Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Pulmonology Reports 4/2014

01.12.2014 | Respiratory Infections (C Daley, Section Editor)

Pulmonary fungal infections- recent updates

verfasst von: Marwan M. Azar, Joshua Malo, Kenneth S. Knox, Chadi A. Hage

Erschienen in: Current Pulmonology Reports | Ausgabe 4/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The field of pulmonary fungal infections is constantly evolving. The at-risk population continues to increase, and the endemic areas for the dimorphic fungi are expanding with new outbreaks reported across the world. Novel diagnostic methods are being developed and existing methods improved and refined. If started in a timely fashion, currently available antifungal agents are fairly effective. In this review we highlight the recent updates in fungal pneumonias focusing on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu JH, Feudtner C, Heydon K, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE. Hospitalizations for endemic mycoses: a population-based national study. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2006;42(6):822–5. doi:10.1086/500405. Chu JH, Feudtner C, Heydon K, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE. Hospitalizations for endemic mycoses: a population-based national study. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2006;42(6):822–5. doi:10.​1086/​500405.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinbach WJ, Marr KA, Anaissie EJ, Azie N, Quan SP, Meier-Kriesche HU, et al. Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry. J Infect. 2012;65(5):453–64. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.003.PubMed Steinbach WJ, Marr KA, Anaissie EJ, Azie N, Quan SP, Meier-Kriesche HU, et al. Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry. J Infect. 2012;65(5):453–64. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jinf.​2012.​08.​003.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurosawa M, Yonezumi M, Hashino S, Tanaka J, Nishio M, Kaneda M, et al. Epidemiology and treatment outcome of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol. 2012;96(6):748–57. doi:10.1007/s12185-012-1210-y.PubMed Kurosawa M, Yonezumi M, Hashino S, Tanaka J, Nishio M, Kaneda M, et al. Epidemiology and treatment outcome of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol. 2012;96(6):748–57. doi:10.​1007/​s12185-012-1210-y.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Racil Z, Weinbergerova B, Kocmanova I, Muzik J, Kouba M, Drgona L, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies in the Czech and Slovak republics: Fungal InfectioN Database (FIND) analysis, 2005–2009. Int J Infect Dis: IJID : Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2013;17(2):e101–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.09.004. Racil Z, Weinbergerova B, Kocmanova I, Muzik J, Kouba M, Drgona L, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies in the Czech and Slovak republics: Fungal InfectioN Database (FIND) analysis, 2005–2009. Int J Infect Dis: IJID : Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2013;17(2):e101–9. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijid.​2012.​09.​004.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Garnaud C, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Thiebaut-Bertrand A, Hamidfar R, Quesada JL, Bosseray A, et al. Seven-year surveillance of nosocomial invasive aspergillosis in a French University Hospital. J Infect. 2012;65(6):559–67. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.006.PubMed Garnaud C, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Thiebaut-Bertrand A, Hamidfar R, Quesada JL, Bosseray A, et al. Seven-year surveillance of nosocomial invasive aspergillosis in a French University Hospital. J Infect. 2012;65(6):559–67. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jinf.​2012.​08.​006.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Michallet M, Benet T, Sobh M, Kraghel S, El Hamri M, Cannas G, et al. Invasive aspergillosis: an important risk factor on the short- and long-term survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2012;31(6):991–7. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1397-5. Michallet M, Benet T, Sobh M, Kraghel S, El Hamri M, Cannas G, et al. Invasive aspergillosis: an important risk factor on the short- and long-term survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2012;31(6):991–7. doi:10.​1007/​s10096-011-1397-5.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh N, Husain S. Practice ASTIDCo. Aspergillosis in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant : Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2013;13(4):228–41. doi:10.1111/ajt.12115. Singh N, Husain S. Practice ASTIDCo. Aspergillosis in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant : Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2013;13(4):228–41. doi:10.​1111/​ajt.​12115.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Egli A, Fuller J, Humar A, Lien D, Weinkauf J, Nador R, et al. Emergence of Aspergillus calidoustus infection in the era of posttransplantation azole prophylaxis. Transplantation. 2012;94(4):403–10. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31825992f0.PubMed Egli A, Fuller J, Humar A, Lien D, Weinkauf J, Nador R, et al. Emergence of Aspergillus calidoustus infection in the era of posttransplantation azole prophylaxis. Transplantation. 2012;94(4):403–10. doi:10.​1097/​TP.​0b013e31825992f0​.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedayati MT, Khodavaisy S, Alialy M, Omran SM, Habibi MR. Invasive aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients in Iran. Acta Medica. 2013;56(2):52–6.PubMed Hedayati MT, Khodavaisy S, Alialy M, Omran SM, Habibi MR. Invasive aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients in Iran. Acta Medica. 2013;56(2):52–6.PubMed
13.•
Zurück zum Zitat Baddley JW, Stephens JM, Ji X, Gao X, Schlamm HT, Tarallo M. Aspergillosis in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients: epidemiology and economic outcomes. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13:29. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-29. This is a large retrospective study of 6,424 patients with IA that demonstrated that patients with non-traditional risk factors, specifically non-neutropenic critically ill patients, are at risk for IA (6.7 % of the sample).PubMedCentralPubMed Baddley JW, Stephens JM, Ji X, Gao X, Schlamm HT, Tarallo M. Aspergillosis in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients: epidemiology and economic outcomes. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13:29. doi:10.​1186/​1471-2334-13-29. This is a large retrospective study of 6,424 patients with IA that demonstrated that patients with non-traditional risk factors, specifically non-neutropenic critically ill patients, are at risk for IA (6.7 % of the sample).PubMedCentralPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, Stevens DA, Edwards JE, Calandra T, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis:Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;46(12):1813–21. doi:10.1086/588660. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, Stevens DA, Edwards JE, Calandra T, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis:Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;46(12):1813–21. doi:10.​1086/​588660.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi SH, Kang ES, Eo H, Yoo SY, Kim JH, Yoo KH, et al. Aspergillus galactomannan antigen assay and invasive aspergillosis in pediatric cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(2):316–22. doi:10.1002/pbc.24363.PubMed Choi SH, Kang ES, Eo H, Yoo SY, Kim JH, Yoo KH, et al. Aspergillus galactomannan antigen assay and invasive aspergillosis in pediatric cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(2):316–22. doi:10.​1002/​pbc.​24363.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Ku NS, Han SH, Choi JY, Kim SB, Kim HW, Jeong SJ, et al. Diagnostic value of the serum galactomannan assay for invasive aspergillosis: it is less useful in non-haematological patients. