Background
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most frequent congenital anomaly at birth, with an incidence of 9/1000 live births [1, 2]. With the development and further evolution of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine, cardiac surgeons along with the entire heart team have been able to correct complex heart defects with increasingly complex surgical and percutaneous procedures [3, 4]. In hand with the improvement in medical and intensive care management, the probability of survival beyond infancy changed from 25% in 1950 to 90% in 2010 [4, 5]. We have passed from a mortality of close to 100% in complex cases to less than 2% in specialized cardiovascular centers [3, 4, 6].
Beyond clinical and hemodynamic improvement, along with better survival rates past the critical period, patients with CHD are reaching adolescence and adulthood; thus, another issue that now concerns the clinical team is their perception of health related quality of life (QoL) [7, 8]. CHD patients constitute a unique group that require special medical care, with emotional and cognitive needs that are a consequence of their condition, which may have an impact on the patient’s and their family’s QoL [4].
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Previous studies [7, 9‐11] have shown that QoL perception in children with CHD is compromised since they have lower total scores in Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory -PedsQL- (mean = 75.8, SD = 15.9) when compared to healthy children (mean = 86.2, SD = 11.7). The same pattern is observed in adolescence (mean = 79.0, SD = 15.4), when comparing adolescents with CHD with their healthy counterparts (mean = 86.9, DS = 11.8). Perception of QoL is proportional to CHD severity, with lower scores for more severe conditions, especially on physical and psychosocial domains, perceived by both children and parents or caregivers [9, 11]. Additionally, when QoL is assessed through a parent or caregiver, total scores are lower, for both children (mean = 74.7, SD = 16.7) and adolescents (mean = 74.2, SD = 17.8). However, the same is observed when caregivers are asked about the QoL of healthy children (mean = 84.9, SD = 12.9) or adolescents (mean = 85.0, SD = 12.8) [9].
These findings have increased awareness in regard to the importance of including patient-related outcomes (PROs), such as QoL, during patient assessment. When it comes to clinical decision making [12], QoL evaluation should be elicited directly from the patient (or best measured from the patient’s perspective); however, the body of evidence available in this specific area is still limited, especially in children. This is of critical importance, since there are studies that have shown that children with CHD have increased incidence of mood disorders (such as anxiety and fear), as well as delays in cognitive development, below average school performance, and poor social interactions [10, 13, 14].
As a national referral center for the treatment of CHD patients in Colombia, and recognizing the importance of an integral approach, the interest for the evaluation of QoL brought our institution to assemble a cohort of patients with Infrequent CHD (I-CHD), known as the PINOCCHIO Cohort. Through a research program sponsored by the Colombian government, we recruited patients with five I-CHD that are considered as neglected diseases in our country (Colombian Government: Procedural Resolution 2048 de 2015 and FECOER). In this manuscript, we describe QoL in children with I-CHD, both self-reported and through the perception of their caregivers. As a secondary objective, we describe changes in QoL after one-year of follow-up, both self-reported and through the perception of their caregivers.
Methods
The PINOCCHIO cohort was assembled between August 2016 and September 2018 in a referral cardiovascular center in Bogotá, Colombia. Patients who fulfilled the following criteria were included: 1) age between 2 and 18 years; 2) confirmed diagnosis of one of the following selected I-CHD: Ebstein’s Anomaly (EA), Heterotaxy Syndrome (HTX), Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA), Pulmonary Valve Stenosis (PVS) or Williams’ Syndrome (WS). Patients who were not feasible to be followed-up due to their place of residence or had a life expectancy of less than 6 months, were excluded.
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After informed consent, a trained psychologist performed individualized QoL assessments for each child and their respective caregiver in separate moments, both at baseline and after one-year follow-up. All assessments were performed in the Congenital Heart Disease Institute at Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología in Bogotá.
The pediatric quality of life inventory - PedsQL 4.0
For QoL evaluation the PedsQL 4.0 scale was used, (Spanish version) validated in Spanish by Vélez et al. [15], including generic and cardiac-specific modules for patients and their caregivers; this questionnaire has been used previously by other researchers for QoL analysis in CHD [7, 10]. The first module evaluates four domains of QoL: physical functioning (8 items), emotional functioning (5 items), social functioning (5 items) and school functioning (5 items). The cardiac-specific module evaluated seven different domains: cardiac symptoms (7 items), adherence to treatment (5 items; optional only if the patient is on pharmacologic treatment), perceived physical appearance (3 items); anxiety towards treatment (4 items); cognitive status (5 items) and communication skills (3 items). For children between 2 and 4 years of age only caregivers answered the questionnaire. For self-reported QoL, the questionnaire is divided by age: pre-school children (5–7 years of age), school children (8–12 years of age) and adolescents (13–18 years of age). The parent/caregiver proxy report is categorized equally for children between 2 and 18 years of age. A five-point Likert scale is used to score the questionnaire from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always). Scores are then transformed to a 0–100 scale where 0 = 100, 1 = 75, 2 = 50, 3 = 25 and 4 = 0. For children between 5 and 7 years-old the Likert scale is simplified to a 3 point scale as follows: 0 = never, 1 = sometimes and 2 = almost always [10, 15]. The questionnaire is usually completed in 10 to 15 min. Although there is no specific cut-off point, most authors have considered a score of less than 70 as a negative effect on QoL, and therefore this value was used for analysis [10, 16].
