Background
Methods
NSCLC patients
Prognostic clinical variables
Instruments
Main outcome measure
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient population
Variables | Surgery (N = 162) | Non-surgery (N = 312) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. of deaths (%) | HR (95% C.I.) | P value | No. (%) | No. of deaths (%) | HR (95% C.I.) | P value | |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 102 (62.96) | 26 (25.49) | 1.00 | 206 (66.03) | 118 (57.28) | 1.00 | ||
Female | 60 (37.04) | 9 (15.00) | 0.73 (0.34-1.55) | 0.41 | 106 (33.97) | 50 (47.17) | 0.63 (0.45-0.88) | 0.006 |
Age (yrs) | ||||||||
<50 | 32 (19.75) | 3 (9.38) | 1.00 | 48 (15.39) | 22 (45.38) | 1.00 | ||
50 ≤ Age < 60 | 32 (19.75) | 6 (18.75) | 1.42 (0.36-5.70 | 0.62 | 65 (20.83) | 34 (52.31) | 1.38 (0.81-2.36) | 0.24 |
60 ≤ Age < 70 | 45 (27.78) | 12 (26.67) | 2.01 (0.57-7.13) | 0.28 | 91 (29.17) | 47 (51.65) | 1.24 (0.75-2.05) | 0.41 |
70 ≤ Age < 80 | 50 (30.86) | 11 (22.00) | 1.90 (0.53-6.82) | 0.33 | 90 (28.85) | 52 (57.78) | 1.44 (0.87-2.37) | 0.15 |
≥80 | 3 (1.85) | 3 (100.00) | 8.38 (1.69-41.66) | 0.009 | 18 (5.77) | 13 (72.22) | 2.80 (1.41-5.57) | 0.003 |
Cancer Duration (yrs) | ||||||||
New cases | 102 (62.96) | 17 (16.67) | 1.42 (0.52-3.89) | 0.49 | 135 (43.27) | 66 (48.89) | 2.30 (1.43-3.70) | <0.001 |
Cancer duration <1 | 41 (25.31) | 13 (31.71) | 1.78 (0.63-5.00) | 0.27 | 124 (39.74) | 78 (62.90) | 2.36 (1.49-3.75) | <0.001 |
Cancer duration ≥1 | 19 (11.73) | 5 (26.32) | 1.00 | 53 (16.99) | 24 (45.28) | 1.00 | ||
Type of Cancer | ||||||||
Adenocarcinoma | 100 (61.73) | 19 (19.00) | 1.00 | 195 (62.50) | 98 (50.26) | 1.00 | ||
Squamous Cell | 51 (31.48) | 13 (25.49) | 1.17 (0.58-2.38) | 0.66 | 92 (29.49) | 55 (59.78) | 1.20 (0.86-1.67) | 0.28 |
Other | 11 (6.79) | 3 (27.27) | 3.57 (1.05-12.16) | 0.04 | 25 (8.01) | 15 (60.00) | 1.14 (0.66-1.96) | 0.65 |
Clinical Stage | ||||||||
IA, IB, IIA, IIB | 115 (70.99) | 18 (15.65) | 1.00 | 42 (13.46) | 12 (28.57) | 1.00 | ||
IIIA, IIIB | 39 (24.07) | 12 (30.77) | 2.36 (1.13-4.90) | 0.02 | 97 (31.09) | 54 (55.67) | 4.83 (2.57-9.08) | <0.001 |
IV | 8 (4.94) | 5 (62.50) | 7.44 (2.74-20.20) | <0.001 | 173 (55.45) | 102 (58.96) | 6.08 (3.30-11.21) | <0.001 |
Primary Tumora
| ||||||||
T1 | 35 (21.74) | 5 (14.29) | 1.00 | 23 (7.54) | 12 (52.17) | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 88 (54.66) | 17 (19.32) | 1.44 (0.53-3.90) | 0.48 | 81 (26.56) | 32 (39.51) | 0.83 (0.43-1.61) | 0.58 |
T3 | 20 (12.42) | 7 (35.00) | 2.18 (0.69-6.88) | 0.18 | 28 (9.18) | 15 (53.57) | 1.30 (0.61-2.78) | 0.50 |
T4 | 18 (11.18) | 6 (33.33) | 3.21 (0.97-10.58) | 0.06 | 173 (56.72) | 105 (60.69) | 2.10 (1.15-3.83) | 0.02 |
Regional Lymph Nodesa
| ||||||||
N0 | 104 (67.10) | 16 (15.38) | 1.00 | 67 (23.26) | 28 (41.79) | 1.00 | ||
