Review
Introduction
Methods
Literature search
Inclusion criteria
Data extraction
Methodological quality assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Search result and characteristics of included studies
References, year of publication | Country | Sex | Number of cases/ controls | Total fluid consumption | Study quality | Effect estimates | Adjustment factors | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al. 2013 [19] | USA | F/M | 1,007/1,299 | ≥2789 vs. <1696 ml/day | 8 | 1.41 (1.10-1.81) | Age, sex, ethnicity, energy intake, and smoking. | Coffee, tea, water, alcoholic beverage, soft drink |
Ahmad et al. 2012 [20] | Pakistan | F/M | 55/99 | ≥10 vs. <10 glasses/day | 6 | 0.116 (0.04-0.33) | NA | Coffee, tea, alcohol |
Zhang et al. 2010 [10] | China | F/M | 608/607 | >1500 vs. ≤750 ml/day | 8 | 0.89 (0.65-1.22) | Age, sex, smoking status, BMI, bladder infections, high-risk occupation, alcohol drinking, urinate status | Coffee, tea, water, beverage , alcohol |
Hemelt et al. 2010 [21] | China | F/M | 432/392 | The highest vs. lowest quintile | 7 | 0.65 (0.43-0.98) | Age, sex, smoking status, smoking frequency, smoking duration | Black tea, green tea, fruit juice, milk, soft drinks and water, beer, wine and liquor/spirits |
F: 2.19 (0.89-5.38) | ||||||||
M:0.58 (0.37-0.92) | ||||||||
Ahmad and Pervaiz 2010 [22] | Pakistan | F/M | 50/100 | ≥10 vs. <10 glasses/day | 6 | 0.025 (0.005-0.115) | NA | Coffee, tea, alcohol |
Jiang et al. 2008 [23] | USA | F/M | 1,586/1,586 | The highest vs. lowest quartile | 6 | 0.98 (0.77-1.26) | Education, NSAIDs, intake of carotenoids, hairdresser/barber, cigarette smoking status, duration and intensity of smoking | Water, coffee, tea, alcohol, milk, juice, hot chocolate, and soda |
F:1.19 (0.67-2.09) | ||||||||
M:0.93 (0.71-1.24) | ||||||||
Michaud et al. 2007 [24] | Spain | F/M | 397/664 | The highest vs. lowest quintile | 7 | 0.62 (0.40-0.95) | Age, sex, region, cigarette smoking, high-risk occupation, nighttime urination frequency, THM levels, non-tap fluid for water intake | Coffee, beer, wine, liquor, champagne, soda, juices, tea, milk, and water |
Villanueva et al. 2006 [9] | Europe, America | F/M | 2729/5150 | >3.5 vs. ≤2 l/day | 8 | F:1.06 (0.77-1.46) | age, gender, study, smoking status, occupation, and education | Tap water, coffee, non-coffee-tap water, non-tap water |
M:1.33 (1.12-1.58) | ||||||||
Geoffroy-Perez and Cordier 2001 [25] | France | F/M | 765/765 | F: >12800 vs. ≤7300 ml/week M: >16800 vs. ≤8300 ml/week | 6 | F: 0.96 (0.42-2.22) | Age, center, and place of residence, and smoking | Tap water, coffee, tea, bottled alcohol |
F: 106/106 | ||||||||
M: 602/615 | M: 1.07 (0.72-1.59) | |||||||
Bianchi et al. 2000 [26] | USA | F/M | 1,452/2,434 | ≥2.6 vs. <2.6 l/day | 7 | 1.32 (1.16-1.51) | Age, education, smoking, pack-years of smoking, family history of bladder cancer, high risk occupation, total beverage consumption, years of chlorinated surface water, vegetable, coffee consumption | Water, coffee, tea, fruit juices/drinks, soups, milk, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages |
Pohlabeln et al. 1999 [27] | Germany | F/M | F:61/61 | F:>2 l/day vs. <1 l/day M:>3 l/day vs. <1 l/day | 6 | F:0.34 (0.11-0.99) | Smoking | Coffee, tea, water, wine, bottles of beer, and other beverages |
M:239/239 | ||||||||
M:1.52 (0.64-3.59) | ||||||||
Bruemmer et al. 1997 [28] | USA | F/M | 262/405 | >12 vs. ≤7 cups/week | 6 | F: 4.7 (1.4-15.8) | Age, county, and smoking | Water, coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, diet soft drinks, regular soft drinks, wine, beer, and liquor |
M: 1.0 (0.5-1.7) | ||||||||
Wilkens et al. 1996 [29] | USA | F/M | F: 66/132 | The highest vs. lowest quartile | 7 | F: 0.3 (0.1-0.8) | Age, smoking status, pack-years, high-risk occupation, dark green vegetables in men, total vitamin C consumption in women | Coffee, black and green tea, soda, beer, spirits, wine, fruit juice, cocoa, water, and milk |
M: 195/390 | M: 1.4 (0.8-2.6) | |||||||
Vena et al. 1993[30] | USA | F/M | 351/855 | The highest vs. lowest quartile | 8 | 3.74 (2.55-5.47) | Age, education, cigarette smoking, other liquids, sodium, carotene, and calories | Alcoholic beverages, bottled beverages, soda, milk, coffee, tea, all juices, and glasses of tap water |
