Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Hepatology Reports 1/2017

24.01.2017 | Hepatic Cancer (A Singal and A Mufti, Section Editors)

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Epidemiology

verfasst von: John Ha, Melissa Yan, Robert J. Wong

Erschienen in: Current Hepatology Reports | Ausgabe 1/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The current review aims to provide an updated analysis on race/ethnicity-specific disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) epidemiology in the USA with a focus on HCC incidence and prevalence, HCC stage at diagnosis, HCC treatment received, and overall HCC survival.

Recent Findings

While the overall incidence of HCC in the USA has stabilized, race/ethnicity-specific disparities persist. HCC incidence remains the highest among Asians, but the burden of HCC among Hispanics is rising and may reflect the significant burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related HCC among this group. Furthermore, disparate implementation of HCC screening and surveillance, which detrimentally affects ethnic minorities and underserved populations to the greatest extent, contributes to lower rates of potentially curative therapies and lower overall survival among these groups, especially African Americans with HCC.

Summary

Despite improvements in clinical care of HCC patients, persistent race/ethnicity-specific disparities in HCC outcomes persist and reflect multifactorial barriers. Highlighting these disparities is the first step towards raising awareness to guide future education and research to improve HCC outcomes for all groups.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.CrossRefPubMed Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn W, Xu R, Wingard DL, Rogers C, Angulo P, Younossi ZM, et al. Suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality risk in a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(9):2263–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dunn W, Xu R, Wingard DL, Rogers C, Angulo P, Younossi ZM, et al. Suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality risk in a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(9):2263–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams LA, Lindor KD, Angulo P. The prevalence of autoantibodies and autoimmune hepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1316–20.CrossRefPubMed Adams LA, Lindor KD, Angulo P. The prevalence of autoantibodies and autoimmune hepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1316–20.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat • Ha J, Yan M, Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Tana MM, Liu B, et al. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities in cancer incidence, burden of disease, and overall survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122(16):2512–23. Recent analysis using U.S. population-based national cancer registry to provide updated epidemiology on race/ethnicity-specific trends in HCC incidence. CrossRefPubMed • Ha J, Yan M, Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Tana MM, Liu B, et al. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities in cancer incidence, burden of disease, and overall survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122(16):2512–23. Recent analysis using U.S. population-based national cancer registry to provide updated epidemiology on race/ethnicity-specific trends in HCC incidence. CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ha J, Yan M, Aguilar M, Tana M, Liu B, Frenette CT, et al. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma stage at diagnosis and its impact on receipt of curative therapies. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;50(5):423–30.PubMed Ha J, Yan M, Aguilar M, Tana M, Liu B, Frenette CT, et al. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma stage at diagnosis and its impact on receipt of curative therapies. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;50(5):423–30.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong R, Corley DA. Racial and ethnic variations in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence within the United States. Am J Med. 2008;121(6):525–31.CrossRefPubMed Wong R, Corley DA. Racial and ethnic variations in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence within the United States. Am J Med. 2008;121(6):525–31.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong RJ, Corley DA. Survival differences by race/ethnicity and treatment for localized hepatocellular carcinoma within the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(9):2031–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wong RJ, Corley DA. Survival differences by race/ethnicity and treatment for localized hepatocellular carcinoma within the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(9):2031–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong RJ, Devaki P, Nguyen L, Cheung R, Nguyen MH. Ethnic disparities and liver transplantation rates in hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the recent era: results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Liver Transpl: Off Publ Am Assoc Study Liver Dis Int Liver Transpl Soc. 2014;20(5):528–35.CrossRef Wong RJ, Devaki P, Nguyen L, Cheung R, Nguyen MH. Ethnic disparities and liver transplantation rates in hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the recent era: results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Liver Transpl: Off Publ Am Assoc Study Liver Dis Int Liver Transpl Soc. 2014;20(5):528–35.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Khalili M, Guy J, Yu A, Li A, Diamond-Smith N, Stewart S, et al. Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma screening among Asian Americans: survey of safety net healthcare providers. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(5):1516–23.CrossRefPubMed Khalili M, Guy J, Yu A, Li A, Diamond-Smith N, Stewart S, et al. Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma screening among Asian Americans: survey of safety net healthcare providers. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(5):1516–23.CrossRefPubMed
13.••