N1 | 29 (18.71) | 8 (27.59) | 1.80(0.77-4.22) | 0.17 | 18 (6.25) | 7 (38.89) | 1.00 (0.44-2.30) | 0.99 |
N2 | 20 (12.90) | 6 (30.00) | 3.10(1.21-7.96) | 0.02 | 79 (27.43) | 45 (56.96) | 2.49 (1.54-4.02) | <0.001 |
N3 | 2 (1.29) | 1 (50.00) | 1.60(0.21-12.1) | 0.65 | 124 (43.06) | 80 (64.52) | 3.69 (2.36-5.76) | <0.001 |
Distant Metastasis | ||||||||
M0 | 152 (93.83) | 29 (19.08) | 1.00 | 139 (44.55) | 65 (46.76) | 1.00 | ||
M1 | 10 (6.17) | 6 (60.00) | 3.29 (1.36-7.93) | 0.008 | 173 (55.45) | 103 (59.54) | 2.12 (1.54-2.92) | <0.001 |
Type of Treatment | ||||||||
Pneumonectomy | ||||||||
No | 132 (90.41) | 24 (18.18) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 14 (9.59) | 1 (7.14) | 0.17 (0.02-1.29) | 0.09 | ||||
Lobectomy/Bilobectomy | ||||||||
No | 59 (40.41) | 14 (23.73) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 87 (59.59) | 11 (12.64) | 0.81 (0.37-1.79) | 0.60 | ||||
Wedge/Segmental resection | ||||||||
No | 98 (67.12) | 11 (11.22) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 48 (32.88) | 14 (29.17) | 2.23 (1.01-4.92) | 0.05 | ||||
Adjuvant Therapy | ||||||||
No | 61 (53.04) | 10 (16.39) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 54 (46.96) | 8 (14.81) | 1.32 (0.52-3.35) | 0.56 | ||||
Chemotherapeutic agentsa
| ||||||||
Iressa | 25 (9.80) | 12 (48.00) | 1.00 | |||||
Navelbine | 129 (50.59) | 85 (65.89) | 1.69 (0.63-4.49) | 0.30 | ||||
Gemzar | 2 (0.78) | 2 (100.00) | 2.57 (1.12-5.88) | 0.03 | ||||
Taxol | 68 (26.67) | 37 (54.41) | 3.48 (0.7-17.29) | 0.13 | ||||
Taxotere | 20 (7.84) | 6 (30.00) | 2.45 (1.03-5.81) | 0.04 | ||||
Other | 11 (4.31) | 7 (63.64) | 3.88 (1.3-11.59) | 0.01 | ||||
Radiotherapy | ||||||||
No | 264 (87.42) | 138 (52.27) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 38 (12.58) | 22 (57.89) | 1.84 (1.16-2.90) | 0.009 |
Health-related quality of life and survival
Variables | Surgery (N = 162) | Non-surgery (N = 312) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | # of death | Crude HR (95%C.I.) | Adjusted HR (95%C.I.) | N | # of death | Crude (95%C.I.) | Adjusted HR (95%C.I.) | |
QLQ-C30
| ||||||||
Physical Functioning (<100 as reference) | 81 | 25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 225 | 130 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
=100 | 81 | 10 | 0.52 (0.25-1.09) | 0.61 (0.22-1.74) | 84 | 35 | 0.67 (0.46-0.98)* | 0.89 (0.59-1.35) |
Role Functioning (<100 as reference) | 27 | 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 105 | 61 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
=100 | 135 | 30 | 1.30 (0.51-3.36) | 2.73 (0.66-11.39) | 205 | 105 | 0.71 (0.52-0.98)* | 1.08 (0.75-1.54) |
Emotional Functioning (<83.33 as reference) | 62 | 12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 122 | 63 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
