Introduction
Methods
Study design and participant recruitment
Measures and instrument
Statistical analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of respondents
Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | AIDS | All | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
MOBILITY
| ||||||||
- Unable to walk about | 2 | 1.6 | 10 | 2.0 | 21 | 5.5 | 33 | 3.3 |
- Severe problems | 7 | 5.6 | 24 | 4.7 | 22 | 5.8 | 53 | 5.2 |
- Moderate problems | 9 | 7.1 | 49 | 9.7 | 34 | 8.9 | 92 | 9.1 |
- Slight problems | 26 | 20.6 | 149 | 29.3 | 105 | 27.5 | 280 | 27.6 |
- No problems | 82 | 65.1 | 276 | 54.3 | 200 | 52.4 | 558 | 54.9 |
SELF-CARE
| ||||||||
- Unable to wash or dress myself | 1 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.6 | 17 | 4.5 | 21 | 2.1 |
- Severe problems | 15 | 3.0 | 11 | 2.9 | 26 | 2.6 | ||
- Moderate problems | 1 | 0.8 | 22 | 4.3 | 18 | 4.7 | 41 | 4.0 |
- Slight problems | 11 | 8.7 | 60 | 11.8 | 46 | 12.0 | 117 | 11.5 |
- No problems | 113 | 89.7 | 408 | 80.3 | 290 | 75.9 | 811 | 79.8 |
USUAL ACTIVITIES
| ||||||||
- Unable to do | 2 | 1.6 | 8 | 1.6 | 24 | 6.3 | 34 | 3.4 |
- Severe problems | 3 | 2.4 | 17 | 3.4 | 20 | 5.2 | 40 | 3.9 |
- Moderate problems | 5 | 4.0 | 37 | 7.3 | 23 | 6.0 | 65 | 6.4 |
- Slight problems | 21 | 16.7 | 119 | 23.4 | 81 | 21.2 | 221 | 21.8 |
- No problems | 95 | 75.4 | 327 | 64.4 | 234 | 61.3 | 656 | 64.6 |
PAIN/DISCOMFORT
| ||||||||
- Extreme pain | 2 | 1.6 | 5 | 1.0 | 17 | 4.5 | 24 | 2.4 |
- Severe pain | 19 | 3.7 | 18 | 4.7 | 37 | 3.6 | ||
- Moderate pain | 5 | 4.0 | 52 | 10.2 | 38 | 10.0 | 95 | 9.4 |
- Slight pain | 48 | 38.1 | 241 | 47.4 | 146 | 38.2 | 435 | 42.8 |
- No pain | 71 | 56.4 | 191 | 37.6 | 163 | 42.7 | 425 | 41.8 |
ANXIETY/DEPRESSION
| ||||||||
- Extremely | 5 | 4.0 | 19 | 3.7 | 22 | 5.8 | 46 | 4.5 |
- Severely | 6 | 4.8 | 49 | 9.7 | 32 | 8.4 | 87 | 8.6 |
- Moderately | 17 | 13.5 | 96 | 18.9 | 59 | 15.5 | 172 | 16.9 |
- Slightly | 50 | 39.7 | 225 | 44.3 | 157 | 41.1 | 432 | 42.5 |
- Not anxious or depressed | 48 | 38.1 | 119 | 23.4 | 112 | 29.3 | 279 | 27.5 |
Quality profile and psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in HIV/AIDS patients
N | % | EQ-5D Index | VAS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | p-value | Mean | p-value | |||||||
All patients
| 1016 | 100.0 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 70.34 | 69.17 | 71.51 | ||
HIV Stages
| ||||||||||
- Asymptomatic | 126 | 12.4 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.77 | <0.01 | 76.67 | 74.14 | 79.20 | <0.01 |
- Symptomatic | 508 | 50.0 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 70.72 | 69.15 | 72.29 | ||
- AIDS | 382 | 37.6 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 67.79 | 65.66 | 69.91 | ||
CD4
| ||||||||||
<=200 | 249 | 31.1 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.61 | <0.01 | 64.47 | 61.80 | 67.14 | <0.01 |
200<cd4<=350 | 249 | 31.1 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.69 | 71.62 | 69.43 | 73.81 | ||