Zurück zum Zitat Singal AG, Yopp A, Skinner SC, Packer M, Lee WM, Tiro JA. Utilization of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among American patients: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(7):861–7. Comprehensive systematic review highlighting the poor rates of HCC screening and surveillance among cirrhosis patients in the USA. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Singal AG, Yopp A, Skinner SC, Packer M, Lee WM, Tiro JA. Utilization of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among American patients: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(7):861–7. Comprehensive systematic review highlighting the poor rates of HCC screening and surveillance among cirrhosis patients in the USA. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalton-Fitzgerald E, Tiro J, Kandunoori P, Halm EA, Yopp A, Singal AG. Practice patterns and attitudes of primary care providers and barriers to surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13(4):791–8 e1.CrossRef Dalton-Fitzgerald E, Tiro J, Kandunoori P, Halm EA, Yopp A, Singal AG. Practice patterns and attitudes of primary care providers and barriers to surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13(4):791–8 e1.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatol (Baltimore, Md). 2014;60(5):1767–75.CrossRef El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatol (Baltimore, Md). 2014;60(5):1767–75.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Altekruse SF, Henley SJ, Cucinelli JE, McGlynn KA. Changing hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and liver cancer mortality rates in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(4):542–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Altekruse SF, Henley SJ, Cucinelli JE, McGlynn KA. Changing hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and liver cancer mortality rates in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(4):542–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramirez AG, Munoz E, Holden AE, Adeigbe RT, Suarez L. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Texas Latinos, 1995–2010: an update. PLoS One. 2014;9(6), e99365.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ramirez AG, Munoz E, Holden AE, Adeigbe RT, Suarez L. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Texas Latinos, 1995–2010: an update. PLoS One. 2014;9(6), e99365.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Shebl FM, Capo-Ramos DE, Graubard BI, McGlynn KA, Altekruse SF. Socioeconomic status and hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Miomarkers Prevent: Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res Cosponsored Am Soc Prevent Oncol. 2012;21(8):1330–5.CrossRef Shebl FM, Capo-Ramos DE, Graubard BI, McGlynn KA, Altekruse SF. Socioeconomic status and hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Miomarkers Prevent: Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res Cosponsored Am Soc Prevent Oncol. 2012;21(8):1330–5.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Zeuzem S, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, McGlynn KA. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology. 2011;54(2):463–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Zeuzem S, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, McGlynn KA. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology. 2011;54(2):463–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, Venkatesan C, Mishra A, Erario M, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62(6):1723–30.CrossRefPubMed Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, Venkatesan C, Mishra A, Erario M, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62(6):1723–30.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Quraishi S, Zeuzem S, Davila JA, El-Serag HB, et al. Population-attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(8):1314–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Quraishi S, Zeuzem S, Davila JA, El-Serag HB, et al. Population-attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(8):1314–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat • Makarova-Rusher OV, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, Ulahannan S, Duffy AG, Graubard BI, et al. Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122(11):1757–65. An updated analysis that details specific risk factors and their contributions to HCC risk.CrossRefPubMed • Makarova-Rusher OV, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, Ulahannan S, Duffy AG, Graubard BI, et al. Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122(11):1757–65. An updated analysis that details specific risk factors and their contributions to HCC risk.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed A, Wong RJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease review: diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13(12):2062–70.CrossRef Ahmed A, Wong RJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease review: diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13(12):2062–70.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003–2012. JAMA. 2015;313(19):1973–4.CrossRefPubMed Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003–2012. JAMA. 2015;313(19):1973–4.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang P, Kang D, Cao W, Wang Y, Liu Z. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(2):109–22.CrossRefPubMed Wang P, Kang D, Cao W, Wang Y, Liu Z. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(2):109–22.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Setiawan VW, Hernandez BY, Lu SC, Stram DO, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, et al. Diabetes and racial/ethnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma risk: the multiethnic cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2014;106(12). Setiawan VW, Hernandez BY, Lu SC, Stram DO, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, et al. Diabetes and racial/ethnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma risk: the multiethnic cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2014;106(12).
27.
