01.12.2014 | Research article | Ausgabe 1/2014 Open Access

Relationships between actual and desired workplace characteristics and job satisfaction for community health workers in China: a cross-sectional study
- Zeitschrift:
- BMC Family Practice > Ausgabe 1/2014
Competing interests
Background
Methods
Sample
Measures
Potential workplace incentive items for community health workers are listed below. Pleasecircle a number that best describes the extent to which each incentive item is reflected at your current workplace
|
Potential workplace incentive items for community health workers are listed below. Please circle a number that best describes the desirability of each incentive item
|
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 = Not good to
|
1 = Not good to
|
||||||||||
5 = Extremely good
|
5 = Extremely good
|
||||||||||
1
|
Opportunity for participating in decision-making
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
2
|
Appreciate policies for professional promotion
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
Fair competition mechanism
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
Good assessment and evaluation mechanism
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
Statistical analysis
Results
Socioeconomic and demographic of respondents
Demographic variables
|
N*
|
%
|
Demographic variables
|
N*
|
%
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
|
Male
|
110
|
24.6
|
Age in years
|
21-30
|
92
|
20.6
|
Female
|
338
|
75.4
|
31-40
|
152
|
33.9
|
||
Marital status
|
Married
|
386
|
86.2
|
41-50
|
161
|
35.9
|
|
Others
|
62
|
13.8
|
>50
|
43
|
9.6
|
||
Occupation
|
Administrative staff
|
43
|
9.6
|
Years worked
|
≤5
|
84
|
18.8
|
General practitioner
|
138
|
30.9
|
6-10
|
55
|
12.3
|
||
Public health physician
|
105
|
23.4
|
11-15
|
57
|
12.7
|
||
Nurse
|
122
|
27.2
|
16-20
|
66
|
14.7
|
||
Other
|
40
|
8.9
|
≥21
|
186
|
41.5
|
||
Working hours (per week)
|
≥40
|
212
|
47.3
|
Monthly income (RMB)
|
<2000
|
186
|
41.5
|
41-48
|
140
|
31.3
|
2000-2999
|
194
|
43.3
|
||
49-56
|
62
|
13.8
|
3000- 3999
|
58
|
12.9
|
||
>56
|
34
|
7.6
|
≥4000
|
10
|
2.3
|
||
Title
|
Senior
|
88
|
19.6
|
Educational background
|
High school or below
|
92
|
20.5
|
Middle
|
190
|
42.4
|
Junior college
|
185
|
41.3
|
||
Junior
|
144
|
32.1
|
College and above
|
171
|
38.2
|
||
No title
|
26
|
5.9
|
Identification of the main factors associated with desired workplace characteristics
Items of desired workplace characteristics
|
Subscales and loadings
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1*
|
2*
|
3*
|
4*
|
5*
|
6*
|
7*
|
8*
|
|
Appropriate policies for professional promotion
|
0.57
|
|||||||
Fair competition mechanism
|
0.65
|
|||||||
Opportunity for participating in decision-making
|
0.76
|
|||||||
Fair Assessment and Evaluation mechanism
|
0.80
|
|||||||
Simple rules and regulations
|
0.74
|
|||||||
Encouraging innovation
|
0.58
|
|||||||
