmail.com
morena.milic@gmail.com
miro_zupcic@yahoo.com
121
Department of Anesthesiology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
De Baerdemaeker, Luc
De Hert, Stefan
Heyse, Bjorn
Van Limmen, Jurgen
Van Nieuwenhove, Yves
luc.debaerdemaeker@ugent.be
stefan.dehert@ugent.be
bjorn.heyse@ugent.be
jurgen.vanlimmen@ugent.be
yves.vannieuwenhove@ugent.be
123
Department of Anesthesiology, UH Antwerpen, Belgium
Mertens, Els
els.mertens@uza.be
124
Department of Anesthesiology, UZ Leuven, Belgium
Neyrinck, Arne
arne.neyrinck@uzleuven.be
125
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive care and Emergency, AZ Sint Jan Brugge, Bruges, Belgium
Mulier, Jan
jan.mulier@azsintjan.be
126
Department of Anesthesiology, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Belgium
Kahn, David
david.kahn@uclouvain.be
131
Department of Anesthesiology, Ponderas Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
Godoroja, Daniela
danielagodoroja@yahoo.com
141
Department of Intensive Care, St James’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Martin-Loeches, Martin
drmartinloeches@gmail.com
151
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Zaporozhye State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
Vorotyntsev, Sergiy
vorotyntsev_s@ukr.net
152
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lutsk Clinical Hospital, Lutsk, Ukraine
Fronchko, Valentyna
fron@ua.fm
161
Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
Matot, Idit
Goren, Or
Zac, Lilach
iditm@tlvmc.gov.il
goren.orr@gmail.com
isanaesfile@gmail.com
171
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Gaszynski, Thomasz
tomasz.gaszynski@umed.lodz.pl
181
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Saint Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
Laffey, Jon
laffeyj@smh.ca
191
Operating Services, Critical Care and Anaesthesia (OSCCA), Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom
Mills, Gary
g.h.mills@sheffield.ac.uk
192
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
Nalwaya, Pramod
pramod.nalwaya@uhns.nhs.uk
193
Research Divisional Lead – Surgery and Oncology, Research and Development Department, Ashford and St Peter Hospitals NHS Trust, Chertsey, United Kingdom
Mac Gregor, Mark
mark.macgregor@asph.nhs.uk
194
Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
Paddle, Jonathan
jonathan.paddle@nhs.net
195
Department of Anaesthesia, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
Balaji, Packianathaswamy
indbalaji@gmail.com
196
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
Rubulotta, Francesca
Adebesin, Afeez
frubulotta@hotmail.com
afeez.adebesin@imperial.nhs.uk
197
Department of Anaesthesia, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Chichester, United Kingdom
Margarson, Mike
michael.margarson@wsht.nhs.uk
198
Department of Anaesthesia, York Teaching Hospitals, York, United Kingdom
Davies, Simon
drsimondavies@googlemail.com
199
Department of Anaesthesia, Homerton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Homerton, United Kingdom
Rangarajan, Desikan
desikan.rangarajan@homerton.nhs.uk
190
Department of Anesthesia, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
Newell, Christopher
christopher.newell@doctors.org.uk
201
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Clinic of Surgery St. Naum Ohridski, Skopje, Macedonia
Shosholcheva, Mirjana
sosolceva@hotmail.com
211
Department of Anaesthesia, Polyclinique Montier La Celle, St. Andre les Vergers, France
Papaspyros, Fotios
papaspyrosf@outlook.com
221
Department of Anaesthesia, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
Skandalou, Vasiliki
vps_71@hotmail.com
 
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Dzurňáková, Paula
paula.dzurnakova@fno.cz

