Background
Methods
Recruitment and response rate
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Measures
Analysis
Results
Sample description
Unprompted and prompted cancer awareness
(a) General health condition | Believe health condition can result from drinking too much alcohol (N = 2100) | ||
Yes (%) | No (%) | Don’t know (%) | |
Alcohol-related conditions | |||
Liver disease | 94.6 | 2.4 | 3.0 |
Being overweight or obese | 83.8 | 7.4 | 8.7 |
Heart disease | 73.3 | 10.0 | 16.7 |
Diabetes | 58.5 | 15.9 | 25.6 |
High cholesterol | 52.1 | 19.7 | 28.1 |
Cancer | 46.9 | 24.1 | 29.0 |
Condition not related to alcohol | |||
Arthritis | 14.3 | 46.2 | 39.5 |
(b) Specific cancer type | Believe risk of specific cancer type is increased by drinking alcohol (N = 2100) | ||
Yes (%) | No (%) | Don’t know (%) | |
Alcohol-related cancers | |||
Liver | 80.0 | 5.8 | 14.2 |
Colon and rectal | 38.5 | 23.0 | 38.5 |
Breast | 17.8 | 38.7 | 43.5 |
Mouth and throat | 48.1 | 19.5 | 32.4 |
Cancer potentially related to alcohol | |||
Stomach | 57.1 | 13.6 | 29.3 |
Cancers not related to alcohol | |||
Bladder | 54.3 | 15.0 | 30.7 |
Brain | 31.8 | 27.2 | 41.1 |
Ovarian | 16.5 | 38.0 | 45.5 |
Bivariate predictors of cancer awareness
Characteristic | Number | Unprompted cancer awareness | Prompted cancer awareness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer mention | No cancer mention |
P
a
| Yes | No/Don’t know |
P
a
| ||
% | % | % | % | ||||
Overall | 2100 | 12.9 | 87.1 | - | 46.9 | 53.1 | - |
Gender | 0.020 | 0.006 | |||||
Male | 1030 | 11.2 | 88.8 | 43.9 | 56.1 | ||
Female | 1070 | 14.6 | 85.4 | 49.8 | 50.2 | ||
Education | 0.026 | <0.001 | |||||
No qualifications | 315 | 9.5 | 90.5 | 33.7 | 66.3 | ||
Below degree | 1155 | 12.5 | 87.5 | 47.3 | 52.7 | ||
Degree or above | 630 | 15.6 | 84.4 | 52.9 | 47.1 | ||
IMD quintilec | 0.230 | 0.164 | |||||
5 Most deprived | 479 | 12.7 | 87.3 | 43.0 | 57.0 | ||
4 | 474 | 10.1 | 89.9 | 45.7 | 54.3 | ||
3 | 426 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 48.1 | 51.9 | ||
2 | 351 | 15.4 | 84.6 | 48.9 | 51.1 | ||
1 Least deprived | 349 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 51.1 | 48.9 | ||
Region | 0.025 | 0.016 | |||||
North East | 115 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 63.5 | 36.5 | ||
North West | 320 | 11.6 | 88.4 | 45.5 | 54.5 | ||
Yorkshire & The Humber | 207 | 13.0 | 87.0 | 44.2 | 55.8 | ||
East Midlands | 182 | 10.4 | 89.6 | 45.1 | 54.9 | ||
West Midlands | 218 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 42.9 | 57.1 | ||
East of England | 186 | 11.8 | 88.2 | 44.1 | 55.9 | ||
London | 285 | 12.3 | 87.7 | 44.8 | 55.2 | ||
South East | 378 | 13.2 | 86.8 | 50.9 | 49.1 | ||
South West | 209 | 12.4 | 87.6 | 46.9 | 53.1 | ||
Audit C | 0.276 | 0.118 | |||||
< 5 | 1234 | 12.2 | 87.8 | 45.5 | 54.5 | ||
5+ | 866 | 13.9 | 86.1 | 49.0 | 51.0 | ||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| ||
