Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1/2013

Open Access 01.12.2013 | Research

Psychological investigation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

verfasst von: Fatemeh Bazarganipour, Saeide Ziaei, Ali Montazeri, Fatemeh Foroozanfard, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Soghrat Faghihzadeh

Erschienen in: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Ausgabe 1/2013

Abstract

Background

The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of mood disorders and examine a range of predictors for psychological well-being among Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to ascertain the factors related to psychological distress in PCOS patients in Kashan, Iran. Psychological distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In addition we assessed quality of life using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Socio-demographic details and clinical information of PCOS including obesity (body mass index), excessive body hair (hirsutism score), acne, menstrual cycle disturbances, infertility and endocrine profile also were recorded for each patient.

Results

In all 300 women with PCOS were entered into the study. Of these 32% (n =96) showed elevated HADS anxiety while depression was high in 5% (n =15). Quality of life was significantly impaired in women with anxiety (P <0.05), and depression (P <0.001) and in particular, in women with coexistence anxiety and depression (P <0.001) compared with unaffected participants. Compared with the non-depressed PCOS patients, the depressed women had significantly higher menstrual irregularities (P = 0.008). Moreover, we found significant difference in FAI level between the depressed and non depressed (p = 0.05), the anxious and non anxious patients (p < 0.001) compare to non affected PCOS women.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of depression and anxiety in this population suggests that initial evaluation of all women with PCOS should also include assessment of mental health disorders. The clinician should further pay attention to background of their patients especially in view of the factors influencing psychological well-being.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.​1186/​1477-7525-11-141) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Authors’ contributions

All authors were involved in designing of the study, data collection and analysis, interpretation of results and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It is estimated that 5 to 10% of women suffer from the condition [1]. The symptoms typically associated with PCOS, including amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity, infertility, anovulation and acne, can lead to symptoms of depression, marital and social maladjustment and impair sexual functioning [2].
The prevalence of depression in women with PCOS is high and varies from 28 to 64% [35]. The prevalence of anxiety in women with PCOS ranges from 34 [5] to 57% [6]. In particular, women with PCOS have been found to be at an increased risk of social phobia and suicide attempts [7]. The reasons for a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in women with PCOS are likely to be complex. Some investigators suggest that physical symptoms experienced by women with PCOS are the likely cause of psychological distress [8, 9]. However, evidence is inconsistent. While acne [6, 10], hirsutism and BMI [2] have been linked to increased psychological distress in some studies, no link is demonstrated in others [11]. It is likely that multiple factors contribute to the high prevalence of both anxiety and depression in women with PCOS.
The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders among Iranian women with PCOS. We intended to examine a range of predictors for anxiety and depression including those relevant to the PCOS experience, such as BMI, infertility, androgens and also more general predictors, such as socio-demographic status. Further, we hypothesized that anxious or depressed PCOS women demonstrate reduced quality of life, particularly in the presence of coexistence disorders.

Methods

Design and data collection

This was a cross-sectional study of women with PCOS who attended two private gynecology clinics in Kashan, Iran from May to October 2012. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of PCOS were invited to participate in the study. After explaining the study objectives, written consent was obtained from each patient and they were requested to complete the study questionnaires. Patients were eligible if they met each of the following criteria: being 15–40 years of age; married; absence of non-classic adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, previous psychiatric diagnoses or using psychiatric medications including antidepressants; problems in speaking or listening Iranian; not taking any prescription medication (except allergy medications and occasional pain medications) for at least three months before entering the study; having two of the following Rotterdam diagnostic criteria: 1) Polycystic ovaries visualized on ultrasound scan (presence of 12 follicles or more in one or both ovaries and/or increased ovarian volume i.e., >10 ml), 2) clinical signs of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism score based on hirsutism score greater than 7 or obvious acne) and/or an elevated plasma testosterone (testosterone >2. 0 nmol/l), 3) having an interval between menstrual periods >35 days and/or amenorrhea, defined as the absence of vaginal bleeding for at least 6 months (i.e. 199 days) [12]. The research presented here is part of a larger study.