Appendix 2

Table 5
Ethics committees that approved the study
001
Dresden
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering Group, University Hospital Dresden, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the Technical University Dresden
ID: EK 430112013
002
Aachen
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Aachen, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen
ID: EK 181/14
003
Düsseldorf
Department of Anesthesiology CLIPS Clinical Trials – Patient-centered Studies, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of HHU Düsseldorf
ID: 2014072709
004
Mainz
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of UMC Mainz
ID: 837.307.14 (9546)
005
Bochum
Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Clinic Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum
ID: 5110-14
006
Heidelberg
Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg
ID: S-442/2014
007
Wesel
Department of Anesthesiology, Marienhospital Wesel, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Council Nordrhein, Düsseldorf
ID: 2014497
008
Friesoythe
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Marienstift Friesoythe, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Council Niedersachsen, Hannover
ID: Grae/045/2015
009
Bonn
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn
ID: 288/15
011
Porto
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal
Ethics and Health Committee of Centro Hospitalar do Porto
ID: 2014.144 (100-DEFI/130-CES)
012
Santa Maria da Feira
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Centro Hospitalar Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
Ethics and Health Committee of Centro Hospitalar Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira
ID: 07/ANES/2014
013
Porto
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
Ethics and Health Committee of Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto
ID: CES 167-14
014
Matosinhos
Serviço de Anestesiologia, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
Ethics and Health Committee of Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos
ID: 076/CE/JAS
021
New York
Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York, NY, USA
Institutional Review Board at Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York
ID: 2014-3761
022
Rochester, Minnesota
Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Institutional Review Board Mayo Clinic
ID: 14-005465
023
Jacksonville, Florida
Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Institutional Review Board Mayo Clinic
ID: 14-005465
024
Phoenix, Arizona
Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Institutional Review Board Mayo Clinic
ID: 14-005465
025
Aurora, Colorado
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, USA
ŒColorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (COMIRB)
ID: 14-1495
026
Boston
Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Institutional Review Board at Tufts Medical Center, Boston
ID: 11808
027
Jackson
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
Institutional Review Board at University of Mississippi, Jackson
ID: 2015-0080
028
Chicago
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Institutional Review Board at University of Chicago, Chicago
ID: 14-1044
031
Santiago de Chile
Department of Anesthesiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Comite de Etica en Investigacion Escuela de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
ID: 14-462
041
Amsterdam
Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Medisch Ethische Toetsingscommissie (METC) of the Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam
ID: 2014_261
042
Leiden
Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Ethics Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden
ID: P15.038
043
Hoorn
Department of Anesthesiology, Westfriesgasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands
Ethics Committee of Westfriesgasthuis, Hoorn
ID: WB 486
044
Amsterdam
Department of Anesthesiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Ethics Committee of VU Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam
ID: 2014.561
045
Amsterdam
Department of Anesthesiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwen Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Ethics Committee of the Onze Lieve Vrouwen Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam
ID: WO 14.133
051
Vienna
Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Ethics committee of the Medical University of Vienna
ID: 1702/2014
061
Badalona
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
Comité d’Ètica de la Investigació. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
ID: AC-14-095
062
Valencia
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Spain
Ethics Committee of the Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia
ID: F-CE-GEva-15, approved 27/11/2014
063
Valencia
Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Relief, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Spain
Ethics Committee of the Consorcio Hospital General Universitario of Valencia
ID: 223/2004
064
Madrid
Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Critical Care, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid
ID: 4465 12/2015
065
Terrassa
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Spain
Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terassa
ID: 04/15, approved 29/04/2015
066
Barcelona
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Spain
Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona
ID: HCB/2015/0963
071
Makkah
Department of Anesthesiology, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC) Local IRB registered at the National BioMedical Ethics Committee, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
ID: 14-144
072
Riyadh
Department of Anesthesiology, King Abdulaziz National Guard Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ethics Committee of the King Abdulaziz National Guard Medical City, Riyadh
ID: IRBC/215/16
081
Istanbul
Department of Anaesthesiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul
IB: 1417, approved 18/9/2014
082
Istanbul
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul
ID: 09.2015075
083
Antalya
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
Ethics Committee of Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya
ID: 170, approved 17/04/2015
084
Izmir
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
Ethics Committee of Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty
ID: 66, approved 23/01/2015
085
Istanbul
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Ethics committee of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul
ID: 17073117-050-99
091
Napoli
Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Italy
Ethics committee of Second University of Naples
ID: 29.GEN.2015/128
092
Ferrara
Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Ospedale Sant’ Anna, Ferrara, Italy
Ethics Committee of Ferrara
ID: 15097, approved 26/03/2015
093
Varese
Department of Environment, Health and Safety, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Ethics Committee – ASST Sette Laghi Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
ID: 0034259
094
Genoa
Dept. of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, IRCCS AOU San Martino, IST, University of Genoa, Italy
Regional Ethics Committee Liguria, Italy
ID: 121.REG.2015
095
Aosta
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ospedale U. Parini, AUSL della Valle d’ Aosta, Italy
Ethics Committee of AUSL della Valle d’ Aosta, Aosta
ID: 737, approved 19/06/2015
101
Geneva
Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland
Ethics Committee of University Hospital Geneva
ID: 14-238
102
Frauenfeld
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kantonsspital Frauenfeld, Switzerland
Ethics Committee of the Kanton Thurgau, Münsterlingen
ID: A2015/33
103
Basel
Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz
ID: PB_2016-00313
111
Zagreb
University Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia
Ethics Committee of the Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh
ID: 01-12/4
112
Zagreb
Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
Ethics Committee of the University Zagreb School of Medicine and Ethics Committee of Clinical Hospital Dubrava Zagreb
ID: none provided, approved 23/06/2015
121
Ghent
Department of Anesthesiology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital
ID: B670201523757
123
Antwerpen
Department of Anesthesiology, UH Antwerpen, Belgium
Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital
ID: B670201523757
124
Leuven
Department of Anesthesiology, UZ Leuven, Belgium
Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital
ID: B670201523757
125
Bruges
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive care and Emergency, AZ Sint Jan Brugge, Bruges, Belgium
Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital
ID: B670201523757
126
Brussels
Department of Anesthesiology, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Belgium
Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital
ID: B670201523757
131
Bucharest
Department of Anesthesiology, Ponderas Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
Ethic Council of the Ponderas Hospital, Bucharest
ID: 73, approved /23/06/2015
141
Dublin
Department of Critical Care and burns unit, SR James’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Ethics Committee of St. James’s University Hospital, Dublin
ID: 2015/05/02
151
Zaporozhye
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Zaporozhye State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
Ethics Committee of the Zaporozhye State Medical University, Zaporozhye
ID: 5/2015
152
Lutsk
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lutsk Clinical Hospital, Lutsk, Ukraine
Ethics Committee of the Lutsk Clinical Hospital, Lutsk
ID: 354/1.3.7.15
161
Tel Aviv
Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
Tel Aviv Medical Center Helsinki Committee
ID: 0509-14-TLV
171
Lodz
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Ethics Committee of Medical University of Lodz, Poland
ID: RNN/134/15/KE
181
Toronto
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Saint Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
St Michael’s Hospital Research Ethics Board
ID: 15-134
191
Sheffield
Operating Services, Critical Care and Anaesthesia (OSCCA), Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
192
Stoke-on-Trent
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
193
Chertsey
Research Divisional Lead – Surgery and Oncology, Research and Development Department, Ashford and St Peter Hospitals NHS Trust, Chertsey, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
194
Truro
Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
195
Hull
Department of Anaesthesia, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
196
London
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
197
Chichester
Department of Anaesthesia, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Chichester, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
198
York
Department of Anaesthesia, York Teaching Hospitals, York, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
199
Homerton
Department of Anaesthesia, Homerton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Homerton, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
190
Bristol
Department of Anaesthesia, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
NISCHR Research Ethics Service, Wales REC4,Wrexham
ID: 15/WA/0106
201
Skopje
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Clinic of Surgery St. Naum Ohridski, Skopje, Macedonia
Ethic Committee of the University Hospital Skopje
ID: 07/3183/1
211
St. Andre les Vergers
Department of Anaesthesia, Polyclinique Montier La Celle, St. Andre les Vergers, France
Ethic Committee of the Polyclinique Montier La Celle, St. Andre les Vergers
ID: non provided; approved 16/03/2016
221
Athens
Department of Anaesthesia, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
Ethic Committee of the Alexandra General Hospital, Athens
ID: 18-8/21-06-2016
 
Ostrava-Poruba
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Ethic Committee of the University Hospital of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba
ID: 64/2015
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Metadaten
Titel
Protective intraoperative ventilation with higher versus lower levels of positive end-expiratory pressure in obese patients (PROBESE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
verfasst von
T. Bluth
R. Teichmann
T. Kiss
I. Bobek
J. Canet
G. Cinnella
L. De Baerdemaeker
C. Gregoretti
G. Hedenstierna
S. N. Hemmes
M. Hiesmayr
M. W. Hollmann
S. Jaber
J. G. Laffey
M. J. Licker
K. Markstaller
I. Matot
G. Müller
G. H. Mills
J. P. Mulier
C. Putensen
R. Rossaint
J. Schmitt
M. Senturk
A. Serpa Neto
P. Severgnini
J. Sprung
M. F. Vidal Melo
H. Wrigge
M. J. Schultz
P. Pelosi
M. Gama de Abreu
for the PROBESE investigators
and the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet)
on behalf of the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA)
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2017
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Trials / Ausgabe 1/2017
Elektronische ISSN: 1745-6215
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1929-0

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