Paid leave
|
0.70
|
|||||||
Home & health insurance
|
0.66
|
|||||||
Vacation days & public holiday gifts
|
0.78
|
|||||||
Special allowance
|
0.85
|
|||||||
Transportation subsidies or a commuter car
|
0.82
|
|||||||
Work being meaningful and important
|
0.61
|
|||||||
Clear division of tasks
|
0.63
|
|||||||
Workflow reasonable
|
0.71
|
|||||||
Independence from interference
|
0.75
|
|||||||
Congruence between work tasks and ability
|
0.60
|
|||||||
Support from coworkers
|
0.62
|
|||||||
Support from supervisors
|
0.73
|
|||||||
Good encouragement and communication
|
0.71
|
|||||||
Timely guidance need in work
|
0.59
|
|||||||
Congruence of requirement by different leadership
|
0.48
|
|||||||
Continuing educational opportunities
|
0.74
|
|||||||
On-the-job training
|
0.72
|
|||||||
Opportunity for position promotion
|
0.66
|
|||||||
Opportunity for career advancement
|
0.50
|
|||||||
Recognized and respected by community
|
0.58
|
|||||||
Recognized and appreciated by leaders
|
0.76
|
|||||||
Recognition for achievement
|
0.80
|
|||||||
Adequate equipment and infrastructure
|
0.68
|
|||||||
Adequate office resources
|
0.70
|
|||||||
Recreational facilities for workers
|
0.66
|
|||||||
Good maintenance of clinical equipment
|
0.57
|
|||||||
Stable income
|
0.61
|
|||||||
Pay equity compared with others' input/output ratio
|
0.75
|
|||||||
Performance bonus
|
0.75
|
|||||||
variance explained (%)
|
14.29
|
10.35
|
9.63
|
8.29
|
7.81
|
7.44
|
6.10
|
4.59
|
Eigenvalues
|
5.73
|
4.24
|
3.84
|
3.54
|
3.11
|
2.97
|
2.53
|
1.82
|
Cronbach Alpha
|
0.91
|
0.88
|
0.87
|
0.88
|
0.89
|
0.87
|
0.83
|
0.80
|
Analysis of desired and actual workplace characteristics and the gaps between these characteristics
Workplace characteristics
|
DWC
|
AWC
|
GWC (= DWC - AWC)
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean *
|
SD
|
Order
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Order
|
Mean
†
|
SD
|
Order
|
P
|
|
Remuneration
|
4.47
|
0.62
|
1
|
2.03
|
1.07
|
8
|
2.44
|
1.26
|
1
|
<0.01
|
Work environment
|
4.31
|
0.60
|
2
|
2.72
|
0.81
|
3
|
1.58
|
0.92
|
4
|
<0.01
|
Professional development
|
4.30
|
0.64
|
3
|
2.63
|
0.64
|
5
|
1.67
|
0.81
|
3
|
<0.01
|
Working relationship
|
4.29
|
0.55
|
4
|
2.90
|
0.66
|
1
|
1.38
|
0.70
|
8
|
<0.01
|
System & policy
|
4.25
|
0.55
|
5
|
2.82
|
0.65
|
2
|
1.43
|
0.73
|
7
|
<0.01
|
Recognition
|
4.18
|
0.66
|
6
|
2.50
|
0.87
|
6
|
1.68
|
0.94
|
2
|
<0.01
|
Work itself
|
4.14
|
0.57
|
7
|
2.66
|
0.60
|
4
|
1.48
|
0.66
|
6
|
<0.01
|
Fringe benefits
|
3.99
|
0.74
|
8
|
2.49
|
0.82
|
7
|
1.50
|
1.09
|
5
|
<0.01
|
Regression for desired workplace characteristics
Desired workplace characteristics
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables
|
1 System & policy
|
2 Fringe benefits
|
3 Work itself
|
4 Working relationship
|
5 Professional development
|
6 Recognition
|
7 Working environment
|
8 Remuneration
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
|
Occupation (Reference: administrative staff)
|
||||||||
General practitioner
|
0.14**
|
0.17**
|
0.15**
|
0.12*
|
0.18*
|
0.15*
|
0.21**
|
0.08
|
Public health physician
|
0.26**
|
0.31**
|
0.21**
|
0.30**
|
0.21**
|
0.29*
|
0.35**
|
0.08
|
Nurse
|
0.03
|
-0.02
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
0.07
|
-0.01
|
0.11
|
-0.01
|
Other
|
0.15
|
0.02
|
0.11
|
0.03
|
0.14
|
0.04
|
0.28**
|
-0.05
|
Sex (Reference: female)
|
||||||||
Male
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.09
|
-0.02
|
Marital status (Reference: single/divorced)
|
||||||||
Married
|
-0.09
|
0.01
|
-0.09
|
-0.12
|
-0.11
|
-0.03
|
-0.09
|
-0.07
|
Age in years (Reference: >50)
|
||||||||
21-30
|
0.09
|
-0.10
|
0.25
|
0.23
|
0.17
|
0.15
|
0.41
|
0.11
|
31-40
|
0.28
|
0.17
|
0.41
|
0.39
|
0.32
|
0.38
|
0.51
|
0.44
|
41-50
|
0.32
|
0.06
|
0.34
|
0.38
|
0.17
|
0.39
|
0.45
|
0.40
|
Educational Background (Reference: High school or below)
|
||||||||
Junior college
|
-0.03
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.01
|
-0.02
|
0.120
|
College and above
|
-0.09
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
-0.00
|
0.08
|
-0.01
|
-0.05
|
0.104
|
Years worked (Reference: ≤5)
|
||||||||
6-10
|
-0.07
|
-0.21
|
-0.25**
|
-0.18
|
0.29**
|
-0.23
|
-0.14
|
-0.07
|
11-15
|
-0.00
|
-0.18
|
-0.18*
|
-0.14
|
0.23*
|
-0.21
|
-0.05
|
-0.01
|
Desired workplace characteristics
|
||||||||
16-20
|
-0.07
|
-0.25
|
-0.13
|
-0.12
|
0.16
|
-0.16
|
-0.17
|
-0.13
|
>20
|
0.01
|
-0.06
|
-0.07
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
-0.06
|
-0.05
|
-0.04
|
Weekly hours worked (Reference: ≤40)
|
||||||||
41-48
|
-0.04*
|
-0.02
|
-0.00
|
-0.02
|
-0.06
|
-0.03
|
-0.06
|
0.04
|
49-56
|
-0.06*
|
-0.03
|
-0.00
|
-0.03
|
-0.09
|
0.00
|
-0.10
|
0.07
|
>56
|
-0.01*
|
-0.06
|
-0.04
|
-0.00
|
-0.04
|
0.05
|
-0.03
|
0.16
|
Monthly income in RMB (Reference: <2000)
|
||||||||
2000-2999
|
-0.06
|
-0.13*
|
-0.06
|
-0.09*
|
-0.02
|
0.09
|
-0.08
|
-0.14*
|
3000- 3999
|
-0.05
|
-0.10
|
-0.07
|
-0.07
|
-0.04
|
0.14*
|
-0.09
|
-0.20*
|
>4000
|
-0.18
|
-0.11
|
-0.20
|
-0.27*
|
-0.05
|
0.37*
|
0.02
|
-0.54**
|
Actual workplace characteristics
|
||||||||
System & policy
|
-0.61**
|
-0.06
|
-0.05
|
-0.02
|
-0.13**
|
0.08
|
-0.011
|
-0.08
|
Fringe benefits
|
-0.13**
|
-0.54**
|
-0.15
|
-0.14**
|
-0.13**
|
-0.17**
|
-0.10
|
0.01
|
work itself
|
0.09*
|
0.03
|
-0.38**
|
-0.16**
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
-0.01
|
working relationship
|
-0.04
|
-0.03
|
0.01
|
-0.67**
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
-0.03
|
Professional development
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
-0.08**
|
-0.08**
|
-0.38**
|
0.07*
|
0.11**
|
0.03
|
Recognition
|
0.05**
|
-0.01
|
0.00
|
-0.06**
|
0.05
|
-0.65**
|
0.08**
|
0.02
|
Working environment
|
-0.00
|
-0.03
|
-0.09**
|
-0.04
|
-0.02
|
0.00
|
-0.70**
|
0.02
|
Remuneration
|
-0.00
|
0.43**
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
-0.015
|
-0.00
|
0.01
|
-0.70**
|
Adjusted R2
|
0.52
|
0.57
|
0.46
|
0.53
|
0.47
|
0.62
|
0.62
|
0.59
|
Regression for overall job satisfaction
Variables
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
|
Occupation
(Reference:
Administrative staff)
|
||||
General practitioner
|
-0.00
|
0.13
*
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
Nurse
|
-0.19
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
Public health physician
|
0.22
*
|
0.24
*
|
0.24
**
|
0.23
**
|
Other
|
0.02
|
0.09
|
0.06
|
0.08
|
Sex
(Reference:
female)
|
||||
Male
|
-0.08
|
-0.02
|
-0.03
|
-0.04
|
Marital status
(Reference:
Single/
divorced)
|
||||
Married
|
-0.05
|
-0.11
|
-0.12
|
-0.10
|
Age in years
(Reference: >
50)
|
||||
21-30
|
-0.07
|
0.00
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
31-40
|
-0.14
|
0.14
|
0.18
|
0.16
|
41-50
|
-0.20
|
0.03
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
Educational background
(Reference:
High school or below)
|
||||
Junior college
|
-0.03
|
-0.01
|
0.00
|
-0.00
|
College and above
|
-0.01
|
-0.02
|
0.00
|
-0.00
|
Years worked
(Reference: ≤
5)
|
||||
6-10
|
-0.12
|
-0.15
|
-0.15
|
-0.15
|
11-15
|
-0.15
|
-0.36
**
|
-0.35
**
|
-0.31
*
|
16-20
|
0.00
|
-0.16
|
-0.15
|
-0.12
|
>20
|
-0.11
|
-0.27
|
-0.27
**
|
-0.26
*
|
Weekly hours worked
(Reference: ≤
40)
|
||||
41-48
|
0.00
|
-0.03
|
-0.03
|
-0.02
|
49-56
|
0.04
|
-0.00
|
-0.01
|
0.01
|
>56
|
0.06
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
Monthly income in RMB
(Reference: <
2000)
|
||||
2000-2999
|
0.13
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
3000- 3999
|
0.13
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.05
|
>4000
|
0.17
|
0.06
|
0.08
|
-0.04
|
Variables
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
Beta
|
|
Subscales of AWC
|
||||
System & policy
|
0.18
**
|
0.13
|
0.35
|
|
Fringe benefits
|
0.26
**
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
|
Work itself
|
0.00
|
0.04
|
0.21
|
|
Working relationship
|
0.21
**
|
0.01
|
-0.14
|
|
Professional development
|
0.00
|
-0.02
|
0.09
|
|
Recognition
|
-0.02
|
-0.07
|
-0.15
|
|
Working environment
|
-0.02
|
-0.02
|
-0.08
|
|
Remuneration
|
0.02
|
-0.08
|
-0.10
|
|
Subscales of GWC
|
||||
System & policy
|
-0.12
*
|
-0.00
|
0.09
|
|
Fringe benefits
|
-.26
**
|
-0.20
**
|
-0.21
*
|
|
Work itself
|
-0.09
|
-0.04
|
0.03
|
|
Working relationship
|
-0.30
**
|
-0.29
**
|
-0.36
**
|
|
Professional development
|
-0.18
**
|
-0.19
*
|
-0.12
|
|
Recognition
|
-0.04
|
-0.11
|
-0.16
*
|
|
Working environment
|
0.06
|
0.03
|
-0.00
|
|
Remuneration
|
-0.09
**
|
-0.16
**
|
-0.18
*
|
|
Subscales of AWC
*
GWC
|
||||
System & policy
|
0.06
|
|||
Fringe benefits
|
-0.01
|
|||
Work itself
|
0.05
|
|||
Working relationship
|
-0.04
|
|||
Professional development
|
0.03
|
|||
Recognition
|
-0.02
|
|||
Working environment
|
-0.01
|
|||
Remuneration
|
-0.00
|
|||
Adjusted R
2
|
0.37
|
0.62
|
0.62
|
0.63
|