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44(8):600–4. doi:10.3109/00365548.2012.657672.PubMed Ku NS, Han SH, Choi JY, Kim SB, Kim HW, Jeong SJ, et al. Diagnostic value of the serum galactomannan assay for invasive aspergillosis: it is less useful in non-haematological patients. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44(8):600–4. doi:10.​3109/​00365548.​2012.​657672.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis:Off Publ Infecti Dis Soc Am. 2006;42(10):1417–27. doi:10.1086/503427. Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis:Off Publ Infecti Dis Soc Am. 2006;42(10):1417–27. doi:10.​1086/​503427.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghosh I, Raina V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Bakhshi S, Iqbal S. Serum galactomannan assay for diagnosis of probable invasive Aspergillosis in acute leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. IndianJ Med Paediatr Oncol: Off J Indian Soc Med Paediatr Oncol. 2013;34(2):74–9. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.116181. Ghosh I, Raina V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Bakhshi S, Iqbal S. Serum galactomannan assay for diagnosis of probable invasive Aspergillosis in acute leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. IndianJ Med Paediatr Oncol: Off J Indian Soc Med Paediatr Oncol. 2013;34(2):74–9. doi:10.​4103/​0971-5851.​116181.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanase AD, Colita A, Marculescu A, Berteanu C, Streinu Cercel A, Stoica M, et al. Using the galactomannan antigen assay in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Romanian journal of morphology and embryology =. Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie. 2012;53(2):379–82.PubMed Tanase AD, Colita A, Marculescu A, Berteanu C, Streinu Cercel A, Stoica M, et al. Using the galactomannan antigen assay in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Romanian journal of morphology and embryology =. Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie. 2012;53(2):379–82.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Khanna S, Oberoi JK, Datta S, Aggarwal S, Wattal C. Variables affecting the performance of galactomannan assay in high-risk patients at a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2013;31(1):34–9. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.108717.PubMed Khanna S, Oberoi JK, Datta S, Aggarwal S, Wattal C. Variables affecting the performance of galactomannan assay in high-risk patients at a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2013;31(1):34–9. doi:10.​4103/​0255-0857.​108717.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Nosari AM, Caira M, Pioltelli ML, Fanci R, Bonini A, Cattaneo C, et al. Hema e-Chart registry of invasive fungal infections in haematological patients: improved outcome in recent years in mould infections. Clin Microbiol Infect: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):757–62. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12014. Nosari AM, Caira M, Pioltelli ML, Fanci R, Bonini A, Cattaneo C, et al. Hema e-Chart registry of invasive fungal infections in haematological patients: improved outcome in recent years in mould infections. Clin Microbiol Infect: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):757–62. doi:10.​1111/​1469-0691.​12014.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Badiee P, Alborzi A, Karimi M, Pourabbas B, Haddadi P, Mardaneh J, et al. Diagnostic potential of nested PCR, galactomannan EIA, and beta-D-glucan for invasive aspergillosis in pediatric patients. J Infect Dev Countries. 2012;6(4):352–7. Badiee P, Alborzi A, Karimi M, Pourabbas B, Haddadi P, Mardaneh J, et al. Diagnostic potential of nested PCR, galactomannan EIA, and beta-D-glucan for invasive aspergillosis in pediatric patients. J Infect Dev Countries. 2012;6(4):352–7.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Jha AK, Bansal D, Chakrabarti A, Shivaprakash MR, Trehan A, Marwaha RK. Serum galactomannan assay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in children with haematological malignancies. Mycoses. 2013;56(4):442–8. doi:10.1111/myc.12048.PubMed Jha AK, Bansal D, Chakrabarti A, Shivaprakash MR, Trehan A, Marwaha RK. Serum galactomannan assay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in children with haematological malignancies. Mycoses. 2013;56(4):442–8. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12048.PubMed
28.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Brownback KR, Pitts LR, Simpson SQ. Utility of galactomannan antigen detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in immunocompromised patients. Mycoses. 2013;56(5):552–8. doi:10.1111/myc.12074.PubMed Brownback KR, Pitts LR, Simpson SQ. Utility of galactomannan antigen detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in immunocompromised patients. Mycoses. 2013;56(5):552–8. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12074.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat D'Haese J, Theunissen K, Vermeulen E, Schoemans H, De Vlieger G, Lammertijn L, et al. Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(4):1258–63. doi:10.1128/JCM.06423-11.PubMedCentralPubMed D'Haese J, Theunissen K, Vermeulen E, Schoemans H, De Vlieger G, Lammertijn L, et al. Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(4):1258–63. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​06423-11.PubMedCentralPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat de Mol M, de Jongste JC, van Westreenen M, Merkus PJ, de Vries AH, Hop WC, et al. Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in children with bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48(8):789–96. doi:10.1002/ppul.22670.PubMed de Mol M, de Jongste JC, van Westreenen M, Merkus PJ, de Vries AH, Hop WC, et al. Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in children with bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48(8):789–96. doi:10.​1002/​ppul.​22670.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kono Y, Tsushima K, Yamaguchi K, Kurita N, Soeda S, Fujiwara A, et al. The utility of galactomannan antigen in the bronchial washing and serum for diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis. Respir Med. 2013;107(7):1094–100. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.007.PubMed Kono Y, Tsushima K, Yamaguchi K, Kurita N, Soeda S, Fujiwara A, et al. The utility of galactomannan antigen in the bronchial washing and serum for diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis. Respir Med. 2013;107(7):1094–100. doi:10.​1016/​j.​rmed.​2013.​04.​007.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinwald M, Spiess B, Heinz WJ, Vehreschild JJ, Lass-Florl C, Kiehl M, et al. Diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies: a multicenter prospective evaluation of an Aspergillus PCR assay and a galactomannan ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Eur J Haematol. 2012;89(2):120–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01806.x.PubMed Reinwald M, Spiess B, Heinz WJ, Vehreschild JJ, Lass-Florl C, Kiehl M, et al. Diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies: a multicenter prospective evaluation of an Aspergillus PCR assay and a galactomannan ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Eur J Haematol. 2012;89(2):120–7. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1600-0609.​2012.​01806.​x.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabarsi P, Soraghi A, Marjani M, Zandian P, Baghaei P, Najafizadeh K, et al. Comparison of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients. Exp Clin Transplant : Off J Middle East Soc Organ Transplant. 2012;10(3):278–81. Tabarsi P, Soraghi A, Marjani M, Zandian P, Baghaei P, Najafizadeh K, et al. Comparison of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients. Exp Clin Transplant : Off J Middle East Soc Organ Transplant. 2012;10(3):278–81.
