Background
Methods
Study design
Sampling method
Data collection
Procedures
Data quality control and analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Characteristics |
N
| % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Boys | 1602 | 53.0 |
Girls | 1418 | 47.0 |
Age groups (years) | ||
11–14 | 795 | 26.4 |
15–18 | 1857 | 61.7 |
19–23 | 357 | 11.9 |
School levels | ||
Middle school | 1657 | 54.9 |
High school | 1363 | 45.1 |
Location of school | ||
Urban | 2273 | 75.3 |
Rural | 774 | 24.7 |
Parents’ marital status | ||
Married | 2684 | 89.3 |
Divorced | 109 | 3.7 |
Widowed | 145 | 4.9 |
Separated | 65 | 2.1 |
Father’s education | ||
Illiterate | 1065 | 35.9 |
Primary | 806 | 27.2 |
Secondary | 767 | 25.9 |
University and above | 326 | 11.0 |
Mother’s education | ||
Illiterate | 1813 | 60.6 |
Primeray | 514 | 17.2 |
Secondary | 517 | 17.3 |
University and above | 149 | 5.0 |
Father employment | ||
Employed | 2490 | 88.4 |
unemployed | 82 | 2.9 |
Retired | 245 | 8.7 |
Mother employment | ||
Employed | 281 | 9.5 |
unemployed | 2688 | 90.5 |
Family income | ||
≤ 300 £ | 498 | 16.8 |
301 – 1000 £ | 2280 | 76.9 |
≥ 1000 £ | 187 | 6.3 |
Tobacco use
Tobacco and psychoactive substance use | Male (n = 1588) | Female (n = 1405) | Total (n = 2993) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % | |
Tobacco | ||||||
Lifetime | 416 | 26.2 | 69 | 4.9 | 485 | 16.1 |
Last 12 months | 240 | 15.0 | 35 | 2.5 | 275 | 9.1 |
Last 30 days | 159 | 10.0 | 17 | 1.2 | 176 | 5.9 |
Psychoactive substances | ||||||
Lifetime | 250 | 15.7 | 30 | 2.1 | 280 | 9.3 |
Last 12 months | 207 | 13.0 | 17 | 1.2 | 224 | 7.5 |
Last 30 days | 175 | 11.0 | 13 | 0.9 | 188 | 6.3 |
Cannabis | ||||||
Lifetime | 215 | 13.5 | 27 | 1.9 | 242 | 8.1 |
Last 12 months | 185 | 11.6 | 16 | 1.1 | 201 | 6.7 |
Last 30 days | 156 | 9.8 | 13 | 0.9 | 169 | 5.6 |
Alcohol | ||||||
Lifetime | 119 | 7.5 | 10 | 0.7 | 129 | 4.3 |
Last 12 months | 105 | 6.6 | 6 | 0.4 | 111 | 3.7 |
Last 30 days | 93 | 5.8 | 4 | 0.2 | 97 | 3.2 |
Inhalants | ||||||
Lifetime | 48 | 3.0 | 2 | 0.2 | 50 | 1.7 |
Last 12 months | 45 | 2.8 | 1 | 0.1 | 46 | 1.5 |
Last 30 days | 35 | 2.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 36 | 1.2 |
Psychotropic substances without medical prescription | ||||||
Lifetime | 29 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.1 | 30 | 1.0 |
Last 12 months | 27 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.1 | 28 | 0.9 |
Last 30 days | 20 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 21 | 0.7 |
Cocaine | ||||||
Lifetime | 18 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 20 | 0.7 |
Last 12 months | 18 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 20 | 0.7 |
Last 30 days | 11 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 0.4 |
Heroine | ||||||
Lifetime | 7 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.1 | 8 | 0.3 |
Last 12 months | 6 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.2 |
Last 30 days | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.1 |
Amphetamine | ||||||
Lifetime | 5 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.2 |
Last 12 months | 5 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.2 |
Last 30 days | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.1 |
Psychoactive substances use
Univariate and multivariate analysis
Users | Non-users |
p-value | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background characteristics | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |||||||
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % | ||
School levels | |||||||||||||
Intermediate | 98 | 10.5 | 3 | 0,4 | 101 | 6.1 | 836 | 89.5 | 720 | 99.6 | 1556 | 93.9 | <0.001 |
