Background
Literature review
Body temperature measurement and definitions
Aetiology and incidence of hyperthermia and pyrexia
Hyperthermia syndromes
Pyrexia due to infectious aetiologies
Pyrexia due to noninfectious aetiologies
Incidence of pyrexia and aetiologies
Aetiology | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Setting | Design | Total patients (n) | Episodes of pyrexia (n) | Pyrexia definition (°C) | Infectious diagnosis (n, %)a
| Noninfectious diagnosis (n, %)a
|
No acute neurological condition | |||||||
Circiumaru et al., 1999 [56] | Medical–surgical ICU | Prospective observational study | 93 | 70 | ≥38.4 | Total (37, 53) Respiratory (15, 21) BSI (9, 13) Abdominal (5, 7) Other (8, 11) | Total (33, 47) ARDS (4, 6) MI (3, 4) Vasculitides (2, 3) Pancreatitis (1, 1) Atelectasis (1, 1) GVHD (1, 1) ICH (1, 1) Unclear (20, 29)b
|
Peres Bota et al., 2004 [57] | Medical–surgical ICU | Prospective observational study | 493 | 139 | ≥38.3 | Total (76, 55) | Total (63, 45) Postoperative (27, 19) Cerebral hemorrhage (20, 14) Trauma (5, 4) ARDS (3, 2) MI (2, 1) Pancreatitis (3, 2) GI bleed (3, 2) |
Barie et al., 2004 [2] | Surgical ICU | Prospective observational study | 2419 | 626 | ≥38.2 | Total (286, 46)c
| Total (330, 53)c
|
Laupland et al., 2008 [3] | 3 medical–surgical ICUs, 1 CVICU | Retrospective observational study | 20,466d
| 10,730 | ≥38.3 | Culture-positive (1847, 17) BSI (1004, 9) | Culture-negative (8883, 83) |
Niven et al., 2011 [36] | 3 medical–surgical ICUs, 1 CVICU | Retrospective observational study | 7535 | 100e
| ≥38.3 | Total (73, 73) Pneumonia (51, 51) BSI (6, 6) Other (15, 15) | Total (27, 27) |
Gozzoli et al., 2001 [58] | Surgical ICU | RCT | 38 | 38 | ≥38.5 | Total (18, 47) | Total (20, 53) |
Niven et al., 2013 [59] | 2 medical–surgical ICUs | RCT | 26 | 26 | ≥38.3 | Total (23, 88) Respiratory (15, 58) UTI (2, 8) BSI (1, 4) Other (5, 19) | Total (3, 12) |
Schortgen et al., 2012 [11] | 7 medical–surgical ICUs | RCT | 200 | 200 | >38.3 | Total (200, 100)f Lungs (138, 69) Abdomen (13, 7) Genitourinary (12, 6) Other (28, 14) Unknown (9, 5) | Not applicable |
Young et al., 2015 [12] | 23 medical–surgical ICUs | RCT | 700 | 700 | >38.0 | Total (700, 100)f Respiratory (237, 34) Abdominal (92, 13) UTI (68, 10) BSI (42, 6) Skin/soft tissue (54, 8) Other (207, 30) | Not applicable |
Acute neurological condition | |||||||
Commichau et al., 2003 [49] | Neurological ICU | Prospective observational study | 387 | 87 | ≥38.3 | Total (45, 52)g Respiratory (37, 42) Clostridium difficile (4, 4) UTI (3, 3) Sinusitis (1, 1) | Total (2, 2) DVT (2, 2) |
Rabinstein et al., 2007 [45] | Neurological ICU | Prospective observational study | 93 | 93 | ≥38.3 | Total (62, 67) Respiratory (46, 49) Other (16, 17) | Total (31, 33) Central fever (27, 29) Alcohol withdrawal (3, 3) Phenytoin toxicity (1, 1) |
Hocker et al., 2013 [51] | Neurological ICU | Retrospective observational study | 526 | 526 | >38.3 | Total (280, 53) | Total (246, 47) |