83.33≤EFS < 100 | 44 | 11 | 1.29 (0.57-2.92) | 3.36 (1.05-10.69)* | 85 | 53 | 1.15 (0.8-1.66) | 1.20 (0.81-1.78) |
=100 | 56 | 12 | 1.06 (0.48-2.36) | 2.00 (0.67-5.96) | 105 | 52 | 0.96 (0.66-1.39) | 1.11 (0.75-1.66) |
Cognitive Functioning (<100 as reference) | 84 | 19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 163 | 90 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
=100 | 78 | 16 | 0.82 (0.42-1.59) | 1.21 (0.53-2.76) | 149 | 78 | 1.00 (0.74-1.35) | 1.11 (0.79-1.56) |
Social Functioning (<100 as reference) | 65 | 16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 159 | 94 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
=100 | 96 | 19 | 0.76 (0.39-1.48) | 1.41 (0.57-3.53) | 151 | 73 | 0.57 (0.42-0.78)*** | 0.70 (0.50-0.99)* |
Global QOL (≤50 as reference) | 54 | 16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 166 | 98 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
50 < QLS≤66.67 | 55 | 7 | 0.43 (0.18-1.05) | 0.51 (0.17-1.53) | 72 | 40 | 0.75 (0.52-1.08) | 0.90 (0.61-1.32) |
>66.67 | 52 | 11 | 0.72 (0.33-1.55) | 0.98 (0.34-2.85) | 73 | 29 | 0.45 (0.29-0.68)*** | 0.79 (0.50-1.26) |
Fatigue (≤11.12 as reference) | 96 | 15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 99 | 46 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
11.12 < FAS≤33.34 | 36 | 10 | 1.65 (0.74-3.67) | 1.78 (0.71-4.48) | 111 | 52 | 1.37 (0.92-2.04) | 1.49 (0.98-2.27) |
>33.34 | 30 | 10 | 1.83 (0.82-4.06) | 1.07 (0.37-3.09) | 102 | 70 | 2.52 (1.73-3.68)*** | 2.00 (1.34-3.00)*** |
Pain (=0 as reference) | 89 | 19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 121 | 68 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
0 < Pain≤22.22 | 36 | 5 | 0.48 (0.18-1.28) | 0.20 (0.05-0.78)* | 73 | 34 | 0.73 (0.49-1.11) | 0.82 (0.53-1.29) |
>22.22 | 37 | 11 | 0.98 (0.47-2.07) | 0.53 (0.19-1.48) | 118 | 66 | 1.18 (0.84-1.66) | 1.02 (0.70-1.47) |
Nausea/Vomiting (=0 as reference) | 147 | 31 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 248 | 124 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 15 | 4 | 0.79 (0.28-2.24) | 0.10 (0.02-0.56)** | 63 | 43 | 1.44 (1.02-2.04)* | 0.98 (0.66-1.44) |
Dyspnoea (=0 as reference) | 114 | 17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 156 | 72 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 48 | 18 | 1.80 (0.93-3.51) | 1.69 (0.70-4.07) | 155 | 96 | 1.49 (1.10-2.02)* | 1.08 (0.77-1.51) |
Insomnia (=0 as reference) | 93 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 154 | 80 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 68 | 17 | 1.29 (0.67-2.51) | 1.62 (0.72-3.64) | 152 | 82 | 0.93 (0.69-1.27) | 0.99 (0.71-1.37) |
