Background
Methods
Selection of study site, community types, and households
Exposure category | Household inclusion criteria (n) | Protective practice | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
Rodents | All households (n = 422) | Extermination | Use of traps or poison to eliminate rodents |
Food Storage | Use of a container with a sealed lid for food storage | ||
Trash Disposal | Use of a covered container for a household trash receptacle such as a bin or bucket with a lid | ||
Occupation | Household owns at least one animal classified as livestock, and at least one household member reported regular contact with livestock (e.g., during the birthing process, milking or butchering animals, or cleaning animal barns) (n = 127) | Preventive Veterinary Care | Use of vaccinations or anti-parasitic treatment for at least one of the animals that the household owns at least once |
Wearing Boots | Wearing rubber boots when working with livestock | ||
Wearing Gloves | Wearing gloves when working with livestock | ||
Garden | Household has at least one livestock, pet, or other animal and has a vegetable garden (n = 233) | Restricting Animal Access | Preventing livestock and domestic animals from entering the vegetable garden and surrounding area. |
Wearing Boots | Wearing rubber boots when working in the garden | ||
Wearing Gloves | Wearing gloves when working in the garden |
Household participation in protective practices
Household socio-demographic characteristics
All households (n = 422) | Small village households (n = 134) | Farm households (n = 146) | Marginalized urban households (n = 142) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Income levela | |||||
≤ $350 USD per month | 263 (62.3) | 78 (58.2) | 74 (50.7) | 111 (78.2) | <0.01 |
>$350 USD per month | 159 (37.7) | 56 (41.8) | 72 (49.3) | 31 (21.8) | |
Head of household educationa | |||||
< High school | 311 (73.7) | 95 (70.9) | 106 (72.6) | 110 (77.5) | 0.43 |
High school or greater | 111 (26.3) | 39 (29.1) | 40 (27.4) | 32 (22.5) | |
Sex head of householda | |||||
Male | 159 (37.7) | 54 (40.3) | 76 (52.1) | 29 (20.4) | <0.01 |
Female | 263 (62.3) | 80 (59.7) | 70 (47.9) | 113 (79.6) | |
Age head of householda | |||||
Mean (range) | 45.6 (17–87) | 48.6 (19–85) | 51.5 (18–87) | 36.7 (17–77) | <0.01 |
Any children in the householda | |||||
Yes | 285 (67.5) | 78 (58.2) | 95 (65.0) | 112 (78.9) | <0.01 |
No | 137 (32.5) | 56 (41.8) | 51 (35.0) | 30 (21.1) | |
Number of people in the householda | |||||
Mean (range) | 4.2 (1–12) | 4.1 (1–12) | 4.4 (2–12) | 4.1 (1–11) | 0.18 |
Species diversitya | |||||
Mean (range) | 2.7 (0–7) | 2.7 (0–7) | 4.0 (0–7) | 1.3 (0–3) | <0.01 |
Household owns dogs | |||||
Yes | 345 (81.8) | 113 (84.3) | 134 (91.8) | 98 (69.0) | <0.01 |
No | 77 (18.2) | 21 (15.7) | 12 (8.2) | 44 (31.0) | |
Household owns cats | |||||
Yes | 235 (55.7) | 77 (57.5) | 87 (59.6) | 71 (50.0) | 0.23 |
No | 187 (44.3) | 57 (42.5) | 59 (40.4) | 71 (50.0) | |
Household owns livestock | |||||
Yes | 195 (46.2) | 61 (45.5) | 131 (89.7) | 3 (2.1) | <0.01 |
No | 262 (53.8) | 73 (54.5) | 15 (10.3) | 139 (97.9) | |
Household has a garden | |||||
Yes | 242 (57.3) | 91 (67.9) | 122 (83.6) | 29 (20.4) | <0.01 |
No | 180 (42.7) | 43 (32.1) | 24 (16.4) | 113 (79.6) | |
Type of house | |||||
Shack/hut | 123 (29.1) | 3 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) | 118 (83.1) | <0.01 |
House | 299 (70.9) | 131 (97.8) | 144 (98.6) | 24 (16.9) | |
Condition of house | |||||
Good | 349 (82.7) | 116 (86.6) | 132 (90.4) | 101 (71.1) | <0.01 |
Floors, walls, and/or roof deteriorated | 73 (17.3) | 18 (13.4) | 14 (9.6) | 41 (28.9) | |
Drinking water source | |||||
Community or household tap | 311 (73.7) | 121 (90.3) | 49 (33.6) | 141 (99.3) | <0.01 |
Well | 68 (16.1) | 3 (2.2) | 65 (44.5) | 0 | |
Natural water source | 43 (10.2) | 10 (7.5) | 32 (21.9) | 1 (0.7) | |
Human waste disposal | |||||
Septic tank/system | 232 (55.0) | 108 (80.6) | 85 (58.2) | 39 (27.5) | <0.01 |
Latrine | 110 (26.0) | 21 (15.7) | 50 (34.2) | 39 (27.5) | |
None/Outhouse | 80 (19.0) | 5 (3.7) | 11 (7.5) | 64 (45.0) | |
Garbage removed by truck | |||||
Yes | 363 (86.0) | 119 (88.8) | 109 (74.7) | 135 (95.1) | <0.01 |
No | 59 (14.0) | 15 (11.2) | 37 (27.2) | 7 (4.9) | |
Number of rodent signsa | |||||
Mean (range) | 1.7 (0–5) | 1.6 (0–4) | 2.0 (0–5) | 1.5 (0–5) | <0.01 |
Survey season | |||||
Summer (January–April) | 161 (38.2) | 63 (47.0) | 65 (44.5) | 33 (23.2) | <0.01 |
Spring (September–December) | 261 (61.8) | 71 (53.0) | 81 (55.5) | 109 (76.8) |
Data analyses
Results
Study population
Participation in rodent control practices
Comparisons of participation in rodent control practices by community type
Associations between socio-demographic factors and rodent extermination
Exposure category | Protective practice | Socio-demographic characteristic | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rodents | Extermination | Number of rodent signs | 1.75 (1.41–2.16) | <0.01 |
Community typea | ||||
Farm areas
| 2.31 (1.32–4.20) | <0.01 | ||
Marginalized urban
| 0.85 (0.51–1.40) | 0.52 | ||
Trash disposal | Number of people in household | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 0.03 | |
Occupation | Preventive veterinary care | Number of people in household | 1.65 (1.20–2.27) | <0.01 |
Household has children | 0.20 (0.06–0.70) | 0.01 | ||
Garden | Restricting animal access | Age of head of householdb | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) | 0.02 |
Community typea | ||||
Farm areas
| 1.97 (1.07–3.63) | 0.03 | ||
Marginalized urban
| 0.35 (0.11–1.11) | 0.07 | ||
Wearing boots | Species diversity | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) | 0.03 |