Age | 2100 | 47.7 (16.7) | 47.9 (16.6) | 0.852 | 46.8 (16.4) | 48.8 (16.8) | 0.007 |
Number | Liver | Breast | Colon and rectal | Mouth and throat | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes % | No/DK % |
P
a
| Yes % | No/DK % |
P
a
| Yes | No/DK % |
P
a
| Yes | No/DK % |
P
a
| ||
Overall | 2100 | 80.0 | 20.0 | - | 17.8 | 82.2 | - | 38.5 | 61.5 | - | 48.1 | 51.9 | - |
Gender | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.190 | 0.020 | |||||||||
Male | 1030 | 76.3 | 23.7 | 15.7 | 84.3 | 37.1 | 62.9 | 45.5 | 54.5 | ||||
Female | 1070 | 83.6 | 16.4 | 19.8 | 80.2 | 39.9 | 60.1 | 50.6 | 49.4 | ||||
Education | <0.001 | 0.281 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |||||||||
No qualifications | 315 | 73.0 | 27.0 | 16.8 | 83.2 | 30.5 | 69.5 | 39.4 | 60.6 | ||||
Below degree | 1155 | 79.6 | 20.4 | 17.0 | 83.0 | 38.6 | 61.4 | 46.8 | 53.2 | ||||
Degree or above | 630 | 84.3 | 15.7 | 19.8 | 80.2 | 42.4 | 57.6 | 54.8 | 45.2 | ||||
IMD quintilec | 0.317 | 0.773 | 0.862 | 0.056 | |||||||||
5 Most deprived | 479 | 78.1 | 21.9 | 19.6 | 80.4 | 37.0 | 63.0 | 43.0 | 57.0 | ||||
4 | 474 | 80.8 | 19.2 | 16.7 | 83.3 | 38.9 | 61.1 | 47.8 | 52.2 | ||||
3 | 426 | 81.5 | 18.5 | 17.1 | 82.9 | 39.6 | 60.4 | 50.2 | 49.8 | ||||
2 | 351 | 77.7 | 22.3 | 18.3 | 81.7 | 40.0 | 60.0 | 47.4 | 52.6 | ||||
1 Least deprived | 349 | 82.8 | 17.2 | 17.2 | 82.8 | 37.2 | 62.8 | 53.0 | 47.0 | ||||
Region | 0.943 | 0.033 | 0.344 | 0.750 | |||||||||
North East | 115 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 29.6 | 70.4 | 44.3 | 55.7 | 53.0 | 47.0 | ||||
North West | 320 | 79.0 | 21.0 | 17.9 | 82.1 | 34.8 | 65.2 | 48.4 | 51.6 | ||||
Yorkshire & The Humber | 207 | 79.8 | 20.2 | 14.4 | 85.6 | 40.4 | 59.6 | 44.7 | 55.3 | ||||
East Midlands | 182 | 81.9 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 81.9 | 39.6 | 60.4 | 47.8 | 52.2 | ||||
West Midlands | 218 | 80.2 | 19.8 | 18.0 | 82.0 | 37.3 | 62.7 | 46.1 | 53.9 | ||||
East of England | 186 | 79.0 | 21.0 | 13.4 | 86.6 | 32.3 | 67.7 | 46.8 | 53.2 | ||||
London | 285 | 78.7 | 21.3 | 19.9 | 80.1 | 37.9 | 62.1 | 45.3 | 54.7 | ||||
South East | 378 | 79.8 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 82.5 | 40.6 | 59.4 | 50.7 | 49.3 | ||||
South West | 209 | 83.7 | 16.3 | 15.3 | 84.7 | 42.1 | 57.9 | 50.7 | 49.3 | ||||
Audit C | 0.059 | 0.284 | 0.828 | 0.291 | |||||||||
< 5 | 1234 | 81.4 | 18.6 | 17.1 | 82.9 | 38.3 | 61.7 | 47.1 | 52.9 | ||||
5+ | 866 | 78.1 | 21.9 | 18.9 | 81.1 | 38.8 | 61.2 | 49.4 | 50.6 | ||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| ||
Age | 2100 | 47.7 (16.8) | 48.6 (15.8) | 0.323 | 47.0 (15.9) | 48.0 (16.8) | 0.282 | 48.5 (16.0) | 47.4 (17.0) | 0.143 | 47.2 (16.7) | 48.5 (16.5) | 0.076 |
Number | Bladder | Brain | Ovarian | Stomach | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No % | Yes/DK % |
P
a
| No % | Yes/DK % |
P
a