Appetite Loss (=0 as reference) | 125 | 28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 188 | 84 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 37 | 7 | 0.71 (0.31-1.63) | 0.39 (0.13-1.20) | 124 | 84 | 2.26 (1.66-3.07)*** | 1.79 (1.27-2.52)*** |
Constipation (=0 as reference) | 123 | 23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 209 | 103 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 39 | 12 | 1.86 (0.92-3.75) | 1.41 (0.51-3.92) | 102 | 65 | 1.38 (1.01-1.88)* | 1.12 (0.80-1.57) |
Diarrhoea (=0 as reference) | 147 | 31 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 263 | 136 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 15 | 4 | 1.12 (0.40-3.18) | 0.49 (0.07-3.27) | 48 | 32 | 1.25 (0.85-1.84) | 1.28 (0.85-1.95) |
Financial Difficulties (=0 as reference) | 119 | 23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 216 | 103 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 41 | 11 | 1.52 (0.74-3.12) | 0.84 (0.28-2.55) | 94 | 64 | 1.83 (1.34-2.51)*** | 1.55 (1.08-2.20)* |
Variables | Surgery (N = 162) | Non-surgery (N = 312) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | # of death | Crude HR (95%C.I.) | Adjusted HR (95%C.I.) | N | # of death | Crude HR (95%C.I.) | Adjusted HR (95%C.I.) | |
QLQ-LC13
| ||||||||
Dyspnoea (=0 as reference) | 82 | 8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 107 | 44 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 79 | 26 | 2.03 (0.91-4.51) | 1.46 (0.51-4.16) | 201 | 120 | 1.32 (0.93-1.86) | 1.16 (0.80-1.69) |
Cough (=0 as reference) | 52 | 10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 82 | 43 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 109 | 24 | 1.31 (0.63-2.75) | 0.80 (0.33-1.91) | 230 | 125 | 1.19 (0.84-1.69) | 0.97 (0.68-1.40) |
Hemoptysis (=0 as reference) | 146 | 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 261 | 142 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 15 | 4 | 2.23 (0.78-6.37) | 3.01 (0.81-11.18) | 50 | 26 | 1.57 (1.03-2.39)* | 1.04 (0.65-1.69) |
Sore Mouth (=0 as reference) | 154 | 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 278 | 147 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 7 | 4 | 3.59 (1.26-10.20)* | 0.87 (0.14-5.48) | 33 | 21 | 1.16 (0.73-1.84) | 1.03 (0.60-1.76) |
Dysphagia (=0 as reference) | 144 | 29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 257 | 135 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 17 | 5 | 1.31 (0.51-3.40) | 0.58 (0.15-2.27) | 53 | 32 | 1.73 (1.18-2.55)** | 1.06 (0.68-1.64) |
Peripheral Neuropathy (=0 as reference) | 108 | 23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 213 | 109 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 53 | 11 | 0.86 (0.42-1.77) | 1.03 (0.41-2.59) | 97 | 59 | 1.10 (0.80-1.51) | 1.03 (0.73-1.46) |
