INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and Controls
Laboratory Investigations
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
Patient Characteristics
Laboratory Variables
Asthma patients
n = 164 | Control subjects
n = 72 |
p value asthma vs. controls | Allergic asthma
n = 94 |
p value allergic asthma vs. controls | Non-allergic asthma
n = 70 |
p value non-allergic asthma vs. controls |
p value allergic vs. non-allergic asthma | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hsCRP, mg/l | 1.27 (0.59–2.55) | 0.87 (0.29–2.9) | 0.03 | 1.21 (0.56–2.3) | 0.34 | 1.85 (0.62–2.78) | 0.04 | 0.67 |
Fibrinogen, g/l | 3.6 (3.0–3.95) | 3.36 (2.73–3.57) | 0.001 | 3.5 (3.0–3.9) | 0.03 | 3.65 (3.1–4.1) | 0.004 | 0.39 |
α2-macroglobulin, nmol/l | 3.7 (3.23–4.22) | 3.29 (2.89–3.57) | 0.0002 | 3.78 (3.36–4.30) | <0.0001 | 3.54 (3.04–4.22) | 0.02 | 0.22 |
Platelet factor 4, ng/ml | 146.65 (129.87–156.91) | 97 (87–112.5) | <0.0001 | 148.29 (129.61–157.85) | <0.0001 | 144.96 (130.13–156.49) | <0.0001 | 0.62 |
Immunoglobulin E, IU/ml | 1.92 (1.37–2.37) | 1.5 (1.39–1.84) | 0.003 | 2.26 (1.91–2.61) | <0.0001 | 1.29 (1.24–1.68) | 0.23 | <0.0001 |
Eosinophils, /ul | 166 (100–300) | ND | NA | 180 (80–300) | NA | 140 (100–250) | NA | 0.7 |
Interleukin 6, pg/ml | 4.55 (3.58–5.73) | 3.06 (2.56–4.1) | <0.0001 | 4.43 (3.45–5.6) | <0.0001 | 4.83 (3.87–5.86) | <0.0001 | 0.14 |
Tumor necrosis factor α, pg/ml | 3.93 (3–4.7) | 2.91 (2.26–3.7) | <0.0001 | 4.02 (3.02–4.75) | <0.0001 | 3.8 (2.91–4.69) | <0.0001 | 0.69 |
Periostin, ng/ml | 0.44 (0.32–0.6) | ND | NA | 0.41 (0.32–0.56) | NA | 0.45 (0.34–0.7) | NA | 0.3 |
Inflammatory Cytokines
Interleukin 6 >4.08 pg/ml (75th percentile of the control values) | Tumor necrosis factor α >3.66 pg/ml (75th percentile of the control values) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control, numbers | 18 | 18 | ||
Asthma, numbers | 106 | 93 | ||
OR (95% CI) | 5.48* (4.7–7.0) | 3.93* (2.8–5.1) | ||
Allergic asthma, numbers | 55 | 56 | ||
OR (95% CI) | 4.23* (3.1–5.4) | 4.42* (3.2–5.6) | ||
Non-allergic asthma, numbers | 51 | 37 | ||
OR (95% CI) | 8.05* (6.8–10.9) | 3.36* (2.2–4.5) | ||
<50 years | ≥50 years | <50 years | ≥50 years | |
Control, numbers | 12 | 6 | 7 | 11 |
Asthma, numbers | 39 | 67 | 35 | 58 |
OR (95% CI) | 2.6* (1.4–3.77) | 11.96 *(9.8–14.1) | 4.26* (2.78–5.74) | 3.56* (2.34–4.78) |
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
Control, numbers | 4 | 14 | 4 | 14 |
Asthma, numbers | 26 | 80 | 26 | 67 |
OR (95% CI) | 5.69* (3.4–7.9) | 5.44* (4.2–6.7) | 5.69* (3.4–7.9) | 3.48* (2.44–4.52) |
Body mass index <25 | Body mass index ≥25 | Body mass index <25 | Body mass index ≥25 | |