Secondary | 152 | 23.2 | 27 | 3,9 | 179 | 13.4 | 502 | 76.7 | 655 | 96.0 | 1157 | 86.6 | |
Age groups (years) | |||||||||||||
11–14 | 13 | 3.2 | 1 | 0,3 | 14 | 1.8 | 387 | 96.8 | 394 | 99.7 | 781 | 98.2 | <0.001 |
15–18 | 164 | 17.1 | 23 | 2.6 | 187 | 10.1 | 796 | 82.9 | 865 | 97.4 | 1661 | 89.9 | |
19–23 | 70 | 31.5 | 6 | 5.1 | 76 | 22.4 | 152 | 68.5 | 111 | 94.9 | 263 | 77.6 | |
Location | |||||||||||||
Urban | 190 | 16.9 | 28 | 2.5 | 218 | 9.7 | 935 | 83.1 | 1094 | 97.5 | 2029 | 90.3 | NS |
Rural | 60 | 12.9 | 2 | 0.7 | 62 | 8.3 | 403 | 87.1 | 281 | 99,3 | 684 | 91.7 | |
Parents’ marital status | |||||||||||||
Married | 219 | 15.4 | 22 | 1.8 | 241 | 9.1 | 1201 | 84.6 | 1218 | 98.2 | 2419 | 90.9 | NS |
Divorced | 9 | 16.9 | 4 | 7.1 | 13 | 11.9 | 44 | 83.1 | 52 | 92.9 | 96 | 88.1 | |
Widowed | 15 | 20.5 | 2 | 2.9 | 17 | 11.9 | 58 | 79.5 | 68 | 97.1 | 126 | 88.1 | |
Separated | 4 | 14.3 | 1 | 2.7 | 5 | 7.7 | 24 | 85.7 | 36 | 97.3 | 60 | 92.3 | |
Father’s education | |||||||||||||
Illiterate | 77 | 13.1 | 2 | 0.5 | 79 | 7.5 | 514 | 86.9 | 465 | 99.5 | 979 | 92.5 | NS |
Primary | 72 | 16.9 | 11 | 3.0 | 83 | 10.5 | 353 | 83.1 | 357 | 97.0 | 710 | 89.5 | |
Secondary | 71 | 19.1 | 10 | 2.5 | 81 | 10.6 | 301 | 80.9 | 381 | 97.5 | 682 | 89.4 | |
University and above | 23 | 13.2 | 6 | 4.0 | 29 | 9.0 | 151 | 86.8 | 144 | 96.0 | 295 | 91.0 | |
Mother’s education | |||||||||||||
Illiterate | 165 | 16.8 | 8 | 1.0 | 173 | 9.6 | 813 | 83.2 | 807 | 99.0 | 1620 | 90.4 | NS |
Primeray | 29 | 11.2 | 7 | 2.8 | 36 | 7.1 | 231 | 88.8 | 242 | 97.2 | 473 | 92.9 | |
Secondary | 37 | 14.3 | 10 | 3.9 | 47 | 9.1 | 221 | 85.7 | 248 | 96.1 | 469 | 90.9 | |
University and above | 13 | 17.1 | 4 | 5.5 | 17 | 11.4 | 63 | 82.9 | 69 | 94.5 | 132 | 88.6 | |
Father employment | |||||||||||||
Employed | 204 | 15.2 | 26 | 2.3 | 230 | 9.3 | 1136 | 84.8 | 1101 | 97.7 | 2273 | 90.7 | NS |
unemployed | 8 | 18.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 9.9 | 36 | 81.8 | 37 | 100.0 | 73 | 90.1 | |
Retired | 19 | 17.2 | 1 | 0.8 | 20 | 8.2 | 91 | 82.8 | 133 | 99.2 | 224 | 90.8 | |
Mother employment | |||||||||||||
Employed | 18 | 12.8 | 9 | 6.4 | 27 | 9.6 | 123 | 87.2 | 131 | 93.6 | 254 | 90.4 | NS |
unemployed | 218 | 15.4 | 19 | 1.5 | 237 | 8.9 | 1195 | 84.6 | 1231 | 98.5 | 2426 | 91.1 | |
Family income | |||||||||||||
≤ 300 £ | 58 | 20.5 | 4 | 1.9 | 62 | 12.6 | 225 | 79.5 | 205 | 98.1 | 430 | 87.4 | <0.007 |
301 – 1000 £ | 165 | 14.3 | 24 | 2.2 | 189 | 8.4 | 990 | 85.7 | 1081 | 97.8 | 2071 | 91.6 | |
≥ 1000 £ | 21 | 18.3 | 1 | 1.4 | 22 | 11.8 | 94 | 81.7 | 71 | 98.6 | 165 | 88.2 |
Univariatea
| Multivariateb
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | OR | 95 % CI |
p- value | OR | 95 % CI |
p- value |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 8.5 | 5.8–12.6 | <0.001 | 1.9 | 1.1–2.7 | <0.05 |
School levels | ||||||
Intermediate | 1 | 1 | ||||
Secondary | 2.3 | 1.8–3.1 | <0.001 | 2.8 | 1.6–4.8 | <0.001 |
Age groups (years) | ||||||
11–14 | 1 | 1 | ||||
15–18 | 2.5 | 1.9–3.4 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.3–3.4 | NS |
19–23 | 16.1 | 8.9–29.4 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.1 | NS |
Feel secure | ||||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||||
No | 2.1 | 1.6–2.8 | <0.001 | 2.1 | 1.1–3.9 | <0.02 |
Smoking tobacco | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 46.6 | 33.4–65.2 | <0.001 | 27.3 | 19.2–39.0 | <0.001 |
Family member who smoke | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 2.3 | 1.3–3.9 | <0.002 | 2.9 | 1.6–5.5 | <0.001 |
Friends who smoke | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.9 | 1.3–3.0 | <0.002 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.1 | <0.005 |