Measures

Psychological distress: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess depression and anxiety. The HADS is a self-administered instrument consisting of 14 questions. The instrument has two subscales including anxiety (seven items) and depression (seven items). All items are rated on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. Sum scores <8 indicate normal range; scores from 8 to 10 reflect mild alterations and scores ≥11 indicate clinical relevance of symptoms [13]. A validation study of an Iranian version of the HADS indicated the translated version is reliable and valid measure of psychological symptoms in Iranian patients [14].
Quality of life: We used the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) to examine quality of life in our study. The SF-36 is a well-known generic HRQOL measure and includes eight subscales: physical functioning (PF), role limitations due to physical problems (RP), bodily pain, general health perception (GH), social functioning (SF), role limitations due to emotional problems (RE), vitality (VT), and mental health (MH). The score for each subscale range from 0 to 100 where higher scores indicate better conditions. The Iranian version of SF-36 showed a good validity and reliability [15].

Clinical symptoms of PCOS

1.
Menstrual history: interval between menstruation during preceding 12 months were asked all patients and categorized to < 21 days, 21-34 days, 35-60 days(oligomenorrhea), > 199 days (amenorrhea) and variable.
 
2.
Reproductive history: pregnancy history was asked categorized into the following: has been pregnant: all births, no losses; has been pregnant: some births, some losses; never pregnant; has been pregnant: no births, all losses.
 
3.
BMI: weight and height were calculated by weight/ height squared [kg/m2] in all patients.
 
4.
Body hair: Clinical assessment of hirsutism was determined using the Ferriman-Gallwey Scoring System (F/G score). Nine body sites (the upper lip, chin, chest, upper back, lower back, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, arm, and thigh) were graded from 0 (no terminal hair) to 4 (severe hirsutism). Scores can range from 0 to 36. A score of 7 or above was considered positive for hirsutism [16].
 
5.
Acne: the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) was used to determine acne. The GAGS considers six locations on the face and chest/upper back, with a factor for each location based toughly on surface area, distribution, and density of pilosebaceous units. The borders on the face are delineated by the hairline, jawline, and ears. The chest and upper back have been included because their involvement is critical in order to assess the severity of acne and to decide upon treatment. Each of the six locations is graded separately on 0-to-4 scale, with the most severe lesion within that location determining the local score. The global score is a summation of all local scores [17].
 

Socio-demographic status

The study used years of formal education as a measure of socioeconomic status and it was categorized into five levels: no education, first level (1 to 5 years), second level (6–9 years), third level (10–12 years) and fourth level (more than 12 years). Studies from Iran showed that education could be a good proxy measure for socioeconomic status for Iranians [18].

Laboratory measures

An overnight 8-hour fasting venous blood sample was obtained from each patient. Serum total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were concomitantly assessed in all participants by ELISA (DRG Instruments GmbH, Marburg, Germany). TT and SHBG were used to calculate the FAI, which is presumed to be a useful indicator of abnormal androgen status [19]. FAI was estimated as TT (nmol/l)/SHBG (nmol/l) × 100. Except for amenorrhoeic women, all laboratory determinations were performed in the early follicular phase of the cycle. In amenorrhoeic women, after roll out of pregnancy the all laboratory determinations were performed.

Data analysis

Data are presented as number and percentage unless otherwise indicated. Group comparisons were carried out with Student’s t-test, ANOVA and Chi square test where necessary. Post hoc Scheffe’ test was conducted for comparisons of individual means. P < 0.05 was accepted as significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Ethics

The Ethics Committee of the Tarbiat Modares University approved the study. All patients give informed consent.

Results

Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical symptoms

In all, 300 women with PCOS were included in the study during the six months enrollment. The mean (SD) age of patients was 26.5 (4.44) years. The majority of women had education beyond high school (72.7%, n = 218). More than two-thirds of patients had never been pregnant nor had successfully carried a pregnancy to term and have abnormal menstruation. Socio-economic and clinical characteristic of the patients are presented in Table  1.
Table 1
Socio-demographical and (bio) clinical characteristics of PCOS patients
Demographical
Age (years) *
26.56 ± 4.44
Education (years) **
The first level (1 to 5 years)
32(10.7)
The second level (6–9 years)
50(16.7)
The third level (10–12 years)
126(42)
The fourth level (more than 12 years)
92(30.7)
Duration of marriage *
10.02 ± 4.20
Clinical
Hirsutism score*
6.7 ± 5.73
Acne score*
10.54 ± 7.26
Interval between menstruation (days)**
< 21
8(2.7)
21-34
109(36.3)
35-60
19(6.3)
>199
31(10.3)
Variable
133(44.3)
Reproductive history**
Never pregnant
193(64.3)
Has been pregnant: all births, no losses
32(10.7)
Has been pregnant: some births, some losses
17(5.7)
Has been pregnant: no births, all losses
58(19.3)
BMI (kg/m2)**
< 25
130(43.3)
25–30
120(40)
> 30
50(16.7)
Endocrine
LH (IU/l) *
8.28 ± 6.16
FSH (IU/l) *
6.09 ± 4.42
Testosterone (nmol/L) *
1.24 ± 0.23
SHBG (nmol/L) *
55.57 ± 43.87
FAI *
10.21 ± 34.45
*Mean ± SD.
**N (percent).