| No % | Yes/DK % | No % | DK % | Yes % |
P
a
| |||
Overall | 2100 | 15.0 | 85.0 | - | 27.2 | 72.8 | - | 38.0 | 62.0 | - | 13.6 | 29.3 | 57.1 | |
Gender | 0.392 | 0.107 | 0.013 | 0.001 | ||||||||||
Male | 1030 | 15.6 | 84.4 | 28.7 | 71.3 | 35.3 | 64.7 | 16.3 | 29.0 | 54.7 | ||||
Female | 1070 | 14.3 | 85.7 | 25.6 | 74.4 | 40.6 | 59.4 | 10.9 | 29.7 | 59.4 | ||||
Education | 0.893 | 0.115 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
No qualifications | 315 | 15.9 | 84.1 | 23.2 | 76.8 | 29.8 | 70.2 | 15.2 | 38.1 | 46.7 | ||||
Below degree | 1155 | 14.9 | 85.1 | 27.0 | 73.0 | 38.2 | 61.8 | 14.3 | 28.1 | 57.6 | ||||
Degree or above | 630 | 14.8 | 85.2 | 29.5 | 70.5 | 41.7 | 58.3 | 11.6 | 27.0 | 61.4 | ||||
IMD quintiled | 0.772 | 0.099 | 0.469 | 0.702 | ||||||||||
5 Most deprived | 479 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 27.3 | 72.7 | 38.2 | 61.8 | 13.8 | 28.8 | 57.4 | ||||
4 | 474 | 16.5 | 83.5 | 29.7 | 70.3 | 39.9 | 60.1 | 15.6 | 27.2 | 57.2 | ||||
3 | 426 | 14.8 | 85.2 | 29.5 | 70.5 | 39.7 | 60.3 | 13.4 | 29.1 | 57.5 | ||||
2 | 351 | 15.4 | 84.6 | 25.7 | 74.3 | 36.0 | 64.0 | 12.6 | 32.7 | 54.7 | ||||
1 Least deprived | 349 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 22.0 | 78.0 | 34.6 | 65.4 | 11.5 | 30.1 | 58.5 | ||||
Region | 0.179 | 0.643 | 0.259 | 0.056 | ||||||||||
North East | 115 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 21.7 | 78.3 | 27.8 | 72.2 | 9.6 | 25.2 | 65.2 | ||||
North West | 320 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 28.5 | 71.5 | 37.2 | 62.8 | 11.6 | 30.7 | 57.7 | ||||
Yorkshire & The Humber | 207 | 15.5 | 84.5 | 27.9 | 72.1 | 37.5 | 62.5 | 11.5 | 34.1 | 54.3 | ||||
East Midlands | 182 | 19.8 | 80.2 | 28.0 | 72.0 | 38.5 | 61.5 | 17.0 | 23.6 | 59.3 | ||||
West Midlands | 218 | 16.5 | 83.5 | 26.7 | 73.3 | 41.5 | 58.5 | 15.6 | 29.8 | 54.6 | ||||
East of England | 186 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 34.4 | 65.6 | 13.4 | 36.6 | 50.0 | ||||
London | 285 | 14.3 | 85.7 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 37.9 | 62.1 | 14.7 | 30.1 | 55.2 | ||||
South East | 378 | 17.8 | 82.2 | 30.8 | 69.2 | 42.1 | 57.9 | 16.4 | 26.8 | 56.8 | ||||
South West | 209 | 11.0 | 89.0 | 24.9 | 75.1 | 36.8 | 63.2 | 9.1 | 26.4 | 64.4 | ||||
Audit C | 0.054 | 0.001 | 0.048 | 0.010 | ||||||||||
< 5 | 1234 | 13.7 | 86.3 | 24.6 | 75.4 | 36.2 | 63.8 | 12.1 | 31.3 | 56.6 | ||||
5+ | 866 | 16.7 | 83.3 | 30.8 | 69.2 | 40.5 | 59.5 | 15.8 | 26.5 | 57.7 | ||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
P
c
| ||
Age | 2100 | 46.4 (16.8) | 48.1 (16.6) | 0.094 | 46.1 (16.4) | 48.5 (16.7) | 0.004 | 45.9 (16.9) | 49.0 (16.4) | <0.001 | 47.1 (16.7) | 49.5 (16.2) | 47.2 (16.8) | 0.014 |
Multivariate predictors of cancer awareness
Unprompted cancer awareness | Prompted cancer awareness | Liver | Breast | Colon & Rectal | Mouth & Throat | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Female | 1.42* | (1.09-1.86) | 1.27* | (1.06-1.52) | 1.49* | (1.19-1.86) | 1.41* | (1.12-1.79) | 1.13 | (0.94-1.36) | 1.23* | (1.03-1.47) |