Statistical analysis
Scores for general and cardiac-specific modules are presented as median and interquartile range. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare scores for general and cardiac modules between patients and caregivers. Comparisons within patients’ and caregivers’ baseline and one-year follow-up scores, were done using a Wilcoxon test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. SPSS v22 was used to conduct all statistical analysis.
Results
At baseline, QoL assessment was achieved in 157 children included in the PINOCCHIO cohort; complete QoL evaluation at one-year follow-up was achieved in 112/157 patients (71%). Losses in follow-up mainly related with non-availability of caregivers for a second QoL assessment, change of address, and non-availability for contact (Figure 1 in Appendix). Demographic and clinical characteristics for patients at baseline (n = 157), patients with follow-up (n = 112), as well as for those lost to the follow-up (n = 45), are presented in Table 1. Age and sex distribution, I-CHD type, prenatal diagnosis, and previous surgical or percutaneous interventions, were very similar among the group. The most frequent I-CHD diagnosis was PVS (> 44%) followed by EA (> 35%); more than 10% of the children had a prenatal diagnosis, and more than 60% had a previous surgical or percutaneous intervention.
Table 1
Demographic and clinical patient’s characteristics by baseline, follow-up and lost to follow-up groups
Baseline (n = 157) | Follow-up (n = 112) | Lost to follow-up (n = 45) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age years, median (IQR) | 6.0 (3.0–11.0) | 7.0 (4.0–11.7) | 6.0 (3.0–10.5) |
Sex female, n (%) | 85 (54.1) | 62 (55.4) | 23 (51.1) |
I-CHD distribution, n (%) | |||
EA | 56 (35.7) | 40 (35.7) | 16 (35.5) |
HTX | 9 (5.7) | 4 (3.6) | 5 (11.1) |
IAA | 15 (9.6) | 11 (9.8) | 4 (8.9) |
PVS | 71 (45.2) | 51 (45.5) | 20 (44.4) |
WS | 6 (3.8) | 6 (5.4) | – |
Prenatal diagnosis, n (%) | 25 (15.9) | 13 (11.6) | 12 (26.7) |
Previous surgical or percutaneous intervention, n (%) | 100 (63.7) | 74 (66.1) | 26 (57.8) |
Results for the PedsQL 4.0 general and cardiac-specific modules showed that patients had a better perception of their own QoL, when compared to their caregivers’ perception. Although there was a difference in scores both at baseline and at one-year follow-up, a statistically significant difference was only found for the cardiac-specific module (baseline p value = 0.019; follow-up p value = 0.034). For both patients and caregivers, scores were generally lower at follow-up. Results are presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Comparisons between patients and their caregivers on general and cardiac-specific total scores
Variable | Baseline | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient (n = 85) | Caregiver (n = 112) | p value | Patient (n = 85) | Caregiver (n = 112) | p value | |
General-specific total score, median (IQR) | 74.4 (64.1–80.4) | 68.4 (59.6–83.7) | 0.296 | 72.8 (59.2–85.9) | 69.9 (58.1–83.7) | 0.332 |
Cardiac-specific total score, median (IQR) | 79.6 (69.7–87.4) | 73.6 (62.6–84.3) | 0.019 | 75.0 (67.1–87.1) | 73.1 (59.5–83.8) | 0.034 |
Results for each category of the general-specific module in patients showed that emotional health (baseline median = 65.0, IQR = 55.0–88.7; follow-up median = 70.0, IQR = 56.2–88.7) and school functioning (baseline median = 70.0, IQR = 55.0–80.0; follow-up median = 65.0, IQR = 50.0–85.0) are perceived as being more affected (scores < 70). However, there were no statistically significant differences between baseline and one-year follow-up scores in any of the categories of this module. With respect to the cardiac-specific module, cognitive status obtained the lowest score both at baseline and follow-up (median = 75.0, IQR = 55.0–95.0; median = 70.0, IQR = 45.0–90.0, respectively), along with cardiac symptoms (baseline median = 78.6, IQR = 60.7–98.3; follow-up median = 71.4, IQR = 60.7–85.7). There were no statistically significant differences in scores at baseline compared to one-year follow-up in any of the categories of the cardiac-specific module. Results for patients in all categories are presented in Table 3.