Prevalence of depression and anxiety and comparison for quality of life

Of the participants, 32% (n = 96) demonstrated elevated HADS anxiety scores (i.e. HADS anxiety subscale ≥11) and 5% (n = 15) showed elevated HADS depression scores (i.e. HADS depression subscale ≥11). There was 15% (n = 45) who scored above the cut-offs (≥11) for both anxiety and depression (Figure  1).
Subsequently, to assess the impact of depression and anxiety symptoms on quality of life, the sample was divided into four subgroups based on the HADS scores (Figure  2). All groups with higher score on the HADS demonstrated markedly reduced psychological quality of life (F = 42.99, P < 0.001, Figure  2). Post hoc comparisons revealed a significantly lower quality of life in PCOS women with depression (P <0.001) and with anxiety (P < 0.001) compared with unaffected participants. The lowest mental health quality of life however, was observed in participants with coexistence anxiety and depression (post hoc Scheffe test for patients with anxiety and depression versus unaffected PCOS: P < 0.001).
Moreover, all groups with higher scores on the HADS demonstrated markedly reduced physical quality of life (F = 25.109, P < 0.001, Figure  2). Post hoc comparisons revealed a significantly lower quality of life in PCOS women with depression (P =0.04) and with anxiety (P < 0.001) compared with unaffected participants. The lowest physical quality of life, however, was observed in participants with coexistence anxiety and depression (post hoc Scheffe test for patients with anxiety and depression versus unaffected PCOS: P <0.001).

Impact of socio-demographical and (bio) clinical characteristics of PCOS on anxiety and depression risk

To determine the association between socio-demographical and (bio) clinical characteristics of PCOS with depression and anxiety, the data was further analyzed based on presence or absence of depression or anxiety among patients. There was no significant difference in the mean age, BMI and other demographic characteristics within groups (Table  2).
Table 2
Comparison of psychological function base on socio-demographical and (bio) clinical characteristics of PCOS
 
Depression
Anxiety
Yes (n = 60)
No (n = 240)
Yes (n = 141)
No (n = 159)
Age (year)*
26.71 ± 4.12
26.52 ± 4.52
26.85 ± 4.69
26.30 ± 4.20
P value
0.90
0.24
Education (year)*
10.45 ± 3.57
11. 68 ± 3.38
10.98 ± 3.45
12.10 ± 3.39
P value
0.06
0.21
Duration of marriage*
8.90 ± 4.33
10.29 ± 4.13
9.52 ± 4.01
10.46 ± 4.32
P value
0.91
0.41
Menstrual irregularity**
Yes
43(22)
148(77)
91(47)
100(52)
No
17(15)
92(84)
50(45)
59(54)
P value
0.008
0.76
Infertility**
Yes
45(18)
193(81)
114(47)
124(52)
No
15(24)
47(75)
27(43)
35(56)
P value
0.35
0.54
BMI*
26.29 ± 3.87
26.28 ± 4.22
26.84 ± 4.23
25.80 ± 4.01
P value
0.28
0.63
Hirsutism score*
6.86 ± 7.86
5.43 ± 5.16
6.26 ± 6.14
5.23 ± 5.48
P value
0.17
0.89
Acne score*
9.20 ± 8.24
7.10 ± 7.60
8.41 ± 8.30
6.73 ± 7.19
P value
0.51
0.11
FAI*
13.15 ± 46.99
9.47 ± 30.60
15.03 ± 47.28
5.94 ± 15.03
P value
0.05
<0.001
*Mean ± SD.
**N (percent).
Compared with the non-depressed PCOS women, the depressed PCOS patients had significantly higher menstrual irregularities (P = 0.008). We found significant difference in FAI level between the depressed and non-depressed (p = 0.05)/anxious and non-anxious (p < 0.001) compared to non affected PCOS patients.