Hair Loss (=0 as reference) | 140 | 29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 262 | 137 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 21 | 5 | 1.01 (0.39-2.62) | 0.32 (0.07-1.44) | 47 | 29 | 0.99 (0.66-1.47) | 1.11 (0.71-1.73) |
Chest Pain (=0 as reference) | 107 | 20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 183 | 94 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 54 | 14 | 1.05 (0.53-2.09) | 0.52 (0.21-1.32) | 128 | 73 | 1.07 (0.79-1.45) | 0.97 (0.70-1.34) |
Pain in Arm or Shoulder (=0 as reference) | 123 | 25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 217 | 114 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>0 | 37 | 9 | 0.86 (0.40-1.84) | 1.19 (0.45-3.14) | 93 | 53 | 1.20 (0.87-1.67) | 0.96 (0.66-1.39) |
Other Pain Sites (=0 as reference) | 117 | 26 | 1.00 | 193 | 106 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
>0 | 41 | 7 | 0.60 (0.26-1.39) | 0.38 (0.12-1.19) | 106 | 53 | 1.02 (0.74-1.42) | 0.96 (0.67-1.38) |
Hierarchical Cox’s proportional hazard models
Variables | Surgery HR (95%C.I.) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
Gender (=Male as reference) | ||||
Female | 0.90 (0.31-2.66) | 1.27 (0.41-3.89) | 1.62 (0.56-4.68) | 1.86 (0.63-5.56) |
Age (yrs) (<50 as reference) | ||||
50 ≤ Age < 60 | 1.54 (0.27-8.91) | 1.51 (0.26-8.93) | 2.24 (0.37-13.52) | 2.55 (0.43-15.11) |
60 ≤ Age < 70 | 3.71 (0.65-21.23) | 3.01 (0.48-19.06) | 3.88 (0.73-20.71) | 3.50 (0.60-20.30) |
70 ≤ Age < 80 | 3.32 (0.57-19.31) | 2.84 (0.46-17.65) | 3.53 (0.59-20.98) | 3.68 (0.63-21.63) |
≥80 | 41.03 (4.84-347.54)*** | 55.83 (5.76-541.35)*** | 168.87 (13.26-2150.64)*** | 283.27 (21.01-3819.27)*** |
Cancer duration (yrs) (≥1 as reference) | ||||
New case | 2.12 (0.65-6.92) | 2.13 (0.64-7.03) | 2.67 (0.70-10.12) | 3.34 (0.88-12.63) |
Cancer duration <1 | 2.24 (0.60-8.40) | 2.16 (0.55-8.49) | 3.71 (0.84-16.41) | 4.78 (1.05-21.74)* |
Type of Cancer (Adenocarcinoma as reference) | ||||
Squamous Cell | 1.76 (0.66-4.68) | 2.39 (0.86-6.7) | 2.57 (0.94-7.02) | 3.62 (1.21-10.86)* |
Other | 5.09 (1.03-25.12)* | 6.01 (1.00-35.92)* | 8.25 (1.58-43.09)* | 6.64 (1.12-39.39)* |
Primary Tumor (T1 as reference) | ||||
T2 | 0.84 (0.28-2.50) | 1.02 (0.33-3.20) | 1.33 (0.43-4.17) | 1.47 (0.45-4.81) |
T3 | 0.94 (0.23-3.78) | 1.17 (0.29-4.80) | 1.38 (0.35-5.48) | 1.63 (0.40-6.64) |
T4 | 1.54 (0.35-6.79) | 2.55 (0.52-12.56) | 4.42 (0.92-21.22) | 5.40 (0.99-29.51) |
Regional Lymph Nodes (N0 as reference) | ||||
N1 | 2.34 (0.85-6.45) | 2.98 (1.02-8.68)* | 2.73 (1.01-7.42)* | 3.80 (1.34-10.80)* |
N2 | 5.32 (1.70-16.64)** | 6.17 (1.88-20.19)** | 5.65 (1.68-18.96)** | 7.39 (2.15-25.43)** |
N3 | 6.74 (0.51-89.64) | 16.60 (0.98-282.16) | 4.55 (0.32-65.68) | 9.75 (0.62-153.58) |
Distant Metastasis (M0 as reference) | ||||