Table 3
General and cardiac-specific QoL scores assessed by Patients: Baseline versus Follow-up
Baseline (n = 85) | Follow-up (n = 85) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
General-specific module, median (IQR) | |||
Physical health | 75.0 (63.3–93.0) | 78.1 (66.4–92.9) | 0.906 |
Emotional health | 65.0 (55.0–88.7) | 70.0 (56.2–88.7) | 0.850 |
Social functioning | 80.0 (60.0–95.0) | 80.0 (60.0–90.0) | 0.224 |
School functioning | 70.0 (55.0–80.0) | 65.0 (50.0–85.0) | 0.266 |
Total | 74.4 (64.1–80.4) | 72.8 (59.2–85.9) | 0.496 |
Cardiac-specific module, median (IQR) | |||
Cardiac symptoms | 78.6 (60.7–98.3) | 71.4 (60.7–85.7) | 0.161 |
Adherence to treatment | 100 (85.0–100) | 100 (93.7–100) | 0.430 |
Anxiety towards treatment | 82.1 (68.8–99.1) | 85.7 (64.3–100) | 0.242 |
Cognitive status | 75.0 (55.0–95.0) | 70.0 (45.0–90.0) | 0.440 |
Communicative skills | 83.3 (58.3–100) | 91.7 (66.7–100) | 0.739 |
Total | 79.6 (69.7–87.4) | 75.0 (67.1–87.1) | 0.209 |
Results for caregivers in each category of the general-specific module showed that the most affected areas were physical health (baseline median = 75.0, IQR = 59.4–84.4; follow-up median = 75.1, IQR = 57.2–90.1), emotional health (baseline median = 65.0, IQR = 50.0–80.0; follow-up median = 65.0, IQR = 50.0–75.0) and school functioning (baseline median = 70.0, IQR = 50.0–85.0; follow-up median = 65.0 IQR = 41.2–85.0). However, there were no statistically significant differences between baseline and one-year follow-up scores in any of the categories of this module.
In the cardiac-specific module, caregivers perceived a bigger impact in most categories, but the lowest score was found for cognitive status (baseline median = 65.0, IQR = 45.0–80.0; follow-up median = 60.0, IQR = 40.0–80.0) and anxiety towards treatment (baseline median = 71.4, IQR = 60.7–89.3; follow-up median = 71.4, IQR = 54.5–85.7). Cardiac symptoms and communicative skills obtained borderline scores. There were no statistically significant differences between scores at baseline and one-year follow-up in any of the categories of the cardiac-specific module. Results for caregivers in all categories are presented in Table 4.
Table 4
General and cardiac-specific QoL scores assessed by Caregivers: Baseline versus Follow-up
Baseline (n = 112) | Follow-up (n = 112) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
General-specific module, median (IQR) | |||
Physical health | 75.0 (59.4–84.4) | 75.1 (57.2–90.1) | 0.975 |
Emotional health | 65.0 (50.0–80.0) | 65.0 (50.0–75.0) | 0.668 |
Social functioning | 80.0 (60.0–95.0) | 75.0 (60.0–90.0) | 0.143 |
School functioning | 70.0 (50.0–85.0) | 65.0 (41.2–85.0) | 0.631 |
Total | 68.4 (59.6–83.7) | 69.9 (58.1–83.7) | 0.583 |
Cardiac-specific module, median (IQR) | |||
Cardiac symptoms | 73.2 (57.1–85.7) | 75.0 (57.1–85.7) | 0.922 |
Adherence to treatment | 100.0 (90.0–100) | 100.0 (100–100) | 0.116 |
Anxiety towards treatment | 71.4 (60.7–89.3) | 71.4 (54.5–85.7) | 0.311 |
Cognitive status | 65.0 (45.0–80.0) | 60.0 (40.0–80.0) | 0.499 |
Communicative skills | 75.0 (50.0–100) | 83.0 (50.0–100) | 0.203 |
Total | 73.6 (62.6–84.3) | 73.1 (59.5–83.8) | 0.545 |
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Discussion
In this study we found a lower perception of QoL in children with five different diagnoses of I-CHD, in the general as well as the cardiac modules of the PedsQL 4.0. Our findings also show that when caregivers are asked to evaluate their child’s QoL, scores were lower than those reported by the children themselves. These perceptions were maintained after one-year of follow-up, and in addition the scores were lower for both groups (children and caregivers).