Discussion

The goal of this study was to address the prevalence and determinants of psychological well-being in Iranian’s PCOS women. The main findings were the high prevalence of depression and anxiety in PCOS women and the reduction of quality of life in patients suffering from psychological impairment, especially in women who were suffering from both anxiety and depression. The prevalence of abnormal depression and mental health disorder varies among studies and this might be a reflection of the differences in methods and tools for screening and diagnosis, population differences, cultural difference and different classification systems. The prevalence of anxiety was high in these PCOS women and about one-third of the participants suffered from anxiety symptoms. This finding is consistent with recent study by Mansson et al. (2008) where they found a significantly elevated life-time incidence of social phobia in PCOS patients (27%; OR: 18.0, 95% CI = 2.2– 144), as well as a trend for an elevated incidence of generalized anxiety disorder (13%; OR: 7.3, 95% CI = 0.86–63) [7]. There is evidence to support the concept that anxiety is a risk factor for the development of depressive disorders [20, 21]. About 5% of our participants showed elevated HADS depression levels, which is actually somewhat lower than the prevalence of depressive symptoms in previous studies reporting a range of 35 to 67% [2224].
Our data indicated that a proportion of PCOS women (i.e. 15%) present with a coexistence of anxiety and depression. The risk of having coexistent depression and anxiety in women with PCOS is unknown. Only in one study found that 15% of PCOS patients showed having coexistent anxiety and depression [10]. Coexisting anxiety in depressed patients may worsen the outcome by increasing the risk of suicide, worsening overall symptoms, conferring a poorer response to treatment, increasing the number of medically unexplained symptoms, and increasing functional disability. Major depression is associated with patient suffering, disability, lost productivity and a higher mortality rate [25]. Untreated anxiety is also associated with high rates of medical co-morbidity and increased utilization of medical health care [26]. The majority of people with anxiety reported substantial interference with their life, a high degree of professional help seeking, and a high use of medication to relieve their symptoms. There is increasing evidence that depression may also be an antecedent to cardiovascular diseases [27] and depression predicts morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) [28]. In other hand, Women with PCOS have several cardiometabolic risk factors increasing their overall risk for CVD.
In our study, participants with elevated HADS anxiety and depression levels reported significantly impaired psychological quality of life. This was especially true for those with coexistence anxiety and depression symptoms. It is difficult to know whether it is depression/ anxiety that influences lower perceived QOL or that poor perception of QOL increases depression/anxiety. Decreases in psychological, as well as in physical dimensions of quality of life in PCOS patients have previously been reported [29, 30]. The determinants of reductions in quality of life in PCOS remain incompletely understood. However, there is converging evidence to suggest that physical aspects of quality of life may be best predicted by obesity and hirsutism, whereas psychological components of quality of life may be more closely related to psychological impairment [2, 31, 32]. The results confirm Adali΄s and Hirschberg´s findings [6, 32, 33], suggesting that treatment of PCOS should tackle both physical and psychological complaints. This is because psychological distress reduces motivation, and yet good motivation is the key to comply with medication and dietary management of PCOS [23].
Comparison between psychological well-being in women suffering from PCOS showed no significant difference in socio-demographic parameters; therefore, age, marital status, education had no influence on the prevalence of depression or anxiety in women with PCOS or their mental health status. Bhattacharya et al., also noted the same finding [3].
The current study established that women with menstrual irregularities seemed to be more depressed compared with women with normal menstruation. It has been shown that not only visual features of PCOS such as a higher body weight and an excessive growth of body hair were related to an increased experience of fear of what other people thought about their appearance, but also the absence of their cycle (amenorrhea) was negatively associated with fear of appearance evaluation [34]. The association between fear of negative appearance evaluation and non-visual characteristics might be explained by a reduced feeling of femininity [35]. The importance of menstrual irregularities for Iranian’s PCOS women has been demonstrated in previous study and have been found that menstrual problems were the greatest concern reported by the PCOS women [36]. Menstrual irregularities can have important social consequences, especially in many Muslim countries. For example, the tenets of Islam decree that menstruating women cannot pray [37]. Moreover, menstrual irregularities are strongly related with infertility. However, some socio-cultural generalizations are possible: the social pressure to have a child shortly after marriage is strong in the Iran.
The relationship between androgens and mood in women is controversial. Accordingly, we observed that patients with high level of FAI had an elevated risk for anxiety and depression. Conversely, Barry and colleagues [38] failed to find an association between testosterone and mood disturbances in women with PCOS. Accordingly, others also failed to find an association between depression and hormonal and metabolic profile [39, 40]. Livadas et al. [39] studied whether anxiety was associated with hormonal and metabolic profile. PCOS women with higher anxiety scores showed significantly elevated HOMA-IR (insulin resistance) and FAI (free androgen excess) values than PCOS women with lower anxiety scores, independently of BMI. In the same line, the relation between greater FAI values and greater levels of anxiety was previously reported by Mansson et al. [7]. Perhaps studies with larger samples could elucidate this pattern much better.
It should be noted that this study have certain limitations. The study of patients with PCOS who were attending two private gynecology clinics may limit generalization of the findings to the entire PCOS population. Moreover, all of the patients in this study were married for cultural reasons (sex and infertility) in Iran. Therefore, the results of the present study have to be interpreted with some caution. Another limitation to this study is that the disease- specific scale available to measure the HRQOL of women with PCOS (MPCOSQ) was not used. The generic instrument used for the evaluation of the HRQOL in PCOS in the previous studies was generally the SF-36. However; we accept that this approach might not have been as sensitive for assessing the HRQOL scores when compared with the MPCOSQ. Therefore, the comparison with the MPCOSQ for Iranian PCOS women is necessary for future studies.
Generally, the contribution of individual PCOS symptoms to depression and anxiety risk reported herein should be interpreted with caution since most patients presented with a combination of PCOS symptoms, which may further enhanced the risk for anxiety. Clearly, since we did not analyze the effects of various combinations of clinical symptoms, this aspect of our analysis should be regarded as explorative. Possible selection bias, use of a screening tool alone without further diagnostic evaluation of depression, and lack of direct comparison with a healthy control group should be considered in interpretation of these results.