M1 | 1.73 (0.27-11) | 1.07 (0.16-7.39) | 1.51 (0.23-9.80) | 1.79 (0.29-11.21) |
QLQ-C30
| ||||
Emotional Functioning (<83.33 as reference) | ||||
83.33≤EFS < 100 | 3.36 (1.05-10.69)* | 2.56 (0.82-7.96) | ||
=100 | 2.00 (0.67-5.96) | 1.17 (0.39-3.56) | ||
Pain (=0 as reference) | ||||
0 < Pain≤22.22 | 0.24 (0.06-1.01) | |||
>22.22 | 0.83 (0.30-2.25) | |||
Nausea/Vomiting (=0 as reference) | ||||
>0 | 0.12 (0.02-0.71)* | 0.11 (0.02-0.63)* | ||
−2 log likelihood | 242.88 | 238.26 | 228.77 | 230.68 |
Variables | Non-surgery HR (95%C.I.) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
Gender (=Male as reference) | ||||
Female | 0.53 (0.36-0.79)** | 0.57 (0.38-0.85)** | 0.52 (0.35-0.78)** | 0.55 (0.37-0.82)** |
Age (yrs) (<50 as reference) | ||||
50 ≤ Age < 60 | 1.92 (1.08-3.39)* | 2.02 (1.15-3.56)* | 2.46 (1.38-4.36)** | 2.31 (1.3-4.11)** |
60 ≤ Age < 70 | 1.45 (0.86-2.44) | 1.47 (0.88-2.47) | 1.40 (0.82-2.39) | 1.41 (0.84-2.37) |
70 ≤ Age < 80 | 1.80 (1.07-3.03)* | 1.91 (1.13-3.24)* | 1.93 (1.12-3.32)* | 1.94 (1.15-3.29)* |
≥80 | 3.70 (1.73-7.89)*** | 4.53 (2.10-9.75)*** | 4.65 (2.14-10.08)*** | 4.73 (2.19-10.24)*** |
Cancer duration (yrs) (≥1 as reference) | ||||
New case | 1.19 (0.69-2.05) | 1.05 (0.61-1.82) | 1.28 (0.74-2.22) | 1.16 (0.66-2.01) |
Cancer duration <1 | 1.79 (1.08-2.97)* | 1.70 (1.02-2.82)* | 1.62 (0.97-2.69) | 1.62 (0.97-2.69) |
Type of Cancer (Adenocarcinoma as reference) | ||||
Squamous Cell | 0.91 (0.62-1.34) | 0.93 (0.62-1.37) | 0.87 (0.59-1.30) | 0.92 (0.62-1.37) |
Other | 1.20 (0.65-2.20) | 1.42 (0.75-2.68) | 1.23 (0.63-2.38) | 1.23 (0.64-2.36) |
Primary Tumor (T1 as reference) | ||||
T2 | 0.57 (0.28-1.16) | 0.60 (0.3-1.21) | 0.54 (0.27-1.08) | 0.54 (0.27-1.1) |
T3 | 1.20 (0.55-2.64) | 1.20 (0.54-2.65) | 1.19 (0.54-2.64) | 1.17 (0.53-2.58) |
T4 | 1.28 (0.67-2.46) | 1.32 (0.68-2.55) | 1.15 (0.59-2.23) | 1.22 (0.63-2.35) |
Regional Lymph Nodes (N0 as reference) | ||||
N1 | 1.06 (0.45-2.49) | 0.99 (0.42-2.31) | 1.12 (0.47-2.66) | 1.01 (0.43-2.37) |
N2 | 2.12 (1.24-3.61)** | 1.99 (1.17-3.38)* | 1.82 (1.05-3.14)* | 1.87 (1.09-3.20)* |
N3 | 2.29 (1.34-3.92)** | 2.14 (1.26-3.65)** | 1.85 (1.06-3.22)* | 1.84 (1.06-3.18)* |
Distant Metastasis (M0 as reference) | ||||
M1 | 1.54 (1.04-2.28)* | 1.52 (1.03-2.25)* | 1.37 (0.91-2.07) | 1.47 (0.99-2.19) |
QLQ-C30
| ||||
Social Functioning (<100 as reference) | ||||
=100 | 0.70 (0.50-0.99)* | 0.73 (0.52-1.03) | ||
Fatigue (≤11.12 as reference) | ||||
11.12 < FAS≤33.34 | 1.19 (0.77-1.86) | |||
>33.34 | 1.45 (0.92-2.28) | |||
Appetite Loss (=0 as reference) | ||||
>0 | 1.62 (1.12-2.36)* | 1.77 (1.26-2.49)** | ||
Financial Difficulties (=0 as reference) | ||||
>0 | 1.43 (0.99-2.06) | |||
−2 log likelihood | 1508.53 | 1490.90 | 1475.39 | 1480.24 |