The differences between caregivers and children in QoL assessments observed in the present study are consistent with other publications [7, 10, 11]. Ruggiero et al. showed that children may have a reasonable perception of QoL, while their parents reported lower scores, especially in older children and in those with more severe disease [10].
Our results regarding perception of QoL in specific categories of the questionnaire, such as emotional health and school functioning, support previous publications that showed than in children 3–11 years of age, the same areas are identified by patients as the most compromised [11]. For caregivers, the results are consistent for these same domains. However, perception related to the severity of the CHD varies. As shown in previous studies, severe heart conditions tend to have lower scores in specific domains and in general modules for both patients and caregivers [9, 11].
The difference in QoL perception might be associated with the patient’s own expectations compared to those of their parents or caregivers regarding their social, cognitive and intellectual abilities [10, 11, 17]. Thus, a caregiver’s assessment can be an essential aspect in the evaluation of a child with CHD from the perspective of the use of healthcare facilities, such as emergency department visits and office visits. Understanding this can enhance the communication between patients and their caregivers, and should help patients improve outcomes over time [7, 10]. As healthcare providers and members of a heart team, these and previous results suggest that it is necessary to monitor treatment decisions in the context of the social, emotional and cognitive expectations of children themselves in addition to their own perceptions [18]. It may be debatable to consider a QoL evaluation from a pediatric patient, nonetheless the questionnaires allow adequate data extraction from the child regarding their own perceptions to what they think their quality of life should be like. In addition to all the clinical information that is gathered when evaluating a child with CHD, many times as clinicians we tend to vision treatment protocols or interventions towards the best QoL possible, but these results as well as others previously cited, compels the clinician to factor in the patients’ expectations into the clinical decision-making process.
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The strengths of this study are mainly related with the inclusion of a wide spectrum of I-CHD, from structural to syndromic, that currently have limited evidence regarding QoL assessments, since most of the research has focused on clinical outcomes. Our population represent a wide demographic and clinical spectrum in age, previous treatment and prenatal diagnosis as well as different socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds and diversity in educational level of the parents, which enriches both the content and the meaning of the results provided. However, this wide age spectrum may make it harder to detect the impact on QoL of different levels of development, social, and physical aspects.
Limitations of this study are mainly related to time of inclusion and with follow-up. First, the inclusion of children into the study was not done at a specific point in their diseases, and it is not strictly linked to a clinical or growth milestone at baseline or at follow-up. Thus, the changes seen over 1 year can be influenced by multiple factors, which individually or combined, can modify QoL due to clinical, schooling, or variables that were not measured in this study. Secondly, loss to follow-up might be associated with selection biases. Even though we characterized at baseline those patients lost to follow-up (Table 1) and did not find relevant differences when compared with those followed, un-measured variables such as new interventions, new clinical conditions, hospitalizations, or school or personal changes might impact QoL perceptions.
The integral and global evaluation of patients with CHD is gaining increasing clinical value in the recent medical literature. Our results help close this gap, and also confirm previous results with similar methodology that have examined QoL in patients with CHD and from both the patient and their caregivers perspective [7, 10, 16, 17]. Finally, these findings suggest that besides a thorough clinical evaluation, QoL assessment should be an integral part of the medical management of a patient with I-CHD.
Conclusions
Children with I-CHD perceive their QoL as being compromised in different aspects of life. Assessment of QoL through their caregivers confirm these findings; however, children QoL scores were higher than scores assigned by caregivers. These perceptions were maintained after one-year of follow-up, when the scores were lower in both groups (children and caregivers). Based on these findings, we suggest that to provide high-quality care, besides a thorough clinical evaluation, QoL directly elicited by the child should be an essential aspect in the integral management of I-CHD and in the clinical decision-making process.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all patients and caregivers for their participation in the Program for Innovation in Infrequent Congenital Human Cardiopathies (PINOCCHIO from its Spanish acronym). We thank as well, all supporting staff, the Help Desk at Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología (FCI-IC) on their willingness and support with the databases based on the specific needs of the project; and Dayan Roa, the research technical assistant of the PINOCCHIO program for her help with patient’s recruitment and follow-up. We also thank the Institute of Congenital Heart Disease at FCI-IC for their support in the identification and contact of eligible participants, especially to Sandra Vanessa Romero RN, and Aura Andrea Torres, RN. Finally, we express our gratitude to all the staff of the “Give A Life” Program at FCI-IC for their support.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional ethics research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The institutional ethics research committee approved the study as well as the informed consent process and format.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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