Conclusion

PCOS is closely associated with psychological impairment with important implications that necessitate diagnosis and treatment of the disorders. The high prevalence rate of depression and anxiety in this population suggests that initial evaluation of all women with PCOS should also include assessment of mental health disorders. Psychological support assumes an important role in the management of the affected patients. This should not suggest that medical treatment of PCOS is not required but a thorough cooperation between medical treatment and psychological support would improve the situation PCOS affected women. Increased level of free androgen and history of menstrual irregularities were associated with mood dysfunction. The clinician should further pay attention to religious and cultural background of their patients especially in view of the factors influencing psychological well-being.
Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​2.​0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Authors’ contributions

All authors were involved in designing of the study, data collection and analysis, interpretation of results and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Anhänge

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrmann DA: Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005, 352: 1223–1236. 10.1056/NEJMra041536PubMedCrossRef Ehrmann DA: Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005, 352: 1223–1236. 10.1056/NEJMra041536PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahn S, Janssen OE, Tan S, Pleger K, Mann K, Chedlowski M, et al.: Clinical and psychological correlates of quality-of-life in polycystic ovary syndrome. Euro J Endocrinol 2005, 153: 853–860. 10.1530/eje.1.02024CrossRef Hahn S, Janssen OE, Tan S, Pleger K, Mann K, Chedlowski M, et al.: Clinical and psychological correlates of quality-of-life in polycystic ovary syndrome. Euro J Endocrinol 2005, 153: 853–860. 10.1530/eje.1.02024CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhattacharya SM, Jha A: Prevalence and risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril 2010, 94: 357–359. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.025PubMedCrossRef Bhattacharya SM, Jha A: Prevalence and risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril 2010, 94: 357–359. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.025PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Laggari V, Diareme S, Christogiorgos S, Deligeoroglou E, Christopoulos P, Tsiantis J, et al.: Anxiety and depression in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 30: 83–88. 10.1080/01674820802546204PubMedCrossRef Laggari V, Diareme S, Christogiorgos S, Deligeoroglou E, Christopoulos P, Tsiantis J, et al.: Anxiety and depression in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 30: 83–88. 10.1080/01674820802546204PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Deeks A, Gibson-Helm M, Teede H: Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive investigation. Fertil Steril 2010, 93: 2421–2423. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.018PubMedCrossRef Deeks A, Gibson-Helm M, Teede H: Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive investigation. Fertil Steril 2010, 93: 2421–2423. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.018PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Benson S, Arck P, Tan S, Hahn S, Mann K, Rifaie N, et al.: Disturbed stress responses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34: 727–735. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.001PubMedCrossRef Benson S, Arck P, Tan S, Hahn S, Mann K, Rifaie N, et al.: Disturbed stress responses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34: 727–735. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.001PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Mansson M, Holte J, Landin-Wilhemsen K, Dahlgren E, Johansson A, Landen M: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are often depressed or anxious: A case control study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33: 1132–1138. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.06.003PubMedCrossRef Mansson M, Holte J, Landin-Wilhemsen K, Dahlgren E, Johansson A, Landen M: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are often depressed or anxious: A case control study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33: 1132–1138. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.06.003PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Eggers S, Kirchengast S: The polycystic ovary syndrome-a medical condition but also an important psychosocial problem. Coll Anthropol 2001, 25: 673–685. Eggers S, Kirchengast S: The polycystic ovary syndrome-a medical condition but also an important psychosocial problem. Coll Anthropol 2001, 25: 673–685.