35.••
Zurück zum Zitat Zou M, Tang L, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Chen L, Chen P, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of detecting galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. PloS one. 2012;7(8):e43347. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043347. This is a meta-analysis of 16 studies including 614 patients with proven or probable IA demonstrated very good performance of BAL GM in detecting IA (sensitivity (85 %) and specificity (86 %).PubMedCentralPubMed Zou M, Tang L, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Chen L, Chen P, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of detecting galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. PloS one. 2012;7(8):e43347. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0043347. This is a meta-analysis of 16 studies including 614 patients with proven or probable IA demonstrated very good performance of BAL GM in detecting IA (sensitivity (85 %) and specificity (86 %).PubMedCentralPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat He H, Li Q, Chang S, Ding L, Sun B, Li F, et al. Prognostic value of serum galactomannan index in critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chin Med J. 2014;127(1):23–8.PubMed He H, Li Q, Chang S, Ding L, Sun B, Li F, et al. Prognostic value of serum galactomannan index in critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chin Med J. 2014;127(1):23–8.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang XB, Chen GP, Lin QC, Lin X, Zhang HY, Wang JH. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan detection for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Mycol. 2013;51(7):688–95. doi:10.3109/13693786.2013.777162.PubMed Zhang XB, Chen GP, Lin QC, Lin X, Zhang HY, Wang JH. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan detection for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Mycol. 2013;51(7):688–95. doi:10.​3109/​13693786.​2013.​777162.PubMed
38.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher CE, Stevens AM, Leisenring W, Pergam SA, Boeckh M, Hohl TM. The serum galactomannan index predicts mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2013;57(7):1001–4. doi:10.1093/cid/cit393. Fisher CE, Stevens AM, Leisenring W, Pergam SA, Boeckh M, Hohl TM. The serum galactomannan index predicts mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2013;57(7):1001–4. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​cit393.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoenigl M, Seeber K, Koidl C, Buzina W, Wolfler A, Duettmann W, et al. Sensitivity of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing breakthrough invasive aspergillosis under antifungal prophylaxis and empirical therapy. Mycoses. 2013;56(4):471–6. doi:10.1111/myc.12060.PubMed Hoenigl M, Seeber K, Koidl C, Buzina W, Wolfler A, Duettmann W, et al. Sensitivity of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing breakthrough invasive aspergillosis under antifungal prophylaxis and empirical therapy. Mycoses. 2013;56(4):471–6. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12060.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Marr KA, Laverdiere M, Gugel A, Leisenring W. Antifungal therapy decreases sensitivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis :Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2005;40(12):1762–9. doi:10.1086/429921. Marr KA, Laverdiere M, Gugel A, Leisenring W. Antifungal therapy decreases sensitivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis :Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2005;40(12):1762–9. doi:10.​1086/​429921.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Metan G, Agkus C, Nedret Koc A, Elmali F, Finkelman MA. Does ampicillin-sulbactam cause false positivity of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan assay? A prospective evaluation of 15 patients without invasive fungal infections. Mycoses. 2012;55(4):366–71. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02131.x.PubMed Metan G, Agkus C, Nedret Koc A, Elmali F, Finkelman MA. Does ampicillin-sulbactam cause false positivity of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan assay? A prospective evaluation of 15 patients without invasive fungal infections. Mycoses. 2012;55(4):366–71. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1439-0507.​2011.​02131.​x.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Mikulska M, Furfaro E, Del Bono V, Raiola AM, Ratto S, Bacigalupo A, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam (Tazocin) seems to be no longer responsible for false-positive results of the galactomannan assay. J Antimicrobial Chemother. 2012;67(7):1746–8. doi:10.1093/jac/dks111. Mikulska M, Furfaro E, Del Bono V, Raiola AM, Ratto S, Bacigalupo A, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam (Tazocin) seems to be no longer responsible for false-positive results of the galactomannan assay. J Antimicrobial Chemother. 2012;67(7):1746–8. doi:10.​1093/​jac/​dks111.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Vergidis P, Razonable RR, Wheat LJ, Estes L, Caliendo AM, Baden LR, et al. Reduction in false-positive Aspergillus serum galactomannan enzyme immunoassay results associated with use of piperacillin-tazobactam in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(6):2199–201. doi:10.1128/JCM.00285-14.PubMed Vergidis P, Razonable RR, Wheat LJ, Estes L, Caliendo AM, Baden LR, et al. Reduction in false-positive Aspergillus serum galactomannan enzyme immunoassay results associated with use of piperacillin-tazobactam in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(6):2199–201. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​00285-14.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Riviere S, Denis B, Bougnoux ME, Lanternier F, Lecuit M, Lortholary O. Serum Aspergillus galactomannan for the management of disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2012;87(2):303–5. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0119. Riviere S, Denis B, Bougnoux ME, Lanternier F, Lecuit M, Lortholary O. Serum Aspergillus galactomannan for the management of disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2012;87(2):303–5. doi:10.​4269/​ajtmh.​2012.​12-0119.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Vergidis P, Walker RC, Kaul DR, Kauffman CA, Freifeld AG, Slagle DC, et al. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan assay in solid organ transplant recipients with histoplasmosis. Transplant Infect Dis: Off J Transplant Soc. 2012;14(2):213–7. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00675.x. Vergidis P, Walker RC, Kaul DR, Kauffman CA, Freifeld AG, Slagle DC, et al. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan assay in solid organ transplant recipients with histoplasmosis. Transplant Infect Dis: Off J Transplant Soc. 2012;14(2):213–7. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1399-3062.​2011.​00675.​x.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Der Veer J, Lewis RJ, Emtiazjoo AM, Allen SD, Wheat LJ, Hage CA. Cross-reactivity in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay caused by blastomycosis. Med Mycol. 2012;50(4):396–8. doi:10.3109/13693786.2011.608172. Van Der Veer J, Lewis RJ, Emtiazjoo AM, Allen SD, Wheat LJ, Hage CA. Cross-reactivity in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay caused by blastomycosis. Med Mycol. 2012;50(4):396–8. doi:10.​3109/​13693786.​2011.​608172.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. beta-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2011;52(6):750–70. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq206. Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. beta-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2011;52(6):750–70. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​ciq206.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, Saegusa J, Sugimoto T, Kawano S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(1):7–15. doi:10.1128/JCM.05267-11.PubMedCentralPubMed Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, Saegusa J, Sugimoto T, Kawano S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(1):7–15. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​05267-11.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Theel ES, Jespersen DJ, Iqbal S, Bestrom JE, Rollins LO, Misner LJ, et al. Detection of (1, 3)-beta-D-glucan in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum samples collected from immunocompromised hosts. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(1–2):33–41. doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9579-y.PubMed Theel ES, Jespersen DJ, Iqbal S, Bestrom JE, Rollins LO, Misner LJ, et al. Detection of (1, 3)-beta-D-glucan in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum samples collected from immunocompromised hosts. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(1–2):33–41. doi:10.​1007/​s11046-012-9579-y.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Acosta J, Catalan M, del Palacio-Perez-Medel A, Montejo JC, De-La-Cruz-Bertolo J, Moragues MD, et al. Prospective study in critically ill non-neutropenic patients: diagnostic potential of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan assay and circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2012;31(5):721–31. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1365-0. Acosta J, Catalan M, del Palacio-Perez-Medel A, Montejo JC, De-La-Cruz-Bertolo J, Moragues MD, et al. Prospective study in critically ill non-neutropenic patients: diagnostic potential of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan assay and circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2012;31(5):721–31. doi:10.​1007/​s10096-011-1365-0.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Koo S, Kubiak DW, Issa NC, Dietzek A, Boukedes S, Camp PC, et al. A targeted peritransplant antifungal strategy for the prevention of invasive fungal disease after lung transplantation: a sequential cohort analysis. Transplantation. 2012;94(3):281–6. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e318255f864.PubMed Koo S, Kubiak DW, Issa NC, Dietzek A, Boukedes S, Camp PC, et al. A targeted peritransplant antifungal strategy for the prevention of invasive fungal disease after lung transplantation: a sequential cohort analysis. Transplantation. 2012;94(3):281–6. doi:10.​1097/​TP.​0b013e318255f864​.PubMed
57.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrissey CO, Chen SC, Sorrell TC, Milliken S, Bardy PG, Bradstock KF, et al. Galactomannan and PCR versus culture and histology for directing use of antifungal treatment for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haematology patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(6):519–28. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70076-8.PubMed Morrissey CO, Chen SC, Sorrell TC, Milliken S, Bardy PG, Bradstock KF, et al. Galactomannan and PCR versus culture and histology for directing use of antifungal treatment for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haematology patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(6):519–28. doi:10.​1016/​S1473-3099(13)70076-8.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, Loeffler J, Donnelly JP. Use of PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(2):89–96. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70019-2.PubMed Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, Loeffler J, Donnelly JP. Use of PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(2):89–96. doi:10.​1016/​S1473-3099(09)70019-2.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarzinger M, Sagaon-Teyssier L, Cabaret O, Bretagne S, Cordonnier C, Investigators P. Performance of serum biomarkers for the early detection of invasive aspergillosis in febrile, neutropenic patients: a multi-state model. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065776.PubMedCentralPubMed Schwarzinger M, Sagaon-Teyssier L, Cabaret O, Bretagne S, Cordonnier C, Investigators P. Performance of serum biomarkers for the early detection of invasive aspergillosis in febrile, neutropenic patients: a multi-state model. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65776. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0065776.PubMedCentralPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinwald M, Hummel M, Kovalevskaya E, Spiess B, Heinz WJ, Vehreschild JJ, et al. Therapy with antifungals decreases the diagnostic performance of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrobial Chemother. 2012;67(9):2260–7. doi:10.1093/jac/dks208. Reinwald M, Hummel M, Kovalevskaya E, Spiess B, Heinz WJ, Vehreschild JJ, et al. Therapy with antifungals decreases the diagnostic performance of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrobial Chemother. 2012;67(9):2260–7. doi:10.​1093/​jac/​dks208.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Springer J, Morton CO, Perry M, Heinz WJ, Paholcsek M, Alzheimer M, et al. Multicenter comparison of serum and whole-blood specimens for detection of Aspergillus DNA in high-risk hematological patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1445–50. doi:10.1128/JCM.03322-12.PubMedCentralPubMed Springer J, Morton CO, Perry M, Heinz WJ, Paholcsek M, Alzheimer M, et al. Multicenter comparison of serum and whole-blood specimens for detection of Aspergillus DNA in high-risk hematological patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1445–50. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​03322-12.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers TR, Morton CO, Springer J, Conneally E, Heinz W, Kenny C, et al. Combined real-time PCR and galactomannan surveillance improves diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in high risk patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2013;161(4):517–24. doi:10.1111/bjh.12285.PubMed Rogers TR, Morton CO, Springer J, Conneally E, Heinz W, Kenny C, et al. Combined real-time PCR and galactomannan surveillance improves diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in high risk patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2013;161(4):517–24. doi:10.​1111/​bjh.​12285.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Nabili M, Shokohi T, Janbabaie G, Hashemi-Soteh MB, Ali-Moghaddam K, Aghili SR. Detection of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients using real-time PCR. J Global Infect Dis. 2013;5(2):68–75. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.112296. Nabili M, Shokohi T, Janbabaie G, Hashemi-Soteh MB, Ali-Moghaddam K, Aghili SR. Detection of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients using real-time PCR. J Global Infect Dis. 2013;5(2):68–75. doi:10.​4103/​0974-777X.​112296.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Heng SC, Morrissey O, Chen SC, Thursky K, Manser RL, Nation RL, et al. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan alone or in combination with PCR for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2013. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2013.804033.PubMed Heng SC, Morrissey O, Chen SC, Thursky K, Manser RL, Nation RL, et al. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan alone or in combination with PCR for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2013. doi:10.​3109/​1040841X.​2013.​804033.