Kunzeet al. 1992 [31] | Germany | F/M | F:75/71 | F:1.1-2.0 vs.2.1-3.0 l/day | 6 | F:0.9 (0.3-2.5) | Smoking | Coffee, tea, beer, high-proof spirits, wine, all nonalcoholic, alcoholic beverages |
M:416/360 | M:1.1-2.0vs. >3.1 l/day | M:4.9 (2.0-12.3) | ||||||
Slattery et al. 1988 [32] | USA | F/M | 419/889 | >653 vs. ≤289 oz./week | 6 | 1.36 (0.89-2.07) | Age, sex, diabetes, bladder infections, and cigarette smoking | Coffee, tea, soft drinks, water, milk, cocoa, chocolate milk, fruit and vegetable juice, other non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages |
Jensen et al. 1986 [33] | Denmark | F/M | 371/771 | F: 3-3.99 vs. 0-0.99 l/day | 7 | F:1.8 (0.4-1.4) | Smoking | Coffee, tea, beer, and soft drinks as well as other beverages |
M:≥4.00vs. 0-0.99 l/day | M:3.3 (1.4-7.4) |
References, year of publication | Country | Sex | Number of participants/cases | Total fluid consumption | Study quality | Effect estimates | Adjustment factors | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou et al. 2014 [34] | USA | F | 160,041/427 | The highest vs. lowest quartile | 7 | 0.83 (0.61-1.12) | Age in years, pack-years of smoking (5 categories), current smoking status (yes vs no), consumption of bacon (3 categories), energy intake (in quartiles), and intake of fruit and vegetables (in quartiles) | Water and specific beverages |
Zhou et al. 2012 [35] | USA | F/M | 924,221/823 | >2,531 vs. < 1,290 ml/day | 7 | 1.02 (0.79-1.32) | Geographic region, age, pack-years of smoking, current smoking status, energy intake, intake of meat, and intake of fruits and vegetables | Water, milk, soda, coffee, fruit juice |
Ros et al. 2011 [36] | European | F/M | 233,236/513 | F: >2046 vs. <1,438 ml/day | 8 | 1.12 (0.86-1.45) | Age at entry, sex and centre and adjusted for smoking status, duration of smoking, lifetime intensity of smoking, energy intake from fat and nonfat sources | Alcoholic beverages, milk and other dairy beverages, coffee, tea, herbal tea, water, fruit and vegetable juices, and soft drinks |
F: 1.15 (0.73-1.81) | ||||||||
M: >2,425 vs. <1,735 ml/day | ||||||||
M: 1.09 (0.79-1.5) | ||||||||
Zeegers et al. 2001 [37] | Netherlands | F/M | 120,852/569 | The highest vs. lowest quintile | 7 | 0.91 (0.65-1.29) | Age, sex, number of cigarettes/day, years of cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, and tea consumption | Water, milk, juice, soda and lemonade, alcoholic beverages, coffee, and tea |
Total fluid intake and risk of bladder cancer
Subgroup meta-analysis
Subgroup | Number of studies | Pooled OR (95% CI) | P values for interaction or moderation effect between the stratified factor and fluid consumption |
---|---|---|---|
All studies | 21 | 1.06 (0.88-1.27) | <0.001 |
Study design
| |||
Cohort studies | 4 | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 0.480 |
Case-control studies | 17 | 1.07 (0.86-1.33) | <0.001 |
Gender
| |||
Female | 11 | 1.00 (0.74-1.35) | 0.012 |
Male | 10 | 1.22 (0.95-1.57) | <0.001 |
Geographical Region
| |||
Europe and America | 17 | 1.20 (1.02-1.42) | <0.001 |
Asia | 4 | 0.27 (0.10-0.72) | <0.001 |
Asia* | 2 | 0.78 (0.58-1.06) | 0.234 |
Publication time
| |||
After 2000 | 14 | 0.92 (0.77-1.10) | <0.001 |
Before 2000 | 7 | 1.51 (0.93-2.47) | <0.001 |
Type of control
| |||
Hospital | 8 | 0.71 (0.44-1.15) | <0.001 |
Population | 13 | 1.21 (1.01-1.45) | <0.001 |
Smoking status
| |||
Never | 6 | 0.93 (0.73-1.19) | 0.471 |
Ever | 6 | 0.80 (0.62-1.02) | 0.032 |
Adjustments #
| |||
≥ 3 factors | 14 | 1.12 (0.94-1.33) | <0.001 |
< 3 factors | 7 | 0.88 (0.45-1.70) | <0.001 |
Type of beverage
| |||
Water | 11 | 1.05 (0.88-1.25) | <0.001 |
Coffee | 14 | 1.17 (1.03-1.33) | 0.005 |
Tea | 7 | 0.96 (0.77-1.21) | 0.044 |
Green tea | 5 | 0.76 (0.66-0.95) | 0.317 |
Black tea | 4 | 0.80 (0.65-0.97) | 0.291 |
Alcoholic beverage | |||
Wine | 5 | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | <0.001 |
Beer | 6 | 1.09 (0.79-1.49) | 0.001 |
Liquor | 5 | 0.98 (0.77-1.24) | 0.094 |
Number of beverages
| |||
≥ 5 | 16 | 1.19 (0.97-1.46) | <0.001 |
< 5 | 4 | 0.60 (0.34-1.06) | <0.001 |