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bishop SC, Basch S, Futterweit W: Polycystic ovary syndrome, depression, and affective disorders. Endocr Pract 2009, 15: 475–482. 10.4158/EP09083.RARPubMedCrossRef Bishop SC, Basch S, Futterweit W: Polycystic ovary syndrome, depression, and affective disorders. Endocr Pract 2009, 15: 475–482. 10.4158/EP09083.RARPubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Benson SHS, Tan S, Mann K, Janssen OE, Schedlowski M, Elsenbruch S: Prevalence and implications of anxiety in polycystic ovary syndrome: results of an internet-based survey in Germany. Hum Reproduction 2009, 24: 1446–1451. 10.1093/humrep/dep031CrossRef Benson SHS, Tan S, Mann K, Janssen OE, Schedlowski M, Elsenbruch S: Prevalence and implications of anxiety in polycystic ovary syndrome: results of an internet-based survey in Germany. Hum Reproduction 2009, 24: 1446–1451. 10.1093/humrep/dep031CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerchner A, Lester W, Stuart SP, Dokras A: Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2009, 91: 207–212. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.022PubMedCrossRef Kerchner A, Lester W, Stuart SP, Dokras A: Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2009, 91: 207–212. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.022PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat ESHRE/ASRM: ESHRE/ASRM Rotterdam Consensus Meeting Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004, 19: 41–47.CrossRef ESHRE/ASRM: ESHRE/ASRM Rotterdam Consensus Meeting Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004, 19: 41–47.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Herrmann C: International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 1997, 42: 17–41. 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00216-4PubMedCrossRef Herrmann C: International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 1997, 42: 17–41. 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00216-4PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Jarvandi S: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003,28(1):14.CrossRef Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Jarvandi S: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003,28(1):14.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Montazeri A, Goshtasebi A, Vahdaninia M, Gandek B: The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Qual Life Res 2005,14(3):875–882. 10.1007/s11136-004-1014-5PubMedCrossRef Montazeri A, Goshtasebi A, Vahdaninia M, Gandek B: The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Qual Life Res 2005,14(3):875–882. 10.1007/s11136-004-1014-5PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferriman D, Gallwey JD: Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961, 21: 1440–1447. 10.1210/jcem-21-11-1440PubMedCrossRef Ferriman D, Gallwey JD: Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961, 21: 1440–1447. 10.1210/jcem-21-11-1440PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G: Acne vulgaris. Histopatbology of the Skin. 7th edn Philadelphia. JB Lippincott 1990, 218: 9. Lever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G: Acne vulgaris. Histopatbology of the Skin. 7th edn Philadelphia. JB Lippincott 1990, 218: 9.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Donyavi T, Naieni KH, Nedjat S, Vahdaninia M, Najafi M, Montazeri A: Socioeconomic status and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: a study from Iran. Int J Equity Health 2011,10(1):9. 10.1186/1475-9276-10-9PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Donyavi T, Naieni KH, Nedjat S, Vahdaninia M, Najafi M, Montazeri A: Socioeconomic status and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: a study from Iran. Int J Equity Health 2011,10(1):9. 10.1186/1475-9276-10-9PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Vankrieken L: Testosterone and the free androgen index. ZB158 edition. Los Angeles: Diagnostics Products; 1997. Vankrieken L: Testosterone and the free androgen index. ZB158 edition. Los Angeles: Diagnostics Products; 1997.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Belzer K, Schneier FR: Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders:issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract 2004, 10: 296–306. 10.1097/00131746-200409000-00003PubMedCrossRef Belzer K, Schneier FR: Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders:issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract 2004, 10: 296–306. 10.1097/00131746-200409000-00003PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Stein MB: An epidemiologic perspective on social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006,67(suppl. 12):3–8.PubMed Stein MB: An epidemiologic perspective on social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006,67(suppl. 12):3–8.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasgon NL, Rao RC, Hwang S, Altshuler LL, Elman S, Zuckerbrow-Miller J, et al.: Depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical correlates. J Affect Disord 2003, 74: 299–304. 