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Avni T, Levy I, Sprecher H, Yahav D, Leibovici L, Paul M. Diagnostic accuracy of PCR alone compared to galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(11):3652–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.00942-12.PubMedCentralPubMed Avni T, Levy I, Sprecher H, Yahav D, Leibovici L, Paul M. Diagnostic accuracy of PCR alone compared to galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(11):3652–8. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​00942-12.PubMedCentralPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Thornton C, Johnson G, Agrawal S. Detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological malignancy patients by using lateral-flow technology. J Visualized Exp : JoVE. 2012 (61). doi:10.3791/3721. Thornton C, Johnson G, Agrawal S. Detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological malignancy patients by using lateral-flow technology. J Visualized Exp : JoVE. 2012 (61). doi:10.​3791/​3721.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Koo S., Thomas H. R., Rearden P., Comolli J., Baden L., R., Marty F. M. An Aspergillus fumigatus (AF)-specific Breath Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Profile is Diagnostic of Invasive Aspergillosis (IA). 2013. Koo S., Thomas H. R., Rearden P., Comolli J., Baden L., R., Marty F. M. An Aspergillus fumigatus (AF)-specific Breath Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Profile is Diagnostic of Invasive Aspergillosis (IA). 2013.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi LN, Li FQ, Huang M, Lu JF, Kong XX, Wang SQ, et al. Immunoproteomics based identification of thioredoxin reductase GliT and novel Aspergillus fumigatus antigens for serologic diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12:11. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-12-11.PubMedCentralPubMed Shi LN, Li FQ, Huang M, Lu JF, Kong XX, Wang SQ, et al. Immunoproteomics based identification of thioredoxin reductase GliT and novel Aspergillus fumigatus antigens for serologic diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12:11. doi:10.​1186/​1471-2180-12-11.PubMedCentralPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Du C, Wingard JR, Cheng S, Nguyen MH, Clancy CJ. Serum IgG responses against Aspergillus proteins before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy identify patients who develop invasive aspergillosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant : J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18(12):1927–34. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.07.013. Du C, Wingard JR, Cheng S, Nguyen MH, Clancy CJ. Serum IgG responses against Aspergillus proteins before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy identify patients who develop invasive aspergillosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant : J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18(12):1927–34. doi:10.​1016/​j.​bbmt.​2012.​07.​013.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Domingo MP, Colmenarejo C, Martinez-Lostao L, Mullbacher A, Jarne C, Revillo MJ, et al. Bis(methyl)gliotoxin proves to be a more stable and reliable marker for invasive aspergillosis than gliotoxin and suitable for use in diagnosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;73(1):57–64. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.01.012.PubMed Domingo MP, Colmenarejo C, Martinez-Lostao L, Mullbacher A, Jarne C, Revillo MJ, et al. Bis(methyl)gliotoxin proves to be a more stable and reliable marker for invasive aspergillosis than gliotoxin and suitable for use in diagnosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;73(1):57–64. doi:10.​1016/​j.​diagmicrobio.​2012.​01.​012.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang XZ, Huang XE, Xu YL, Zhang XQ, Su AL, Shen ZS. Phase II study on voriconazole for treatment of Chinese patients with malignant hematological disorders and invasive aspergillosis. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev : APJCP. 2012;13(5):2415–8. Zhang XZ, Huang XE, Xu YL, Zhang XQ, Su AL, Shen ZS. Phase II study on voriconazole for treatment of Chinese patients with malignant hematological disorders and invasive aspergillosis. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev : APJCP. 2012;13(5):2415–8.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobs F, Selleslag D, Aoun M, Sonet A, Gadisseur A. An observational efficacy and safety analysis of the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis using voriconazole. Eur J Clin Microbiol infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2012;31(6):1173–9. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1425-5. Jacobs F, Selleslag D, Aoun M, Sonet A, Gadisseur A. An observational efficacy and safety analysis of the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis using voriconazole. Eur J Clin Microbiol infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2012;31(6):1173–9. doi:10.​1007/​s10096-011-1425-5.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Garbati MA, Alasmari FA, Al-Tannir MA, Tleyjeh IM. The role of combination antifungal therapy in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis: IJID : Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2012;16(2):e76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.10.004. Garbati MA, Alasmari FA, Al-Tannir MA, Tleyjeh IM. The role of combination antifungal therapy in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis: IJID : Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2012;16(2):e76–81. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijid.​2011.​10.​004.
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;46(3):327–60. doi:10.1086/525258. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;46(3):327–60. doi:10.​1086/​525258.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Heinz WJ, Egerer G, Lellek H, Boehme A, Greiner J. Posaconazole after previous antifungal therapy with voriconazole for therapy of invasive aspergillus disease, a retrospective analysis. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):304–10. doi:10.1111/myc.12023.PubMed Heinz WJ, Egerer G, Lellek H, Boehme A, Greiner J. Posaconazole after previous antifungal therapy with voriconazole for therapy of invasive aspergillus disease, a retrospective analysis. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):304–10. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12023.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Park WB, Kim NH, Kim KH, Lee SH, Nam WS, Yoon SH, et al. The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2012;55(8):1080–7. doi:10.1093/cid/cis599. Park WB, Kim NH, Kim KH, Lee SH, Nam WS, Yoon SH, et al. The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2012;55(8):1080–7. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​cis599.
81.••
Zurück zum Zitat Assi M, Martin S, Wheat LJ, Hage C, Freifeld A, Avery R, et al. Histoplasmosis after solid organ transplant. Clin infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2013;57(11):1542–9. doi:10.1093/cid/cit593. In this case series of 152 solid organ transplant recipients, it was found that the first year after transplant is the period of highest risk for histoplasmosis (34%). Assi M, Martin S, Wheat LJ, Hage C, Freifeld A, Avery R, et al. Histoplasmosis after solid organ transplant. Clin infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2013;57(11):1542–9. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​cit593. In this case series of 152 solid organ transplant recipients, it was found that the first year after transplant is the period of highest risk for histoplasmosis (34%).
