Background
Methods
Study sample
Measures
PWB scale
Depressive symptoms
Other variables determined using the questionnaire
Measurements
Laboratory analyses
Cardiovascular diseases
Follow-up
Statistical analysis
Results
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower PWB | Higher PWB | Lower PWB | Higher PWB | |
< Median | ≥ Median | < Median | ≥ Median | |
Mean age [years (SD)] | 60.8 (7.6) | 60.4 (7.6) | 61.1 (7.5) | 59.8 (7.6)*** |
BMI, kg/m2 [mean (SD)] | 28.5 (4.9) | 28.5 (4.4) | 30.4 (5.9) | 29.7 (5.6)*** |
Triglycerides [mmol/l (SD)] | 1.51 (1.02) | 1.44 (0.92)* | 1.50 (0.82) | 1.41 (0.79)** |
HDL cholesterol [mmol/l (SD)] | 1.40 (0.39) | 1.40 (0.36) | 1.55 (0.38) | 1.58 (0.37)** |
LDL cholesterol [mmol/l (SD)] | 3.68 (1.03) | 3.71 (0.97) | 3.88 (1.05) | 3.90 (1.04) |
Glucose [mmol/l (SD)] | 5.85 (1.37) | 5.80 (1.21) | 5.89 (1.29) | 5.81 (1.13) |
Arterial hypertension (%) | 74.9 | 73.2 | 67.0 | 60.5*** |
Smoking status (%) | ||||
Current | 33.9 | 26.9* | 10.1 | 9.7 |
Former | 30.3 | 32.0 | 6.9 | 7.2 |
Never | 35.8 | 41.0* | 83.0 | 83.1 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||
Every day | 7.5 | 5.2* | 0.8 | 1.2 |
2–4 times per week | 14.6 | 17.7* | 2.1 | 3.3* |
Once a week | 15.7 | 16.6 | 5.8 | 8.1 |
1–3 times per month | 33.0 | 33.7 | 27.1 | 34.3* |
Less than once a month | 23.3 | 21.8 | 53.9 | 48.0* |
Never | 5.9 | 5.0 | 10.3 | 5.1* |
Physically active (%) | 64.5 | 72.4*** | 76.5 | 84.2 |
Marital status (%) | ||||
Married | 82.0 | 85.6* | 53.3 | 57.8* |
Single | 2.4 | 1.4 | 5.9 | 5.6 |
Cohabiting | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 |
Divorced | 8.1 | 7.0 | 17.0 | 15.1 |
Widowed | 6.1 | 4.6 | 22.7 | 20.9 |
Number of children (%) | ||||
0 | 7.7 | 4.8* | 11.2 | 10.2 |
1 | 26.4 | 23.1* | 31.4 | 27.1* |
2 | 54.1 | 58.1* | 47.7 | 53.8* |
3 and more | 11.8 | 14.0 | 9.7 | 8.9 |
Education level (%) | ||||
Primary | 7.6 | 6.8 | 9.6 | 5.1* |
Vocational | 11.2 | 9.0* | 9.9 | 6.7* |
Secondary | 32.6 | 29.2* | 28.5 | 22.4* |
College | 18.0 | 18.0 | 25.7 | 28.5 |
University | 30.6 | 37.0* | 26.3 | 37.3* |
Employment status (%) | ||||
Employed | 35.6 | 45.3* | 26.7 | 37.2* |
Employed-retired | 15.7 | 23.3* | 11.2 | 17.1* |
Employed-disabled | 5.1 | 3.3* | 3.6 | 2.9 |
Unemployed | 3.6 | 2.2* | 3.6 | 3.5 |
Retired | 25.3 | 20.3* | 40.7 | 32.4* |
Disabled | 14.7 | 5.6* | 14.2 | 6.9* |
Social participation (%) | 85.6 | 81.6** | 9.8 | 15.6*** |
Social activity (%) | ||||
Low | 42.1 | 26.7* | 38.1 | 20.0* |
Moderate | 34.7 | 32.9 | 40.6 | 38.9 |
High | 23.2 | 40.4* | 21.3 | 41.1* |
Material deprivation (%) | 33.5 | 13.9*** | 49.7 | 26.8*** |
Depressive symptoms (%) | 26.7 | 5.1*** | 49.6 | 13.7*** |
CHD (%) | 25.3 | 16.1*** | 27.9 | 17.8*** |
Psychological well-being (PWB) | No. of deaths (n) | Model 1 | HR (95% CI) | Model 2 | HR (95% CI) | Model 3 | HR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
All-cause | Mortality | ||||||
Lower PWB | Men 289 (1388) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Women 162 (1604) | |||||||
Higher PWB | Men 195 (1552) |
0.58
|
0.56
|
0.70
|
0.69
|
0.77
|
0.73
|
Women 101 (1979) |
(0.49–0.70)
|
(0.44–0.72)
|
(0.57–0.85)
|
(0.53–0.91)
|
(0.62–0.94)
|
(0.56–0.96)
|
Psychological well-being (PWB) | No. of deaths (n) | Model 1 | HR (95% CI) | Model 2 | HR (95% CI) | Model 3 | HR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
Cardiovascular | Mortalitya | ||||||
Lower PWB | Men 62 (1037) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Women 33 (1157) | |||||||
Higher PWB | Men 52 (1302) |
0.63
|
0.41
| 0.88 |
0.51
| 0.98 |
0.53
|
Women 16 (1625) |
(0.43–0.91)
|
(0.22–0.74)
| (0.67–1.16) |
(0.32–0.79)
| (0.72–1.33) |
(0.33–0.87)
|
Covariate | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | Relative impact on association (%) | HR | 95% CI | Relative impact on association (%) | |
No covariatea | 0.58 | 0.49–0.7 | 0.56 | 0.44–0.72 | ||
Marital status | 0.59 | 0.49–0.70 | 1 | |||
Education | 0.60 | 0.5–0.72 | 4 | 0.58 | 0.45–0.74 | 5 |
Number of children | 0.59 | 0.49–0.71 | 1 | |||
Employment status | 0.61 | 0.55–0.8 | 7 | 0.62 | 0.48–0.79 | 13 |
Material deprivation | 0.60 | 0.49–0.72 | 3 | 0.59 | 0.46–0.76 | 7 |
Social participation | 0.59 | 0.49–0.71 | 1 | |||
Social activity | 0.63 | 0.53–0.76 | 12 | 0.62 | 0.4–0.81 | 15 |
Body Mass Index | 0.57 | 0.44–0.73 | 2 | |||
HDL cholesterol | 0.61 | 0.5–0.73 | 6 | 0.58 | 0.45–0.74 | 4 |
LDL cholesterol | 0.60 | 0.5–0.72 | 4 | 0.57 | 0.44–0.73 | 1 |
Glucose | 0.58 | 0.49–0.7 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.43–0.72 | 0 |
Triglycerides | 0.59 | 0.49–0.7 | 1 | 0.56 | 0.43–0.72 | 0 |
Arterial hypertension | 0.58 | 0.49–0.7 | 0 | 0.57 | 0.45–0.74 | 3 |
Alcohol consumption | 0.59 | 0.49–0.71 | 2 | |||
Smoking habits | 0.61 | 0.51–0.73 | 6 | 0.56 | 0.44–0.72 | 0 |
Physical activity | 0.62 | 0.52–0.74 | 9 | 0.58 | 0.45–0.74 | 4 |
Depressive symptoms | 0.62 | 0.51–0.75 | 9 |