350<cd4<=500 | 194 | 24.2 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 75.57 | 73.48 | 77.65 | ||
>500 | 109 | 13.6 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 76.22 | 73.20 | 79.24 | ||
Duration of ART
| ||||||||||
Not yet | 114 | 11.2 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.69 | <0.01 | 68.15 | 64.50 | 71.80 | <0.01 |
<=1 yr | 196 | 19.3 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 65.53 | 62.57 | 68.50 | ||
1; <=2 | 144 | 14.2 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 71.54 | 68.58 | 74.49 | ||
2; <=4 | 270 | 26.6 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.71 | 71.76 | 69.56 | 73.95 | ||
4; <=7 | 292 | 28.7 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 72.52 | 70.44 | 74.60 | ||
IDU
| ||||||||||
- No | 548 | 53.9 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 71.29 | 69.72 | 72.85 | 0.09 |
- Yes | 468 | 46.1 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 69.24 | 67.46 | 71.01 | ||
AUDIT-positive
| ||||||||||
- No | 710 | 69.9 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.69 | <0.01 | 71.73 | 70.40 | 73.07 | <0.01 |
- Yes | 306 | 30.1 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 67.12 | 64.78 | 69.47 | ||
Optimal ART adherence
| ||||||||||
- No | 660 | 75.3 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 71.15 | 69.69 | 72.62 | 0.47 |
- Yes | 217 | 24.7 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.69 | 70.09 | 67.73 | 72.44 |
Factors associated with HRQOL in HIV/AIDS patients
EQ-5D index (−0.452; 1) | VAS (0; 100) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | |
Level of Health System (a Central) | ||||
- Provincial | −0.11*** | (−0.16; -0.66) | −7.8*** | (−10.5; -5.0) |
Gender (a Male) | ||||
- Female | −4.5*** | (−7.5; -1.6) | ||
Education (a Below high school) | ||||
- High school and above | 0.06** | (0.01; 0.10) | 3.8*** | (1.0; 6.5) |
Marital status (a Single) | ||||
- Live with spouse/partner | −2.0 | (−4.9; 0.9) | ||
Employment (a Unemployment) | ||||
- Free-lancer b | 0.12*** | (0.06; 0.19) | 9.6*** | (5.9; 13.4) |
- Stable jobs | 0.09** | (0.02; 0.17) | 9.1*** | (4.7; 13.6) |
- Others | 0.13*** | (0.04; 0.23) | 11.3*** | (5.8; 16.8) |
Income quintiles (a Poorest) | ||||
- Richest | 0.05 | (−0.01; 0.11) | ||
HIV/AIDS Stages (a Asymptomatic) | ||||
- Symptomatic | −0.2*** | (−0.3; -0.1) | −7.1*** | (−12.0; -2.2) |
- AIDS | −0.1*** | (−0.2; -0.1) | −8.1*** | (−13.2; -3.0) |
CD4 cell count (a Less than 200) | ||||
200<cd4<=350 | 0.06** | (0.00; 0.12) | 4.5** | (1.0; 8.0) |
350<cd4<=500 | 0.15*** | (0.08; 0.22) | 8.8*** | (4.9; 12.7) |
>500 | 0.07* | (−0.01; 0.15) | 8.4*** | (3.7; 13.0) |
Duration of ART (a Not yet) | ||||
<=1 yr | −4.8*** | (−8.5; -1.2) | ||
1-- <=2 yrs | ||||
2-- <=4 yrs | 0.07** | (0.01; 0.14) | ||
4-- <=7 yrs | 0.08** | (0.01; 0.14) | ||
History of drug use
| −3.9*** | (−6.8; -1.1) | ||
Having AUD
| −0.06** | (−0.11; -0.01) | −3.1** | (−6.2; -0.1) |
Constant | 0.65*** | (0.55; 0.76) | 74.0*** | (67.3; 80.8) |