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Grim SA, Proia L, Miller R, Alhyraba M, Costas-Chavarri A, Oberholzer J, et al. A multicenter study of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Infect Dis:Off J Transplant Soc. 2012;14(1):17–23. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00658.x. Grim SA, Proia L, Miller R, Alhyraba M, Costas-Chavarri A, Oberholzer J, et al. A multicenter study of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Infect Dis:Off J Transplant Soc. 2012;14(1):17–23. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1399-3062.​2011.​00658.​x.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan B, Chen M, Pan W, Liao W. Histoplasmosis: a new endemic fungal infection in China? Review and analysis of cases. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):212–21. doi:10.1111/myc.12029.PubMed Pan B, Chen M, Pan W, Liao W. Histoplasmosis: a new endemic fungal infection in China? Review and analysis of cases. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):212–21. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12029.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukhopadhyay S, Doxtader EE. Visibility of Histoplasma within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin distinguishes disseminated histoplasmosis from other forms of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(10):2346–52. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2013.05.024.PubMed Mukhopadhyay S, Doxtader EE. Visibility of Histoplasma within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin distinguishes disseminated histoplasmosis from other forms of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(10):2346–52. doi:10.​1016/​j.​humpath.​2013.​05.​024.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Gailey MP, Klutts JS, Jensen CS. Fine-needle aspiration of histoplasmosis in the era of endoscopic ultrasound and endobronchial ultrasound: cytomorphologic features and correlation with clinical laboratory testing. Cancer Cytopathol. 2013;121(9):508–17. doi:10.1002/cncy.21298.PubMed Gailey MP, Klutts JS, Jensen CS. Fine-needle aspiration of histoplasmosis in the era of endoscopic ultrasound and endobronchial ultrasound: cytomorphologic features and correlation with clinical laboratory testing. Cancer Cytopathol. 2013;121(9):508–17. doi:10.​1002/​cncy.​21298.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Arango-Bustamante K, Restrepo A, Cano LE, de Bedout C, Tobon AM, Gonzalez A. Diagnostic value of culture and serological tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in HIV and non-HIV Colombian patients. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2013;89(5):937–42. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0117. Arango-Bustamante K, Restrepo A, Cano LE, de Bedout C, Tobon AM, Gonzalez A. Diagnostic value of culture and serological tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in HIV and non-HIV Colombian patients. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2013;89(5):937–42. doi:10.​4269/​ajtmh.​13-0117.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Hage CA, Ribes JA, Wengenack NL, Baddour LM, Assi M, McKinsey DS, et al. A multicenter evaluation of tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2011;53(5):448–54. doi:10.1093/cid/cir435. Hage CA, Ribes JA, Wengenack NL, Baddour LM, Assi M, McKinsey DS, et al. A multicenter evaluation of tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2011;53(5):448–54. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​cir435.
90.••
Zurück zum Zitat Hage CA, Kirsch EJ, Stump TE, Kauffman CA, Goldman M, Connolly P, et al. Histoplasma antigen clearance during treatment of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS determined by a quantitative antigen enzyme immunoassay. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI. 2011;18(4):661–6. doi:10.1128/CVI.00389-10. This analysis of 158 patients with disseminated histoplasmosis showed that Histoplasma urine Ag is more sensitive in immunocompromised (93.1 %), AIDS (94.6 %), and severely ill (100 %) patients than in immunocompetent patients (73.3 %).PubMedCentralPubMed Hage CA, Kirsch EJ, Stump TE, Kauffman CA, Goldman M, Connolly P, et al. Histoplasma antigen clearance during treatment of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS determined by a quantitative antigen enzyme immunoassay. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI. 2011;18(4):661–6. doi:10.​1128/​CVI.​00389-10. This analysis of 158 patients with disseminated histoplasmosis showed that Histoplasma urine Ag is more sensitive in immunocompromised (93.1 %), AIDS (94.6 %), and severely ill (100 %) patients than in immunocompetent patients (73.3 %).PubMedCentralPubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Dantas KC, Freitas RS, Moreira AP, Silva MV, Benard G, Vasconcellos C, et al. The use of nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested PCR) for the early diagnosis of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in serum and whole blood of HIV-positive patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(1):141–3.PubMedCentralPubMed Dantas KC, Freitas RS, Moreira AP, Silva MV, Benard G, Vasconcellos C, et al. The use of nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested PCR) for the early diagnosis of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in serum and whole blood of HIV-positive patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(1):141–3.PubMedCentralPubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheel CM, Zhou Y, Theodoro RC, Abrams B, Balajee SA, Litvintseva AP. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(2):483–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02739-13.PubMedCentralPubMed Scheel CM, Zhou Y, Theodoro RC, Abrams B, Balajee SA, Litvintseva AP. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(2):483–8. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​02739-13.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Elias NA, Cuestas ML, Sandoval M, Poblete G, Lopez-Daneri G, Jewtuchowicz V, et al. Rapid identification of Histoplasma capsulatum directly from cultures by multiplex PCR. Mycopathologia. 2012;174(5–6):451–6. doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9567-2.PubMed Elias NA, Cuestas ML, Sandoval M, Poblete G, Lopez-Daneri G, Jewtuchowicz V, et al. Rapid identification of Histoplasma capsulatum directly from cultures by multiplex PCR. Mycopathologia. 2012;174(5–6):451–6. doi:10.​1007/​s11046-012-9567-2.PubMed
94.