Education | ||||||||||||
No qualifications | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Below degree | 1.28 | (0.85-1.97) | 1.56* | (1.19-2.06) | 1.50* | (1.10-2.04) | 0.91 | (0.64-1.30) | 1.56* | (1.18-2.07) | 1.23 | (0.94-1.60) |
Degree or above | 1.69* | (1.06-2.69) | 1.96** | (1.44-2.65) | 2.13** | (1.48-3.06) | 1.11 | (0.76-1.64) | 1.90** | (1.39-2.60) | 1.66* | (1.23-2.24) |
IMD quintile† | ||||||||||||
5 (Most deprived) | 0.98 | (0.63-1.51) | 0.77 | (0.57-1.03) | 0.84 | (0.57-1.22) | 1.11 | (0.75-1.62) | 1.16 | (0.86-1.58) | 0.71* | (0.53-0.96) |
4 | 0.73 | (0.47-1.13) | 0.84 | (0.63-1.12) | 0.94 | (0.65-1.37) | 0.92 | (0.63-1.35) | 1.16 | (0.87-1.56) | 0.86 | (0.65-1.15) |
3 | 1.07 | (0.71-1.64) | 0.92 | (0.69-1.23) | 0.93 | (0.63-1.36) | 0.98 | (0.67-1.44) | 1.18 | (0.87-1.58) | 0.93 | (0.70-1.24) |
2 | 1.23 | (0.80-1.89) | 0.97 | (0.72-1.32) | 0.75 | (0.51-1.09) | 1.12 | (0.76-1.67) | 1.18 | (0.87-1.61) | 0.85 | (0.63-1.14) |
1 (Least deprived) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Region | ||||||||||||
North East | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
North West | 0.37** | (0.21-0.64) | 0.47* | (0.30-0.74) | 0.92 | (0.54-1.57) | 0.49* | (0.30-0.80) | 0.69 | (0.44-1.06) | 0.81 | (0.53-1.25) |
Yorkshire Humber | 0.42* | (0.23-0.76) | 0.45* | (0.28-0.73) | 0.97 | (0.54-1.73) | 0.39* | (0.22-0.67) | 0.87 | (0.55-1.40) | 0.69 | (0.44-1.10) |
East Midlands | 0.33* | (0.17-0.62) | 0.44* | (0.27-0.72) | 1.02 | (0.56-1.85) | 0.52* | (0.30-0.90) | 0.82 | (0.51-1.32) | 0.78 | (0.48-1.25) |
West Midlands | 0.37* | (0.20-0.67) | 0.43** | (0.27-0.69) | 1.01 | (0.57-1.79) | 0.51* | (0.30-0.87) | 0.77 | (0.49-1.23) | 0.74 | (0.47-1.17) |
East of England | 0.37* | (0.20-0.69) | 0.44* | (0.27-0.72) | 0.90 | (0.50-1.62) | 0.36* | (0.20-0.65) | 0.61 | (0.38-1.00) | 0.75 | (0.46-1.20) |
London | 0.41* | (0.23-0.71) | 0.43** | (0.27-0.68) | 0.86 | (0.50-1.50) | 0.57* | (0.35-0.95) | 0.78 | (0.50-1.22) | 0.70 | (0.45-1.09) |
South East | 0.41* | (0.24-0.69) | 0.55* | (0.35-0.85) | 0.90 | (0.53-1.54) | 0.49* | (0.30-0.80) | 0.90 | (0.58-1.38) | 0.84 | (0.55-1.29) |
South West | 0.36* | (0.19-0.66) | 0.47* | (0.29-0.76) | 1.26 | (0.66-2.16) | 0.41* | (0.23-0.72) | 0.93 | (0.58-1.49) | 0.86 | (0.54-1.36) |
AUDIT C | ||||||||||||
< 5 | 0.88 | (0.67-1.16) | 0.93 | (0.77-1.12) | 1.26 | 1.00-1.58 | 0.86 | (0.68-1.09) | 0.99 | (0.82-1.19) | 0.94 | (0.78-1.13) |
5+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Age per year of increase | 1.00 | (0.99-1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99-1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99-1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99-1.01) | 1.01* | (1.00-1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99-1.00) |