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00117-9PubMedCrossRef Rasgon NL, Rao RC, Hwang S, Altshuler LL, Elman S, Zuckerbrow-Miller J, et al.: Depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical correlates. J Affect Disord 2003, 74: 299–304. 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00117-9PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnard L, Ferriday D, Guenther N, Strauss B, Balen AH, Dye L: Quality of life and psychological well being in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2007,22(8):2279–2286. 10.1093/humrep/dem108PubMedCrossRef Barnard L, Ferriday D, Guenther N, Strauss B, Balen AH, Dye L: Quality of life and psychological well being in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2007,22(8):2279–2286. 10.1093/humrep/dem108PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A: Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007, 87: 1369–1376. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.039PubMedCrossRef Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A: Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007, 87: 1369–1376. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.039PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Davidson JR, Meltzer-Brody SE: The under recognition and under treatment of depression: what is the breadth and depth of the problem? J Clin Psychiatry 1999,60(Suppl. 7):4–9.PubMed Davidson JR, Meltzer-Brody SE: The under recognition and under treatment of depression: what is the breadth and depth of the problem? J Clin Psychiatry 1999,60(Suppl. 7):4–9.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Lipscomb P, Russo J, Wagner E, et al.: Distressed high utilizers of medical care. DSM-III-R diagnoses and treatment needs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1990,12(6):355. 10.1016/0163-8343(90)90002-TPubMedCrossRef Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Lipscomb P, Russo J, Wagner E, et al.: Distressed high utilizers of medical care. DSM-III-R diagnoses and treatment needs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1990,12(6):355. 10.1016/0163-8343(90)90002-TPubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferketich AK, Schwartzbaum JA, Frid DJ, Moeschberger ML: Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I study.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160: 1261–1268. 10.1001/archinte.160.9.1261PubMedCrossRef Ferketich AK, Schwartzbaum JA, Frid DJ, Moeschberger ML: Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I study.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160: 1261–1268. 10.1001/archinte.160.9.1261PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Rutledge T, Linke SE, Krantz DS, Johnson BD, Bittner V, Eastwood J, et al.: Comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms as predictors of cardiovascular events:results from the NHLBI-sponsored women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation (WISE) study. Psychosom Med 2009, 71: 958–964. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bd6062PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rutledge T, Linke SE, Krantz DS, Johnson BD, Bittner V, Eastwood J, et al.: Comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms as predictors of cardiovascular events:results from the NHLBI-sponsored women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation (WISE) study. Psychosom Med 2009, 71: 958–964. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bd6062PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Himelein MJ, Thatcher SS: Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006, 61: 723–732. 10.1097/01.ogx.0000243772.33357.84PubMedCrossRef Himelein MJ, Thatcher SS: Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006, 61: 723–732. 10.1097/01.ogx.0000243772.33357.84PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Janssen OE, Hahn S, Tan S, Benson S, Elsenbruch S: Mood and sexual function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med 2008, 26: 45–52. 10.1055/s-2007-992924PubMedCrossRef Janssen OE, Hahn S, Tan S, Benson S, Elsenbruch S: Mood and sexual function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med 2008, 26: 45–52. 10.1055/s-2007-992924PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Trent MAS, Rich M, Gordon CM: Overweight status of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: body mass index as mediator of quality of life. Ambul Pediatr 2005, 5: 107–111. 10.1367/A04-130R.1PubMedCrossRef Trent MAS, Rich M, Gordon CM: Overweight status of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: body mass index as mediator of quality of life. Ambul Pediatr 2005, 5: 107–111. 