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheat LJ, Wass J, Norton J, Kohler RB, French ML. Cavitary histoplasmosis occurring during two large urban outbreaks. . Analysis of clinical, epidemiologic, roentgenographic, and laboratory features. Medicine. 1984;63(4):201–9.PubMed Wheat LJ, Wass J, Norton J, Kohler RB, French ML. Cavitary histoplasmosis occurring during two large urban outbreaks. . Analysis of clinical, epidemiologic, roentgenographic, and laboratory features. Medicine. 1984;63(4):201–9.PubMed
96.••
Zurück zum Zitat Myint T, Anderson AM, Sanchez A, Farabi A, Hage C, Baddley JW, et al. Histoplasmosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS): multicenter study of outcomes and factors associated with relapse. Medicine. 2014;93(1):11–8. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000016. This prospective cohort of 97 HIV/AIDS patients with histoplasmosis showed that discontinuation of antifungal therapy after one year of treatment was safe if HIV/AIDS was well controlled, Histoplasma urine Ag was <2 ng/mL and there was no CNS involvement.PubMed Myint T, Anderson AM, Sanchez A, Farabi A, Hage C, Baddley JW, et al. Histoplasmosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS): multicenter study of outcomes and factors associated with relapse. Medicine. 2014;93(1):11–8. doi:10.​1097/​MD.​0000000000000016​. This prospective cohort of 97 HIV/AIDS patients with histoplasmosis showed that discontinuation of antifungal therapy after one year of treatment was safe if HIV/AIDS was well controlled, Histoplasma urine Ag was <2 ng/mL and there was no CNS involvement.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Brilhante RS, Caetano EP, Sidrim JJ, Cordeiro RA, Camargo ZP, Fechine MA, et al. Ciprofloxacin shows synergism with classical antifungals against Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum and Coccidioides posadasii. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):397–401. doi:10.1111/myc.12025.PubMed Brilhante RS, Caetano EP, Sidrim JJ, Cordeiro RA, Camargo ZP, Fechine MA, et al. Ciprofloxacin shows synergism with classical antifungals against Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum and Coccidioides posadasii. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):397–401. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12025.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Das R, McNary J, Fitzsimmons K, Dobraca D, Cummings K, Mohle-Boetani J, et al. Occupational coccidioidomycosis in California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings. J Occup Environ Med / Am Coll Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(5):564–71. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182480556. Das R, McNary J, Fitzsimmons K, Dobraca D, Cummings K, Mohle-Boetani J, et al. Occupational coccidioidomycosis in California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings. J Occup Environ Med / Am Coll Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(5):564–71. doi:10.​1097/​JOM.​0b013e3182480556​.
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, et al. Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26(3):505–25. doi:10.1128/CMR.00005-13.PubMedCentralPubMed Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, et al. Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26(3):505–25. doi:10.​1128/​CMR.​00005-13.PubMedCentralPubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Blair JE, Mendoza N, Force S, Chang YH, Grys TE. Clinical specificity of the enzyme immunoassay test for coccidioidomycosis varies according to the reason for its performance. Clin Vaccine Immunol: CVI. 2013;20(1):95–8. doi:10.1128/CVI.00531-12.PubMedCentralPubMed Blair JE, Mendoza N, Force S, Chang YH, Grys TE. Clinical specificity of the enzyme immunoassay test for coccidioidomycosis varies according to the reason for its performance. Clin Vaccine Immunol: CVI. 2013;20(1):95–8. doi:10.​1128/​CVI.​00531-12.PubMedCentralPubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Pappagianis D. Serologic studies in coccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2001;16(4):242–50.PubMed Pappagianis D. Serologic studies in coccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2001;16(4):242–50.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendoza N, Blair JE. The utility of diagnostic testing for active coccidioidomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant: Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2013;13(4):1034–9. doi:10.1111/ajt.12144. Mendoza N, Blair JE. The utility of diagnostic testing for active coccidioidomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant: Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2013;13(4):1034–9. doi:10.​1111/​ajt.​12144.
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson GR, Sharma S, Bays DJ, Pruitt R, Engelthaler DM, Bowers J, et al. Coccidioidomycosis: adenosine deaminase levels, serologic parameters, culture results, and polymerase chain reaction testing in pleural fluid. Chest. 2013;143(3):776–81. doi:10.1378/chest.12-1312.PubMedCentralPubMed Thompson GR, Sharma S, Bays DJ, Pruitt R, Engelthaler DM, Bowers J, et al. Coccidioidomycosis: adenosine deaminase levels, serologic parameters, culture results, and polymerase chain reaction testing in pleural fluid. Chest. 2013;143(3):776–81. doi:10.​1378/​chest.​12-1312.PubMedCentralPubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson R, Kernerman SM, Sawtelle BG, Rastogi SC, Nielsen HS, Ampel NM. A reformulated spherule-derived coccidioidin (Spherusol) to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity in coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2012;174(5–6):353–8. doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9555-6.PubMed Johnson R, Kernerman SM, Sawtelle BG, Rastogi SC, Nielsen HS, Ampel NM. A reformulated spherule-derived coccidioidin (Spherusol) to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity in coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2012;174(5–6):353–8. doi:10.​1007/​s11046-012-9555-6.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Nesbit LA, Knox KS, Nguyen CT, Roesch J, Wheat LJ, Johnson SM, et al. Immunological characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Infect dis. 2013;208(5):857–63. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit246.PubMed Nesbit LA, Knox KS, Nguyen CT, Roesch J, Wheat LJ, Johnson SM, et al. Immunological characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Infect dis. 2013;208(5):857–63. doi:10.​1093/​infdis/​jit246.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Azadeh N, Chang YH, Kusne S, Vikram HR, Seville MT, Orenstein R, et al. The impact of early and brief corticosteroids on the clinical course of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Infect. 2013;67(2):148–55. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.001.PubMed Azadeh N, Chang YH, Kusne S, Vikram HR, Seville MT, Orenstein R, et al. The impact of early and brief corticosteroids on the clinical course of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Infect. 2013;67(2):148–55. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jinf.​2013.​04.​001.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Taroumian S, Knowles SL, Lisse JR, Yanes J, Ampel NM, Vaz A, et al. Management of coccidioidomycosis in patients receiving biologic response modifiers or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64(12):1903–9. doi:10.1002/acr.21784. Taroumian S, Knowles SL, Lisse JR, Yanes J, Ampel NM, Vaz A, et al. Management of coccidioidomycosis in patients receiving biologic response modifiers or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64(12):1903–9. doi:10.​1002/​acr.​21784.
113.
114.
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Roy M, Benedict K, Deak E, Kirby MA, McNiel JT, Sickler CJ, et al. A large community outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin with geographic and ethnic clustering. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2013;57(5):655–62. doi:10.1093/cid/cit366. Roy M, Benedict K, Deak E, Kirby MA, McNiel JT, Sickler CJ, et al. A large community outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin with geographic and ethnic clustering. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2013;57(5):655–62. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​cit366.