Zurück zum Zitat • McGowan CE, Edwards TP, Luong MU, Hayashi PH. Suboptimal surveillance for and knowledge of hepatocellular carcinoma among primary care providers. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13(4):799–804. One of several studies highlighting the suboptimal rates of HCC screening and surveillance in the USA. CrossRef • McGowan CE, Edwards TP, Luong MU, Hayashi PH. Suboptimal surveillance for and knowledge of hepatocellular carcinoma among primary care providers. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13(4):799–804. One of several studies highlighting the suboptimal rates of HCC screening and surveillance in the USA. CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarkar M, Stewart S, Yu A, Chen MS, Nguyen TT, Khalili M. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening practices and impact on survival among hepatitis B-infected Asian Americans. J Viral Hepat. 2012;19(8):594–600.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sarkar M, Stewart S, Yu A, Chen MS, Nguyen TT, Khalili M. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening practices and impact on survival among hepatitis B-infected Asian Americans. J Viral Hepat. 2012;19(8):594–600.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Singal AG, Li X, Tiro J, Kandunoori P, Adams-Huet B, Nehra MS, et al. Racial, social, and clinical determinants of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. Am J Med. 2015;128(1):90 e1-7.CrossRefPubMed Singal AG, Li X, Tiro J, Kandunoori P, Adams-Huet B, Nehra MS, et al. Racial, social, and clinical determinants of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. Am J Med. 2015;128(1):90 e1-7.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(4), e1001624.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(4), e1001624.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat van Meer S, de Man RA, Coenraad MJ, Sprengers D, van Nieuwkerk KM, Klumpen HJ, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with increased survival: results from a large cohort in the Netherlands. J Hepatol. 2015;63(5):1156–63.CrossRefPubMed van Meer S, de Man RA, Coenraad MJ, Sprengers D, van Nieuwkerk KM, Klumpen HJ, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with increased survival: results from a large cohort in the Netherlands. J Hepatol. 2015;63(5):1156–63.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat • Davila JA, Henderson L, Kramer JR, Kanwal F, Richardson PA, Duan Z, et al. Utilization of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus-infected veterans in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(2):85–93. One of several studies highlighting the suboptimal rates of HCC screening and surveillance in the USA. CrossRefPubMed • Davila JA, Henderson L, Kramer JR, Kanwal F, Richardson PA, Duan Z, et al. Utilization of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus-infected veterans in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(2):85–93. One of several studies highlighting the suboptimal rates of HCC screening and surveillance in the USA. CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittal S, Kanwal F, Ying J, Chung R, Sada YH, Temple S, et al. Effectiveness of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice: a United States cohort. Journal of Hepatology. 2016. Mittal S, Kanwal F, Ying J, Chung R, Sada YH, Temple S, et al. Effectiveness of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice: a United States cohort. Journal of Hepatology. 2016.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat • Davila JA, Morgan RO, Richardson PA, Du XL, McGlynn KA, El-Serag HB. Use of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with cirrhosis in the United States. Hepatology. 2010;52(1):132–41. One of several studies highlighting the suboptimal rates of HCC screening and surveillance in the USA. CrossRefPubMed • Davila JA, Morgan RO, Richardson PA, Du XL, McGlynn KA, El-Serag HB. Use of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with cirrhosis in the United States. Hepatology. 2010;52(1):132–41. One of several studies highlighting the suboptimal rates of HCC screening and surveillance in the USA. CrossRefPubMed
35.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbas A, Medvedev S, Shores N, Bazzano L, Dehal A, Hutchings J, et al. Epidemiology of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, a nationwide perspective. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(11):2813–20.CrossRefPubMed Abbas A, Medvedev S, Shores N, Bazzano L, Dehal A, Hutchings J, et al. Epidemiology of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, a nationwide perspective. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(11):2813–20.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwei RJ, Kadunc K, Nguyen AL, Jacobs EA. Impact of sociodemographic factors and previous interactions with the health care system on institutional trust in three racial/ethnic groups. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):333–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schwei RJ, Kadunc K, Nguyen AL, Jacobs EA. Impact of sociodemographic factors and previous interactions with the health care system on institutional trust in three racial/ethnic groups. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):333–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Jonas S, Al-Abadi H, Benckert C, Thelen A, Hippler-Benscheid M, Saribeyoglu K, et al. Prognostic significance of the DNA-index in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 2009;250(6):1008–13.CrossRefPubMed Jonas S, Al-Abadi H, Benckert C, Thelen A, Hippler-Benscheid M, Saribeyoglu K, et al. Prognostic significance of the DNA-index in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 2009;250(6):1008–13.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreou A, Gul S, Pascher A, Schoning W, Al-Abadi H, Bahra M, et al. Patient and tumour biology predict survival beyond the Milan criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB: Off J Int Hepato Pancreato Biliary Assoc. 2015;17(2):168–75.CrossRef Andreou A, Gul S, Pascher A, Schoning W, Al-Abadi H, Bahra M, et al. Patient and tumour biology predict survival beyond the Milan criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB: Off J Int Hepato Pancreato Biliary Assoc. 2015;17(2):168–75.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Dickie LA, Kleiner DE. Hepatocellular carcinoma confirmation, treatment, and survival in surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registries, 1992–2008. Hepatol (Baltimore, Md). 