Control, numbers | 9 | 9 | 8 | 10 |
Asthma, numbers | 43 | 63 | 37 | 56 |
OR (95% CI) | 5.16* (3.5–6.8) | 5.73* (4.2–7.2) | 4.18* (2.71–5.65) | 3.64* (2.42–4.86) |
Endogenous thrombin potential | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Asthma | |||||
β
| 95% CI |
R
2
|
β
| 95% CI |
R
2
| |
Age, years | 0.4 | 0.03 | −0.05 to 0.11 | 0.37 | ||
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 0.16a
| 0.01 to 0.31 | 0.2a
| 0.12 to 0.28 | ||
FEV1/VC | –0.09a
| −0.17 to −0.01 | ||||
Blood platelet count, 103/μl | 0.17a
| 0.09 to 0.25 | ||||
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 0.16a
| 0.08 to 0.24 | ||||
Factor II, % | 0.38a
| 0.23 to 0.53 | 0.19a
| 0.12 to 0.26 | ||
hsCRP, mg/l | 0.15 | −0.01 to 0.31 | 0.13a
| 0.03 to 0.23 | ||
Immunoglobulin E (log10), IU/ml | 0.26a
| 0.12 to 0.40 | ||||
Interleukin 6, pg/ml | 0.01 | −0.16 to 0.18 | 0.17a
| 0.08 to 0.26 | ||
Tumor necrosis factor α, pg/ml | 0.07 | −0.08 to 0.22 | 0.04 | −0.04 to 0.12 | ||
Periostin, ng/ml | 0.02 | −0.06 to 0.1 | ||||
α2-macroglobulin, nmol/l | 0.30a
| 0.14 to 0.45 | 0.34a
| 0.27 to 0.41 | ||
Plasminogen, % | 0.09a
| 0.02 to 0.16 | ||||
Platelet factor 4, ng/ml | 0.01 | −0.06 to 0.8 | ||||
Adjustment statistics |
F = 3.29, p = 0.009 |
F = 6.9, p < 0.001 | ||||
Clot lysis time | ||||||
Control | Asthma | |||||
β
| 95% CI |
R
2
|
β
| 95% CI |
R
2
| |
FEV1/VC | 0.51 | −0.11a
| −0.19 to −0,03 | 0.25 | ||
Blood platelet count, 103/μl | 0.14a
| 0.01 to 0.27 | ||||
White blood cells, 103/μl | 0.15a
| 0.03 to 0.27 | 0.01 | −0.07 to 0.09 | ||
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 0.13a
| 0.01 to 0.25 | 0.15a
| 0.07 to 0.23 | ||
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 0.19a
| 0.16 to 0.31 | ||||
Glucose, mmol/l | 0.2a
| 0.06 to 0.34 | ||||
hsCRP, mg/l | −0.21a
| −0.35 to −0.07 | 0.08 | −0.02 to 0.18 | ||
Immunoglobulin E (log10), IU/ml | −0.23a
| −0.31 to −0.15 | ||||
Antithrombin, % | −0.11a
| −0.19 to −0,03 | ||||
ETP, nmol/l thrombin x min. | −0.21a
| −0.33 to −0.09 | 0.17a
| 0.12 to 0.26 | ||
Plasminogen, % | 0.2a
| 0.08 to 0.32 | 0.06 | −0.02 to 0.14 | ||
Interleukin 6, pg/ml | −0.002 | −0.152 to 0.148 | −0.05 | −0.15 to 0.05 | ||
Tumor necrosis factor α, pg/ml | 0.31a
| 0.16 to 0.46 | 0.15a
| 0.07 to 0.23 | ||
Periostin, ng/ml | 0.04 | −0.04 to 0.12 | ||||
Antiplasmin, % | 0.3a
| 0.17 to 0.43 | ||||
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, ng/ml | 0.35a
| 0.22 to 0.48 | 0.28a
| 0.2 to 0.36 | ||
P-selectin, ng/ml | −0.26a
| −0.4 to −0.12 | −0.2a
| −0.28 to −0.12 | ||
Adjustment statistics |
F = 4.2, p = 0.0006 |
F = 4.37, p < 0.001 |