116.
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Richer SM, Smedema ML, Durkin MM, Brandhorst TT, Hage CA, Connolly PA, et al. Development of a highly sensitive and specific blastomycosis antibody enzyme immunoassay using Blastomyces dermatitidis surface protein BAD-1. Clin and Vaccine Immunol: CVI. 2014;21(2):143–6. doi:10.1128/CVI.00597-13.PubMedCentralPubMed Richer SM, Smedema ML, Durkin MM, Brandhorst TT, Hage CA, Connolly PA, et al. Development of a highly sensitive and specific blastomycosis antibody enzyme immunoassay using Blastomyces dermatitidis surface protein BAD-1. Clin and Vaccine Immunol: CVI. 2014;21(2):143–6. doi:10.​1128/​CVI.​00597-13.PubMedCentralPubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Sidamonidze K, Peck MK, Perez M, Baumgardner D, Smith G, Chaturvedi V, et al. Real-time PCR assay for identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis in culture and in tissue. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(5):1783–6. doi:10.1128/JCM.00310-12.PubMedCentralPubMed Sidamonidze K, Peck MK, Perez M, Baumgardner D, Smith G, Chaturvedi V, et al. Real-time PCR assay for identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis in culture and in tissue. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(5):1783–6. doi:10.​1128/​JCM.​00310-12.PubMedCentralPubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Recht LD, Philips JR, Eckman MR, Sarosi GA. Self-limited blastomycosis: a report of thirteen cases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;120(5):1109–12.PubMed Recht LD, Philips JR, Eckman MR, Sarosi GA. Self-limited blastomycosis: a report of thirteen cases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;120(5):1109–12.PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Weeks RJ, Kumar UN, Mathai G, Varkey B, et al. Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis in soil associated with a large outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(9):529–34. doi:10.1056/NEJM198602273140901.PubMed Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Weeks RJ, Kumar UN, Mathai G, Varkey B, et al. Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis in soil associated with a large outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(9):529–34. doi:10.​1056/​NEJM198602273140​901.PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapman SW, Dismukes WE, Proia LA, Bradsher RW, Pappas PG, Threlkeld MG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of blastomycosis: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ InfectDis Soc Am. 2008;46(12):1801–12. doi:10.1086/588300. Chapman SW, Dismukes WE, Proia LA, Bradsher RW, Pappas PG, Threlkeld MG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of blastomycosis: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ InfectDis Soc Am. 2008;46(12):1801–12. doi:10.​1086/​588300.
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, Ampel NM, Bennett JE, Catanzaro A, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):96–128. doi:10.1164/rccm.2008-740ST.PubMed Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, Ampel NM, Bennett JE, Catanzaro A, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):96–128. doi:10.​1164/​rccm.​2008-740ST.PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Dismukes WE, Bradsher Jr RW, Cloud GC, Kauffman CA, Chapman SW, George RB, et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1992;93(5):489–97.PubMed Dismukes WE, Bradsher Jr RW, Cloud GC, Kauffman CA, Chapman SW, George RB, et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1992;93(5):489–97.PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Busey JF. Blastomycosis. 3. A comparative study of 2-hydroxystilbamidine and amphotericin B therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972;105(5):812–8.PubMed Busey JF. Blastomycosis. 3. A comparative study of 2-hydroxystilbamidine and amphotericin B therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972;105(5):812–8.PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Parker JD, Doto IL, Tosh FE. A decade of experience with blastomycosis and its treatment with amphotericin B. A National Communicable Disease Center Cooperative Mycoses Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(6):895–902.PubMed Parker JD, Doto IL, Tosh FE. A decade of experience with blastomycosis and its treatment with amphotericin B. A National Communicable Disease Center Cooperative Mycoses Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(6):895–902.PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Abernathy RS. Amphotericin therapy of North American blastomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1966;6:208–11.PubMed Abernathy RS. Amphotericin therapy of North American blastomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1966;6:208–11.PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Vasquez JE, Mehta JB, Agrawal R, Sarubbi FA. Blastomycosis in northeast Tennessee. Chest. 1998;114(2):436–43.PubMed Vasquez JE, Mehta JB, Agrawal R, Sarubbi FA. Blastomycosis in northeast Tennessee. Chest. 1998;114(2):436–43.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Lemos LB, Baliga M, Guo M. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and blastomycosis: presentation of nine cases and review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2001;5(1):1–9. doi:10.1053/adpa.2001.21473.PubMed Lemos LB, Baliga M, Guo M. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and blastomycosis: presentation of nine cases and review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2001;5(1):1–9. doi:10.​1053/​adpa.​2001.​21473.PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Lahm T, Neese S, Thornburg AT, Ober MD, Sarosi GA, Hage CA. Corticosteroids for blastomycosis-induced ARDS: a report of two patients and review of the literature. Chest. 2008;133(6):1478–80. doi:10.1378/chest.07-2778.PubMed Lahm T, Neese S, Thornburg AT, Ober MD, Sarosi GA, Hage CA. Corticosteroids for blastomycosis-induced ARDS: a report of two patients and review of the literature. Chest. 2008;133(6):1478–80. doi:10.​1378/​chest.​07-2778.PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Plamondon M, Lamontagne F, Allard C, Pepin J. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in severe blastomycosis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunosuppressed patient. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2010;51(1):e1–3. doi:10.1086/653429. Plamondon M, Lamontagne F, Allard C, Pepin J. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in severe blastomycosis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunosuppressed patient. Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2010;51(1):e1–3. doi:10.​1086/​653429.
Metadaten
Titel
Pulmonary fungal infections- recent updates
verfasst von
Marwan M. Azar
Joshua Malo
Kenneth S. Knox
Chadi A. Hage
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2014
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Pulmonology Reports / Ausgabe 4/2014
Elektronische ISSN: 2199-2428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-014-0089-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2014

Current Pulmonology Reports 4/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Smoking Cessation (S Veeraraghavan, Section Editor)

Electronic nicotine delivery systems for smoking cessation: where are we?

Respiratory Infections (C Daley, Section Editor)

Management of chronic rhinosinusitis

Interstitial Lung Disease (G. Tino, Section Editor)

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Mediastinal Diseases (D. Hsia, Section Editor)

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.