2012;55(2):476–82.CrossRef Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Dickie LA, Kleiner DE. Hepatocellular carcinoma confirmation, treatment, and survival in surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registries, 1992–2008. Hepatol (Baltimore, Md). 2012;55(2):476–82.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong RJ, Devaki P, Nguyen L, Cheung R, Cho-Phan C, Nguyen MH. Increased long-term survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after implementation of Model for End-stage Liver Disease score. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2014;12(9):1534–40 e1.CrossRef Wong RJ, Devaki P, Nguyen L, Cheung R, Cho-Phan C, Nguyen MH. Increased long-term survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after implementation of Model for End-stage Liver Disease score. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2014;12(9):1534–40 e1.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Alawadi ZM, Phatak UR, Kao LS, Ko TC, Wray CJ. Race not rural residency is predictive of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of the Texas Cancer Registry. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113(1):84–8.CrossRefPubMed Alawadi ZM, Phatak UR, Kao LS, Ko TC, Wray CJ. Race not rural residency is predictive of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of the Texas Cancer Registry. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113(1):84–8.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoehn RS, Hanseman DJ, Wima K, Ertel AE, Paquette IM, Abbott DE, et al. Does race affect management and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States? Surgery. 2015;158(5):1244–51.CrossRefPubMed Hoehn RS, Hanseman DJ, Wima K, Ertel AE, Paquette IM, Abbott DE, et al. Does race affect management and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States? Surgery. 2015;158(5):1244–51.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang J, Wang FW. Refusal of cancer-directed surgery strongly impairs survival of patients with localized hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Surg Oncol. 2010;2010:381795.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang J, Wang FW. Refusal of cancer-directed surgery strongly impairs survival of patients with localized hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Surg Oncol. 2010;2010:381795.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat • Njei B, Rotman Y, Ditah I, Lim JK. Emerging trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality. Hepatol (Baltimore, Md). 2015;61(1):191–9. One of several publications providing updated analyses of epidemiological trends in HCC incidence.CrossRef • Njei B, Rotman Y, Ditah I, Lim JK. Emerging trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality. Hepatol (Baltimore, Md). 2015;61(1):191–9. One of several publications providing updated analyses of epidemiological trends in HCC incidence.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Artinyan A, Mailey B, Sanchez-Luege N, Khalili J, Sun CL, Bhatia S, et al. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influence the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2010;116(5):1367–77.CrossRefPubMed Artinyan A, Mailey B, Sanchez-Luege N, Khalili J, Sun CL, Bhatia S, et al. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influence the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2010;116(5):1367–77.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Kao WY, Su CW, Chau GY, Lui WY, Wu CW, Wu JC. A comparison of prognosis between patients with hepatitis B and C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing resection surgery. World J Surg. 2011;35(4):858–67.CrossRefPubMed Kao WY, Su CW, Chau GY, Lui WY, Wu CW, Wu JC. A comparison of prognosis between patients with hepatitis B and C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing resection surgery. World J Surg. 2011;35(4):858–67.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathur AK, Osborne NH, Lynch RJ, Ghaferi AA, Dimick JB, Sonnenday CJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in access to care and survival for patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg. 2010;145(12):1158–63.CrossRefPubMed Mathur AK, Osborne NH, Lynch RJ, Ghaferi AA, Dimick JB, Sonnenday CJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in access to care and survival for patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg. 2010;145(12):1158–63.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Rajbhandari R, Simon RE, Chung RT, Ananthakrishnan AN. Racial disparities in inhospital outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(9):1173–82.CrossRefPubMed Rajbhandari R, Simon RE, Chung RT, Ananthakrishnan AN. Racial disparities in inhospital outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(9):1173–82.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Aparo S, Goel S, Lin D, Ohri N, Schwartz JM, Lo Y, et al. Survival analysis of Hispanics in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2014;120(23):3683–90.CrossRefPubMed Aparo S, Goel S, Lin D, Ohri N, Schwartz JM, Lo Y, et al. Survival analysis of Hispanics in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2014;120(23):3683–90.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Epidemiology
verfasst von
John Ha
Melissa Yan
Robert J. Wong
Publikationsdatum
24.01.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Hepatology Reports / Ausgabe 1/2017
Elektronische ISSN: 2195-9595
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11901-017-0331-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2017

Current Hepatology Reports 1/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Hepatitis C (J Ahn and A Aronsohn, Section Editors)

Future Paradigms of HCV Management with Resistance Testing

Hepatic Cancer (A Singal and A Mufti, Section Editors)

Changes in Liver Transplant Criteria for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatic Cancer (A Singal and A Mufti, Section Editors)

Liver Biopsy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Should this be a Routine?

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.