Background
Mental health is a significant public health concern across the world. In 2010, mental and substance use disorders accounted for 7.4 % of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, among which depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse accounted for 40.5, 14.6, and 9.6 %, respectively [
1]. According to the World Health Organization, by 2020, a quarter of the world’s population will suffer from a mental disorder, and mental diseases are projected to account for 15 % of the global disease burden [
2]. In China, an estimated 170 million adults are suffering from a mental disorder, accounting for 20 % of total disease burden [
3]. Mental disorders are associated with high economic costs [
4,
5], criminal activities [
3], suicide rates [
6], and overall mortality rates [
7]. A recent meta-analysis estimated that 14.3 % of deaths worldwide, or approximately 8 million deaths each year, are attributable to mental disorders [
7].
The huge economic and social cost of mental disorders is amplified by the under-utilization of mental health services worldwide. For example, a cross-sectional study conducted in seven European countries found that nearly half (48 %) of those needing mental healthcare did not receive any formal mental health services [
8]. A 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing in Australia reported that almost two-thirds of those with mental disorders never seek any treatment [
9], a figure similar to that in the US [
10]. Another nationally representative study with a Norwegian sample of 65,648 respondents also found that 87 % of those with depression and 75 % with anxiety disorders had never sought any help [
11]. The situation is even more dire in developing countries, where both lack of mental health resources and services utilization were reported in Asian populations, Black populations and Brazilian populations [
12‐
16]. For instance, in China, over 90 % of those who meet criteria for a mental disorder never received any treatment [
3].
A number of factors have been identified as barriers preventing people with mental disorders from seeking treatment, including shortage of infrastructure, lack of qualified doctors, financial hardship, limited access to mental healthcare providers, social stigma, and low mental health literacy [
3,
17‐
21]. Among all the barriers to treatment seeking, mental health literacy has been one of the most researched areas with abundant evidence showing that reluctance to seeking treatment is largely the result of low mental health literacy. Of the various aspects of mental health literacy, recognition of mental disorders emerges as an initial and important factor, as it is the first step to seeking help from professional sources [
10,
18]. Numerous studies have documented that inability to recognize mental disorders is associated with delay in and reduced likelihood of help-seeking [
6,
17‐
19,
22,
23]. For example, one study conducted at an Australian specialist anxiety clinic reported that 60 % of patients attributed their delayed treatment seeking to “lack of knowledge” [
23]. Furthermore, there is also growing evidence showing that early and correct recognition of mental disorders contributes to effective communication with health professionals, early treatment, and thus better long-term health outcomes for those with mental disorders [
24‐
26].
In light of the significant role of recognition of mental disorders in effective mental health services utilization, it is essential to understand the public’s recognition of some common mental disorders and its predictive factors. A growing body of research has studied the recognition of different mental disorders among different populations with various results. For instance, the recognition rate of depression was 76 % in primary health care workers in India [
27], 75 % in Australian adults [
28], and 58 % among American adults [
29], but was only 35 % in urban Chinese adults [
30] and 25 % in Japanese adults [
31], and even lower in a sample of undergraduates in Sri Lanka with a rate of only 17.4 % [
32]. Recognition of anxiety was even lower, with a rate of 28 % for anxiety disorder in a sample of general pracitoner in Catalonia [
33], 21 % for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in China [
30], 16.6 % for panic disorder and 15.9 % for GAD in the US [
10], and 9.2 % for social phobia in Australia [
28]. Further investigation of the factors related to recognition of mental disorders has identified a number of various factors associated with lower recognition, including male gender, older age, lower education, negative attitude to psychopharmacology, not having a history of mental health treatment, and no previous contact with mentally ill people [
10,
30,
34‐
38]. Since the majority of previous studies were conducted in developed countries [
10,
17,
28,
34‐
36,
39] or urban areas in developing countries [
30,
40], or health workers instead of general populations in rural areas of developing countries [
27,
33], and mainly focused on one class of mental disorder [
6,
10,
17,
35,
39] or simply comparing the recognition rate of several mental disorders without fully exploring its predictive factors [
28,
34], more needs to be known about the recognition of various mental disorders and its predictive factors in general populations of rural areas in developing countries like China.
The aim of the present study is to fill in the knowledge gap by investigating the recognition of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse in a rural Chinese sample. The study involved face-to-face interviews in which we assessed respondents’ recognition of depression, anxiety or alcohol abuse based on a brief vignette describing symptoms of these disorders. Two aspects of recognition were examined: (1) Correctly attributing the disorder as a mental problem; (2) Correctly naming the disorder, followed by a multivariate logistic regression to explore factors predicting the correct recognition of the three mental disorders.
Discussion
This is the first study to our knowledge to assess the recognition of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse, as well as it predictive factors in a representative Chinese rural sample. Our findings showed that there was great variability in the correct labeling rate for the three vignettes. The highest labeling rate was for the alcohol abuse vignette, with nearly 60 % correctly identifying the vignette as alcohol-related mental disorder, whereas less than 20 % of respondents correctly named depression and anxiety. The alcohol abuse vignette was more frequently attributed as a mental problem than the depression vignette and anxiety vignette, although over half of respondents recognized each vignette as a mental problem. Higher education is the common and also strongest factor positively predicting the recognition of all three vignettes. Beyond that, being female is an independent predictor of correct recognition of alcohol abuse, while recognition of depression and anxiety were positively predicted by younger age. This information not only helps us understand rural residents’ knowledge of common mental disorders, but also holds promise for furthering our understanding of why people with mental disorders do not seek help, providing guidance for improving the under-utilization of mental health services in the rural areas of China.
