Background
Methods
Study population
Imaging protocol
Standard volumetric assessment
Standard BH technique | Spiral real-time technique | |
---|---|---|
Field of view (mm) | 350 | 350 |
Rectangular field-of-view (%) | 75 | 100 |
Matrix size | 240 × 180 | 208 × 208 |
Number of slices | ~ 13 (range: 10–17) | ~ 13 (range: 10–17) |
Image resolution (mm) | 1.46 × 1.46 × 8 | 1.68 × 1.68 × 8 |
TE/TR (ms) | 1.16/2.32 | 0.67/3.34 |
Flip Angle (degree) | 67 | 67 |
Pixel Bandwidth (Hz/pixel) | 1225 | 1502 |
Cardiac gating | Retrospective | – |
Temporal resolution (ms) | 29.48 | 30.06 |
Reconstructed cardiac phases | 40 | ~ 24 (range: 20–37) |
Trajectory | Cartesian | Spiral |
Fully sampled spiral interleaves | – | 72 |
GRAPPA | ×2 | – |
Compressed Sensing | – | ×8 |
Breath-hold time per slice (sec) | 3.6–8.8 | – |
Total acquisition time for SAX (sec) | ~ 350 (range: 239–573) | ~ 20 (range: 11 to 36) |
Real-time volumetric assessment
Image processing and scoring
Image quality
Ventricular function
Quantitative image assessment
Statistics
Results
Demographics and feasibility
Mean ± standard deviation (range) | |
---|---|
Male/Female | 27/33 |
Age (years) | 13.6 ± 2.7 (7.0 to 18.3) |
Height (m) | 1.6 ± 0.2 (1.2 to 1.9) |
Weight (kg) | 47.5 ± 15.8 (23.1 to 82.0) |
BSA | 1.4 ± 0.3 (0.9 to 2.0) |
Heart rate (bpm) | 82 ± 16 (50 to 114) |
Pulmonary Hypertension | 11 |
Cardiomyopathy | 10 |
Family history Sudden death/cardiomyopathy | 9 |
Pulmonary artery stenosis | 3 |
Coarctation of the aorta | 4 |
Tetralogy of Fallot (repaired) | 4 |
Transposition of the great arteries (repaired) | 3 |
Atrial septal defect | 3 |
Ventricular Septal Defect | 2 |
Aortopathy | 5 |
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction | 3 |
Atrio-ventricular valve dysfunction | 3 |
Image quality
Ventricular volume quantification
Real-timea | Standard Breath Holda | Bias | Limits of agreement | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LV EDV (mL) | 110 ± 38 | 112 ± 38b | 1.7 ± 4.6 | −7.3 to 10.7 |
LV ESV (mL) | 40 ± 16 | 39 ± 16b | − 1.0 ± 3.5 | −7.9 to 5.9 |
LV SV (mL) | 70 ± 25 | 73 ± 24b | 2.6 ± 4.8 | −6.7 to 12.0 |
LV EF (%) | 64 ± 6 | 66 ± 7b | 1.5 ± 3.0 | −4.3 to 7.3 |
LV mass | 88 ± 36 | 85 ± 34b | − 3.1 ± 7.0 | − 16.9 to 10.6 |
RV EDV (mL) | 121 ± 37 | 121 ± 38 | 0.5 ± 5.2 | −9.6 to 10.6 |
RV ESV (mL) | 51 ± 23 | 49 ± 24 | − 1.2 ± 5.0 | −11.0 to 8.5 |
RV SV (mL) | 70 ± 20 | 72 ± 20b | 1.8 ± 4.9 | −7.8 to 11.4 |
RV EF (%) | 59 ± 9 | 61 ± 10b | 1.4 ± 3.7 | −6.0 to 8.7 |
Standard Breath Hold CoVa | Real-time CoVa | Standard Breath Hold ICCa | Real-time ICCa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LV EDV (%) | 4.1 (3.1 to 5.2) | 4.0 (2.9 to 5.0) | 0.983 (0.964 to 0.992) | 0.984 (0.968 to 0.992) |
LV ESV (%) | 7.0 (5.2 to 8.9) | 8.7 (6.4 to 11.0) | 0.973 (0.946 to 0.987) | 0.931 (0.862 to 0.967) |
LV SV (%) | 7.1 (5.3 to 9.0) | 6.8 (5.1 to 8.6) | 0.958 (0.914 to 0.980) | 0.952 (0.902 to 0.977) |
LV EF (%) | 4.2 (3.1 to 5.3) | 5.7 (4.2 to 7.2) | 0.891 (0.785 to 0.946) | 0.772 (0.578 to 0.884) |
RV EDV (%) | 6.6 (4.9 to 8.3) | 6.9 (5.1 to 8.8) | 0.964 (0.926 to 0.983) | 0.956 (0.911 to 0.979) |
RV ESV (%) | 13.2 (9.7 to 16.8) | 12.8 (9.4 to 16.3) | 0.968 (0.935 to 0.985) | 0.954 (0.906 to 0.978) |
RV SV (%) | 10.9 (8.0 to 13.9) | 11.5 (8.5 to 14.6) | 0.865 (0.738 to 0.933) | 0.835 (0.684 to 0.917) |
RV EF (%) | 7.1 (5.3 to 9.0) | 7.7 (5.7 to 9.7) | 0.836 (0.687 to 0.918) | 0.785 (0.599 to 0.891) |
Standard Breath Hold CoVa | Real-time CoVa | Standard Breath Hold ICCa | Real-time ICCa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LV EDV (%) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 0.994 (0.987 to 0.997) | 0.997 (0.994 to 0.999) |
LV ESV (%) | 4.3 (3.2 to 5.5) | 4.7 (3.5 to 6.0) | 0.985 (0.968 to 0.993) | 0.984 (0.967 to 0.992) |
LV SV (%) | 2.3 (1.7 to 2.9) | 2.6 (1.9 to 3.2) | 0.993 (0.985 to 0.997) | 0.994 (0.988 to 0.997) |
LV EF (%) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3) | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.0) | 0.955 (0.909 to 0.978) | 0.919 (0.839 to 0.961) |
RV EDV (%) | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5) | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.7) | 0.994 (0.987 to 0.997) | 0.994 (0.987 to 0.997) |
RV ESV (%) | 4.2 (3.1 to 5.3) | 5.0 (3.7 to 6.3) | 0.989 (0.977 to 0.995) | 0.977 (0.952 to 0.989) |
RV SV (%) | 3.6 (2.6 to 4.5) | 4.2 (3.1 to 5.3) | 0.989 (0.977 to 0.995) | 0.985 (0.968 to 0.993) |
RV EF (%) | 2.7 (2.0 to 3.4) | 3.4 (2.5 to 4.3) | 0.975 (0.949 to 0.988) | 0.946 (0.890 to 0.974) |