Background
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Severity of dependence scale-Khat
Measures
Meta-cognition questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Mean ± SD/frequency |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 25.8 ± 3.6 |
Athletic activity | |
No | 148(83.1) |
Yes | 28(15.7) |
Did not report | 2(1.1) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 2.8 |
Educational status | |
Primary | 70(39.3) |
Secondary | 69(38.8) |
Higher education | 39(21.9) |
Ethnicity | |
Bench | 23(12.9) |
Keffa | 60(33.7) |
Amhara | 44(24.7) |
Oromo | 31(17.4) |
Tigray | 20(11.2) |
Gender | |
Male | 142(79.8) |
Female | 36(20.2) |
Occupation | |
Government employee | 49(27.5) |
Merchant | 123(69.1) |
Others | 6(3.4) |
Presence of chronic disease | |
No | 93(52.2) |
Yes | 82(46.1) |
Did not report | 3(1.7) |
Meta-cognition | 27.3 ± 4.5 |
Meta-memory | 15.1 ± 2.4 |
Meta-concentration | 12.3 ± 2.4 |
SDS-total | 6.4 ± 1.6 |
Polysubstance use | |
Khat + Cigarette | 4(2.2) |
Khat + coffee | 67(37.6) |
Khat+ Alcohol+ cigarette | 2(1.1) |
Khat+ alcohol+ coffee | 60(33.7) |
Khat+cigarette + coffee | 45(25.3) |
Items of the SDS-Khat scale | Mean ± SD | Cronbach’s alpha If item deleted | Factor loadingsa | Item scores | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Frequency (%) | 1 Frequency (%) | 2 Frequency (%) | 3 Frequency (%) | Missing value | ||||
SDS-1 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | .55 | .38 | 3(1.7) | 129(72.5) | 45(25.3) | 1(0.6) | 0(0) |
SDS-2 | 1. 2 ± 0.5 | .53 | .43 | 0(0) | 136(76.4) | 40(22.5) | 2(1.1) | 0(0) |
SDS-3 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | .53 | .45 | 2(1.1) | 130(73.0) | 34(19.1) | 11(6.2) | 1(0.6) |
SDS-4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | .48 | .60 | 2(1.1) | 121(68.0) | 51(28.7) | 4(2.2) | 0(0) |
SDS-5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 53 | .49 | 4(2.2) | 133(74.7) | 38(21.3) | 3(1.7) | 0(0) |
SDS-1 | SDS-2 | SDS-3 | SDS-4 | SDS-5 | SDS-total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDS-1 | .23** | .17* | .17* | .09 | .55* | |
SDS-2 | .19* | .16* | .20** | .56* | ||
SDS-3 | .23** | .17* | .55* | |||
SDS-4 | .38** | .65* | ||||
SDS-5 | .56* | |||||
MC-total | −.20** | −.06 | −.10 | −.31** | .00 | −.26** |
mm-total | −.19* | −.08 | −.09 | −.25** | .02 | −.22** |
mc-total | −.20** | −.06 | −.07 | −.34** | −.01 | −.28** |
Measures | Values |
---|---|
Diagonal element of the anti-image correlation matrix | 0.62–0.71 |
Bartlett’s test of Sphericity | < 0.001 |
Communalitya | 0.30-0.48 |
Determinant | 0.65 |
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) | 0.66 |
Number of Factors | Eigenvalue | Cumulative Variance Explained (%) | Above point of inflection on Scree plot | Decision to extract | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaiser’s criteria (Eigenvalue≥1) | Cumulative variance rule (> 40%) | Scree test | ||||
1 | 2.97 | 37.67 | Yes | √ | √ | √ |
2 | 0.97 | 57.04 | Yes | Χ | √ | Χ |
3 | 0.87 | 73.39 | No | Χ | Χ | Χ |
4 | 0.80 | 88.48 | No | Χ | Χ | Χ |
Models | IFI | CFI | RMSEA | χ2 | df |
p
| χ2/df | PClose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Factor | .933 | .928 | .074(.000–.142) | 9.822 | 5 | .080 | 1.964 | .233 |
2-Factor | .921 | .914 | .090(.014–.164) | 9.792 | 4 | .044 | 2.448 | .143 |