The highest recognition rate was for the alcohol abuse vignette, with 75 % recognizing it as a mental problem and 58.2 % correctly naming the disorder, which is not surprising given the high consumption of alcohol in rural areas and the frequent coverage of alcohol abuse related problems in the mass media [
57,
58]. However, the much lower recognition rate for depression and anxiety was somewhat unexpected and warrants concern, with over 40 % of respondents unable to correctly recognize the two vignettes as mental problems. The correct labeling of the depression vignette was only 16.1 % in the present study, much lower than that in developed countries such as Australia (75 %) [
28] and the US (58 %) [
29], and also lower than that in urban areas in China (35 %) [
30]. The correct labeling of the anxiety vignette was 15.5 %, still much lower than that in Australia (47.7 %) [
17] but comparable to that in the US (16.6 %) [
10]. The reason may be that there have been greater efforts invested into improving the public’s mental health literacy in developed countries. For instance in Australia, considerable investment of both time and funding was invested towards the national Beyond Blue campaign aimed at increase the recognition and understanding of mental health disorders among the general population. This information suggests that in developing countries like China, there is still much room for improvement in the recognition of common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety which may be highly prevalent yet long neglected. As the initial step towards help-seeking behaviors, strengthening the recognition of such mental disorders will greatly improve the utilization of mental health services in the rural areas of China [
10,
18].
For the depression and anxiety vignettes, apart from the correct labels, the top three mislabels were physical weakness, neurasthenia, and schizophrenia, with less than 3 % of respondents mislabeling them as mania or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This reflects the fact that many people may have heard of some mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, neurasthenia, and schizophrenia more often than other disorders like mania and OCD. On the other hand, they may also have difficulty in identifying each specific mental disorder and distinguishing it from other mental disorders. Furthermore, there is also great confusion between mental disorders and physical problems among this sample, considering the relatively higher proportions of respondents labeling the two vignettes as “physical weakness” (8.7–17.6 %) and “neurasthenia” (10.0–10.8 %), as well as attributing them to “physical problems” (32.7–38.5 %). The mislabeling and misattribution of depression and anxiety symptoms corresponds to the prevalent belief that depressive and anxious states do not refer to mental disorders but rather normal physical reactions that need no special treatment [
10,
17,
28,
34,
59]. Another possibility may be related to the somatic manifestation of mental symptoms in Chinese culture where a somatic illness label, such as neurasthenia is more acceptable, and relieved of the stigma, fear, guilt, or ambivalence associated with mental complaints [
60]. All this information points to the need to build on public knowledge of a range of mental disorders, to increase their ability in differentiating mental disorders from physical problems as well as to decrease the social stigma towards mental illness.
Regarding the predictive factors, higher education is associated with an increased likelihood of recognizing all three disorders, which is consistent with previous research showing that those who are more educated are better at correctly recognizing mental disorders [
10,
30]. These findings suggest that public campaigns and education may be cost-effective ways to improve the recognition of common mental disorders in an effort to increase treatment-seeking behaviors of rural Chinese residents. The negative association between older age and recognition of depression and anxiety reflects the results of other studies suggesting younger age as positively influencing recognition of mental disorders [
10,
30,
35,
36]. One possible reason may be that young people are more frequently exposed to information related to depression and anxiety through a variety of media avenues such as TV, mobile phone messages, the internet and so on, while older people in rural areas have limited access to these media and thus get less information. Female gender is an independent predictor of correct recognition of alcohol abuse, which is not surprising given that alcohol use has always been seen as a “man’s problem” in Chinese culture [
61,
62]. In China, drinking and smoking are seen as social habits and are very common among men in social situations, especially in the rural areas. As a result, females are more likely to correctly recognize alcohol abuse than men who treated it as a normal social habit. These findings are useful to consider in an effort to improve the recognition of mental disorders through implementing different interventions targeted for different demographic sectors.
There are two primary limitations of the present study that may provide implications and guidance for future research. First, only three vignettes were presented here to assess the residents’ recognition of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse, which may not be representative of all common mental disorders. In the future, it may be worthwhile to provide a wide range of vignettes that are more representative of the most common mental disorders, as well as different stimuli for each disorder. Second, we only asked two questions assessing the respondent’s recognition of the disorders, and did not assess additional factors, such as their intentions and preferences for treatment when needed and where they should go for help. The assessment of the association between increased recognition of mental disorders and increased treatment-seeking was thus lacking in the present study, although this has been proved by a wealth of research [
6,
17‐
19,
22,
23]. Future research may benefit from adding more information on respondents’ preferences for treatment in the vignettes, as well as local doctors’ ability to recognize and treat such mental disorders.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
YY collected the data, analyzed and interpreted the data, and drafted the article. MH collected the data, interpreted the data, and drafted the article. ZWL collected the data, interpreted the data and revised the article. HML collected the data and revised the article. JPY was involved in data interpretation and manuscript editing. LZ contributed to the study design and revised the article. SYX contributed to the study design and critically appraised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.