10.1367/A04-130R.1PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Elsenbruch SBS, Hahn S, Tan S, Mann K, Pleger K, Kimmig R, Janssen OE: Determinants of emotional distress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2006, 21: 1092–1099.PubMedCrossRef Elsenbruch SBS, Hahn S, Tan S, Mann K, Pleger K, Kimmig R, Janssen OE: Determinants of emotional distress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2006, 21: 1092–1099.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Adali E, Yildizhan R, Kurdoglu M, Kolusari A, Edirne T, Sahin HG, et al.: The relationship between clinico-biochemical characteristics and psychiatric distress in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Int Med Res 2008,36(6):1188–1196. 10.1177/147323000803600604PubMedCrossRef Adali E, Yildizhan R, Kurdoglu M, Kolusari A, Edirne T, Sahin HG, et al.: The relationship between clinico-biochemical characteristics and psychiatric distress in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Int Med Res 2008,36(6):1188–1196. 10.1177/147323000803600604PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat De Niet JE, De Koning CM, Pastoor H, Duivenvoorden HJ, Valkenburg O, Ramakers MJ, et al.: Psychological well-being and sexarche in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2010,25(6):1497–1503. 10.1093/humrep/deq068PubMedCrossRef De Niet JE, De Koning CM, Pastoor H, Duivenvoorden HJ, Valkenburg O, Ramakers MJ, et al.: Psychological well-being and sexarche in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2010,25(6):1497–1503. 10.1093/humrep/deq068PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitzinger C, Willmott J: The thief of womanhood’: women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Soc Sci Med 2002, 54: 349–361. 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00034-XPubMedCrossRef Kitzinger C, Willmott J: The thief of womanhood’: women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Soc Sci Med 2002, 54: 349–361. 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00034-XPubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bazarganipour F, Ziaei S, Montazeri A, Foroozanfard F, Faghihzadeh S: Health-related quality of life and its relationship with clinical symptoms among Iranian patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Iran J Reprod Med 2013,11(5):371–378.PubMedCentralPubMed Bazarganipour F, Ziaei S, Montazeri A, Foroozanfard F, Faghihzadeh S: Health-related quality of life and its relationship with clinical symptoms among Iranian patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Iran J Reprod Med 2013,11(5):371–378.PubMedCentralPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Omran AR: Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam. London: Routledge; 1992. Omran AR: Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam. London: Routledge; 1992.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Barry JA, Bouloux P, Hardiman PJ: The impact of eating behavior on psychological symptoms typical of reactive hypoglycemia. A pilot study comparing women with polycystic ovary syndrome to controls. Appetite 2011,57(1):73–6. 10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.003PubMedCrossRef Barry JA, Bouloux P, Hardiman PJ: The impact of eating behavior on psychological symptoms typical of reactive hypoglycemia. A pilot study comparing women with polycystic ovary syndrome to controls. Appetite 2011,57(1):73–6. 10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.003PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Livadas S, Chaskou S, Kandaraki AA, Skourletos G, Economou F, Christou M, et al.: Anxiety is associated with hormonal and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2011,75(5):698–703. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04122.xCrossRef Livadas S, Chaskou S, Kandaraki AA, Skourletos G, Economou F, Christou M, et al.: Anxiety is associated with hormonal and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2011,75(5):698–703. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04122.xCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Farrell K, Antoni MH: Insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: biobehavioral mechanisms and interventions. Fertil Steril 2010,94(5):1565–74. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.081PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Farrell K, Antoni MH: Insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: biobehavioral mechanisms and interventions. Fertil Steril 2010,94(5):1565–74. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.081PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Psychological investigation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
verfasst von
Fatemeh Bazarganipour
Saeide Ziaei
Ali Montazeri
Fatemeh Foroozanfard
Anoshirvan Kazemnejad
Soghrat Faghihzadeh
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2013
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes / Ausgabe 1/2013
Elektronische ISSN: 1477-7525
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-141

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe