Background
According to GLOBOCAN, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, accounting for 25.1% of all cancers and associated with higher incidence and mortality in developed countries [1]. The impact of cancer on patients’ lives can be measured. Health related quality of life (HRQoL) is defined as a multi-dimensional construct covering disease and treatment-related symptoms, physical, psychological, and social functioning [2, 3].
Measuring HRQoL in cancer treatments is considered as one of the major out-come parameters to measure the efficacy of the chemotherapy in addition to classical biomedical indicators [4‐6] which needs reliable and validated instruments in that specific population [3, 7].
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European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) developed an integrated measurement system for evaluating the quality of life of cancer patients participating in international clinical trials. It includes core European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and other supplementary modules including breast cancer specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-BR 23) [8]. Health related quality of life questionnaire in patients with breast cancer, EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23, have been developed in English-speaking countries. As a result, its cross socio-cultural and linguistic reliability and validity should be determined for population outside Europe [3, 9, 10]. These measuring instruments have also been translated into different languages world-wide with the support of cross-cultural validation [3].
The only reliability and validity study conducted on the Amharic version of EORTC QLQ-C30 was in gynecological cancer patients by Ayana et al. [11], and this is the first study to asses that among breast cancer patients, in Ethiopia. The earlier study also lacks the inclusion of a construct validity test with other instruments and clinical validity in terms of changes or responsiveness of instruments to clinical changes over a time. Moreover, Amharic version EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 questionnaires were not validated for women with breast cancer in Ethiopia though it was previously translated into Amharic [12, 13]. Consequently, the aim of this study is to validate the translated Amharic version of EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 in Ethiopian women with breast cancer using a more reliable and informative study design.
Methods and patients
The institutional based longitudinal study was conducted from January 1 to May 1, 2017 GC at the one and only nationwide oncology center, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We used two time periods (i.e., at baseline and on 21st day of first cycle chemotherapy) and enrolled all the146 patients visited the facility, with no missing quality of life data. A sample size of 100 patients is considered to have enough power to evaluate quality of life study for each specific cancer site [14].Women age above 18 years with proven newly diagnosed breast cancer from stage I to IV and scheduled to receive the most commonly used neo/adjuvant or palliative first line chemotherapy (i.e., Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide [AC] and Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide followed by Paclitaxel [AC-T] regimen) were included.
We excluded patients who had previous history of breast cancer treatment (i.e. currently on second line for recurrent breast cancer). Patients with psychiatric disorders, other severe medical illnesses and incomplete quality of life data were also excluded from analysis.
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The translation of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 into Amharic version was made considering detailed procedures documented in EORTC Quality of Life Group manual [12, 13, 15]. This study had received the translated Amharic EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 version from EORTC with permission to use for the proposed study.
Sharp et al. showed that the mode of administering EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 questionnaires, whether via interview or self-administration, does not interfere with the scores reported by patients [16]. Unfortunately, in our study, most of the patients had no basic education or had only primary school education, making self-administration of the questionnaire difficult. As a result, all of the study participants were interviewed. Paper based Amharic versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 module were read out loud for patients in a private room by trained oncology nurses. The first interview was made on the same day of their first cycle chemotherapy (i.e., before initiating chemotherapy) whereas the second interview was on first day of their second cycle chemotherapy (i.e., on 21st day) for all patients.
Item scores of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 were managed according to the EORTC QLQ-C30 scoring manual. After the scoring procedures, all scale and single-item scores were linearly transformed to a 0–100 scale. Higher scores for functional scales and the global quality of life scale, indicate ‘higher level of functioning or global quality of life’, while for symptom scales and single items, a higher score indicates a ‘higher level of symptoms or problems’ [15].
Statistical analysis
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0, Armon, NY: IBM Corp.) Software was used for analysis. Accordingly, categorical and continuous variables were expressed with frequencies and percentages, and means and standard deviations, respectively.
The psychometric properties of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 were evaluated in terms of reliability, convergent, divergent, construct and clinical validity test. Reliability (internal consistency) of the questionnaire was tested by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the acceptable value to be met was ≥0.70 [8]. Multi-trait scaling analysis was used for item convergent and divergent or discriminant validity. Convergent validity was predicted if the correlation value of an item and its own scale was ≥0.40 and divergent validity if the correlation of an item with its own scale was higher than with other scales. And for clinical validity, quality of life score change over a time was used [8, 17]. As a result, repeated measure ANOVA was used to detect whether there is significant quality of life score change (P ≤ 0.05) over a time or not. And a definite scaling success was assumed if the correlation of an item with its own exceeded correlation with other scales [4].
Construct validity was evaluated under the hypothesis that the EORTC QLQ-C30 subscales and EORTC QLQ-BR23 subscales were correlated with each other (acceptable correlation coefficients were ≥ 0.40) [18].
Ethical issues
The study was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the school of pharmacy, Collegeof Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (Ref No:ERB/SOP/09/2016). Informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to participation in the study.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
Among the study participants 98(67.10%) were married, 115(78.80%) had at least one child, 86(58.90%) were house wife, 58(39.70%) were illiterate, and 98(67.10%) were Orthodox. 42.24 years and 25.22Kgm− 2 were the mean age and body mass index of the study participants respectively. Majority 131(89.73%) had ductal carcinoma and 135 (92.46%) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance I (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic data of women with breast cancer at TASH, from January 1 to May 1, 2017 GC, N = 146
Category | N (%) | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|
Age(Year) | ||
20–34 | 30(20.50) | 42.24 ± 11.50 |
35–49 | 76(52.10) | |
50–64 | 31(21.20) | |
≥65 | 9(6.20) | |
Body Mass Index(BMI)(Kgm−2) | ||
< 18.50 | 14(9.60) | 25.22 ± 10.35 |
18.5–24.99 | 74(50.70) | |
25–29.99 | 30(23.30) | |
≥30 | 24(16.40) | |
Marital status | ||
Married | 98(67.10) | |
Widowed | 20(13.70) | |
Divorced | 18(12.30) | |
Single | 10(6.80) | |
Children | ||
Having child | 115(78.80) | |
Having no child | 31(21.20) | |
Occupational status | ||
House wife | 86(58.90) | |
Employed | 27(18.50) | |
Farmer | 13(8.90) | |
Merchant | 13(8.90) | |
Daily worker | 7(4.80) | |
Educational status | ||
Up to grade 12 | 63(43.20) | |
Illiterate | 58(39.70) | |
Diploma | 15(10.30) | |
Degree | 10(6.80) | |
Religion | ||
Orthodox | 98(67.10) | |
Muslim | 34(23.30) | |
Protestant | 14(9.60) | |
Histological classification | ||
Ductal | 131(89.73) | |
Lobular | 6(4.11) | |
Mixed | 3(2.05) | |
Papillary | 3(2.05) | |
Mucinous | 2(1.37) | |
Metaplastic | 1(0.68) | |
Stage | ||
I | 6(4.11) | |
II | 48(32.87) | |
III | 64(43.83) | |
IV | 28(19.17) | |
Co morbidity | ||
Yes | 22(15.07) | |
No | 124(84.93) | |
ECOG Performance status | ||
0 | 3(2.05) | |
I | 135(92.46) | |
II | 5(3.42) | |
III | 3(2.05) | |
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ECOG European Cooperative Oncology Group, SD Standard Deviation
Reliability test
Table 2 showed that, except for cognitive (α = 0.516) and body image (α = 0.510) scales, all scales had Cronbach’s α coefficients above the acceptable level of 0.70.
Table 2
Reliability of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 Amharic version in women with breast cancer in Ethiopia (n = 146)
EORTC | Scales | Cronbach’s α valuea |
|---|---|---|
QLQ-C30 | Global Health status/QoL | 0.789 |
Physical functioning | 0.771 | |
Role functioning | 0.908 | |
Emotional functioning | 0.817 | |
Cognitive functioning | 0.516 | |
Social functioning | 0.779 | |
Fatigue | 0.851 | |
Nausea and vomiting | 0.857 | |
Pain | 0.739 | |
Dyspnea | Single item | |
Insomnia | Single item | |
Appetite loss | Single item | |
Constipation | Single item | |
Diarrhea | Single item | |
Financial difficulties | Single item | |
QLQ-BR23 | Body image | 0.510 |
Sexual functioning | 0.962 | |
Systemic therapy side effects | 0.755 | |
Breast symptoms | 0.773 | |
Arm symptoms | 0.749 | |
Sexual enjoyment | Single item | |
Future perspective | Single item | |
Upset by hair loss | Single item |
Validity test
All item-scale correlation coefficients were above 0.40, except for hair loss which is 0.337, supporting an item convergent validity. Furthermore, the magnitude of the correlation of each item with its own scale exceeded the correlation with another scale and hence it met divergent validity and scaling success (Table 3).
Table 3
Multi-trait scale analysis for convergent and divergent validity of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 Amharic version in women with breast cancer in Ethiopia (n = 146)
EORTC QLQ-C30 | Item-own scale correlationsb | Item-other scale correlationsb | Scaling success | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale | Sub-scale | |||
Overall Quality of life | Global Health Status | 0.887–0.909 | 0.091–0.589 | 2/2 |
Physical | 0.442–0.870 | 0.013–0.572 | 5/5 | |
Role | 0.958–0.959 | 0.12–0.639 | 2/2 | |
Functional scales | Emotional | 0.647–0.838 | 0.008–0.582 | 4/4 |
Cognitive | 0.753–0.800 | 0.025–0.487 | 2/2 | |
Social | 0.874–0.898 | 0.041–0.439 | 2/2 | |
Symptoms scales | Fatigue | 0.830–0.880 | 0.164–0.629 | 3/3 |
Nausea and vomiting | 0.769–0.999 | 0.029–0.377 | 2/2 | |
Pain | 0.870–0.892 | 0.116–0.634 | 2/2 | |
EORTC QLQ-BR23 | ||||
Functional scales | Body Image | 0.695–0.854 | 0.026–0.384 | 4/4 |
Sexual functioning | 0.961–0.969 | 0.005–0.029 | 2/2 | |
Symptoms scales | Therapy’s side effectsa | 0.337–0.7880.636–0.800 | 0.006–0.534 | 7/7 |
Breast symptoms | 0.009–0.636 | 4/4 | ||
Arm symptoms | 0.604–0.856 | 0.031–0.614 | 3/3 | |
Construct validity
Global Health scale and pain scale were more correlated to symptoms scales of EORTC QLQ-BR23 (r = 0.472–0.553). Fatigue, emotional functioning and cognitive function were moderately correlated with systemic therapy side effects EORTC QLQ-BR23 (r = 0.405–0.633). Out of 45 possible correlations among the scales both questionnaires, 38 were correlated at least at P ≤ 0.05 (Table 4).
Table 4
Construct validity of EORTC QLQ-C30 Amharic version with its supplementary EORTC QLQ-BR23 scales in women with breast cancer in Ethiopia (n = 146)
Spearman’s correlation coefficients | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body image | Sexual Functioning | Therapy side effects | Breast symptoms | Arm symptoms | |
Physical functioning | .224a | .174b | −.362a | −.208b | −.329a |
Role functioning | 0.086 | .198b | −.264a | −0.14 | −.225a |
Emotional functioning | .394a | 0.064 | −.471a | −.294a | −.328a |
Cognitive functioning | .408a | 0.125 | −.405a | −.177b | −.261a |
Social functioning | .323a | .183b | −.266a | −.216a | −.228a |
Fatigue | −.354a | −.245a | .633a | .376a | .424a |
Nausea and vomiting | −.197b | 0.005 | .302a | .186b | .262a |
Pain | −.214a | −0.06 | .516a | .456a | .495a |
Global Health score | .387a | 0.15 | −.553a | −.472a | −.484a |
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Clinical validity
Repeated measures ANOVA showed all EORTC QLQ-C30 scales changed significantly over a time (P < 0.05). It also showed significant change of EORTC QLQ-BR23 over a time except for body image and sexual enjoyment. And all significant changes were towards expected direction (Table 5).
Table 5
Clinical validity EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 Amharic version in women with breast cancer in Ethiopia (n = 146)
Quality of life score: mean(SD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
EORTC-QLQ-C30 | Baseline | End of 1st CTb cycle | p-value | |
Overall QoL | Global Health status | 57.36(20.09) | 41.72(19.24) | 0.000 |
Physical | 68.63(26.06) | 51.00(23.70) | 0.000 | |
Role | 52.74(38.85) | 23.74(31.37) | 0.000 | |
Functional scales | Emotional | 80.02(22.60) | 67.81(25.14) | 0.000 |
Cognitive | 86.41(19.96) | 77.39(26.31) | 0.000 | |
Social | 74.88(30.59) | 58.22(33.11) | 0.000 | |
Fatigue | 28.69(30.40) | 72.07(26.10) | 0.000 | |
Symptoms scales | Nausea and Vomiting | 3.31(11.84) | 53.53(34.19) | 0.000 |
Pain | 32.53(30.53) | 42.00(33.11) | 0.001 | |
Dyspnea | 19.40(29.75) | 28.76(29.97) | 0.003 | |
Insomnia | 27.85(34.58) | 35.61(37.88) | 0.024 | |
Single items | Appetite loss | 17.80(29.59) | 71.23(31.22) | 0.000 |
Constipation | 10.27(21.99) | 22.83(31.74) | 0.000 | |
Diarrhea | 2.74(12.07) | 16.89(30.38) | 0.000 | |
Financial problem | 61.18(36.72) | 65.52(33.77) | 0.000 | |
EORTC-QLQ-BR23 | ||||
Functional scales | Body Image | 72.54(42.45) | 72.60(27.24) | 0.985 |
Sexual Functioning | 21.11(36.95) | 12.21(28.72) | 0.004 | |
Therapya side effects | 12.88(15.08) | 50.71(19.70) | 0.000 | |
Symptoms scale | Breast symptoms | 22.48(22.34) | 17.63(19.94) | 0.000 |
Arm symptoms | 26.03(26.08) | 18.79(23.18) | 0.000 | |
Single items | Future perspectives | 69.63(33.43) | 63.69(35.21) | 0.041 |
Sexual Enjoyment | 72.91(32.70) | 70.83(34.15) | 0.817 | |
Discussions
Health-related quality of life is considered as an important endpoint in cancer clinical trials [2]. There is a need to complement conventional clinical outcomes with information representing the patients’ perception of outcome. A better understanding of HRQoL may lead to enhanced care of patients with cancer [17].
The measurement of patient-reported outcomes, including health-related quality of life, with reliable and valid tools and its incorporation into clinical practice for breast cancer patients have paramount advantages [2, 7]. EORTC QLQ-C30 HRQoL scales provide valuable prognostic information when combined with socio-demographic and clinical information [3].
Our study showed that Amharic version EORTC QLQ-C30 instrument was reliable as the value for internal consistency ranges from 0.739–0.908 except for cognitive domain (α = 0.516) which had Cronbach’s alpha value ≤0.7. Different studies in different parts of the world, Albanian (α = 0.54) [18], Taiwan (α = 0.54) [19], Thailand (α = 0.50) [4], Arabic (α = 0.67) [10], Amharic version in gynecological cancer in Ethiopian (α = 0.29) [11], Mexican-Spanish (α = 0.52) [17], Moroccan (α = 0.34) [5], Singapore (α = 0.19) and others reviewed by Luo et al. [20] showed as cognitive functioning did not meet the internal consistency standards.
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From EORTC QLQ-BR23, body image showed minimum internal consistency (α = 0.510) which was below the minimum requirements (α ≤ 0.7) in contrast to systemic side effects among Iranian patients (α = 0.63) [9]. However, other scales showed good internal consistency which ranges from 0.749–0.962. Our study, however, showed the lower internal consistency value compared with the Spanish breast cancer patients (0.46–0.94) while it was higher when compared with the result from the American and Dutch breast cancer patients (0.57–0.91) [21]. Role functioning (α = 0.908), nausea and vomiting (α = 0.857) and fatigue (α = 0.851) from EORTC QLQ-C30 and sexual functioning (α = 0.962) from EORTC QLQ-BR23 showed strong internal consistency. The Brazilian version also showed higher scores in both instruments (α = 0.72–0.86) [22].
In our study, multi-trait scaling analysis showed that almost all of items had strong correlations with their respective sub-scale (r ≥ 0.6) that indicates a strong convergent validity of the instruments [17], with the exception of hair loss to systemic therapy side effects. There was no scaling error found as all of the items of both instruments discriminate significantly between their own and other domains indicating divergent validity. This is in contrast to previous study in patients with gynecological cancer for EORTC QLQ-C30 [11]. Our study was consistent with different studies conducted elsewhere [5, 10, 20, 23]. As a result, the translated Amharic version EORTC QLQ-C30 [13] and EOTRC QLQ-BR23 [12] were psychometrically valid in Ethiopian women with breast cancer.
There were strong correlations (r = 0.405–0.633) between systemic therapy side effects of EORTC QLQ-BR23 and emotional, cognitive, fatigue, pain and global health status of EORTC QLQ-C30. Arm symptoms also showed strong correlations (r = 0.424–0.495) with fatigue, global health status and pain whereas breast symptoms showed moderate correlations with pain and global health status. This implies that symptom scales of EORTC QLQ-BR23 were more correlated with the corresponding scales of EORTC QLQ-C30 than the functional scales. Furthermore, our study showed significant correlations (P ≤ 0.05) between the two instruments’ scales but the majority showed weak (r < 0.4) or no significant correlations, in particular sexual functioning, with other domains. Weak or no correlation indicates the EORTC QLQ-BR23 has unique domains of HRQoL, which are not addressed by the EORTC QLQ-C30. As a result, this finding further strengthens as EORTC QLQ-BR23 only used with EORTC QLQ C-30 [21] to assess the HRQoL of breast cancer patients in different way to EORTC QLQ-C30.
Health-related quality of life is a dynamic multidimensional measurement that changes over time and within the same patient [17]. Likewise, except for body image (P = 0.985) and sexual enjoyment (P = 0.817) of EORTC QLQ-BR23, all sub-scales and single items of EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 quality of life scores showed significant chemotherapy induced changes (P ≤ 0.05) between pretreatment and on 21st day of first cycle chemotherapy. The changes were towards the expected direction. Functional and Global quality of life domains scores were decreased while the symptom scales were increased. These indicates deterioration of quality of life from the baseline [15]. Hence, both questionnaires effectively discriminate quality of life scores at different point in a time which ensures clinical validity of the instruments.
Our study also had some limitations as we didn’t manage to measure test–retest reliability of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23. And we didn’t check the external convergent validity, the gold standard test to assess validity, due mainly to unavailability of other validated HRQoL assessment tool. We have tried to overcome those limitations by checking construct validity and responsiveness of both instruments over a time.
Conclusions
In general, the translated Amharic version of EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 met satisfactory reliability standards, and convergent, divergent, construct and clinical validity to be used both in research and clinical as a measure of treatment out-come with respect to quality of life in women with breast cancer in Ethiopia.
Acknowledgments
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all study participants and Addis Ababa University (TASH) oncology center for their cooperation. We also acknowledge EORTC quality of life department for their permission to use their translated Amharic version EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Human Research Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board of school of pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (Ref No:ERB/SOP/09/2016), Ethiopia. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to participation in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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