Background
Materials and methods
Study and design subjects
Measurement tools
SMFA
SF-36
Region-specific questionnaires
DASH
HOOS
KOOS
FFI
Translation process
Participants
Statistical analysis
Qualitative characteristics
Results
Characteristics | N = 339 |
---|---|
Age (years) (Mean, SD) | 46, 16.0 |
BMI (Mean, SD) | 23.5, 3.6 |
Gender (%) | |
Male | 180 (53.1) |
Female | 159 (46.9) |
Marital status (%) | |
Single | 78 (23.0) |
Married or with partner | 238 (70.2) |
Divorced | 12 (3.5) |
Widowed | 11 (3.2) |
Educational level (%) | |
Elementary school | 114 (33.6) |
High school | 94 (27.7) |
College or higher | 131 (38.6) |
Other chronic disease (%) | 91 (26.8) |
Injury location (%) | |
Upper limb (Shoulder/Elbow/Arm/wrist/hand) | 76 (22.4) |
Upper leg/Hip/ Pelvis | 65 (19.2) |
Lower leg/Knee | 127 (37.5) |
Ankle/foot | 60 (17.7) |
Hip and Upper limb | 2 (0.6) |
Knee and Upper limb | 5 (1.5) |
Hip and Knee | 1 (0.3) |
Hip and Knee and Upper limb | 1 (0.3) |
Knee and Ankle/foot | 2 (0.6) |
Diagnosis (%) | |
Fracture | 27 (8.0) |
Arthritis | 78 (23.0) |
Bruise or/and trauma | 65 (19.2) |
Other | 169 (49.9) |
Received relevant operation | 151 (44.5) |
SMFA | No. of items | Mean | SD | % floor | % ceiling | Cronbach’s α | Intraclass correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arm and hand function | 8 | 9.83 | 14.01 | 36.6 | 0 | 0.870 | 0.870 |
Mobility | 9 | 25.50 | 21.53 | 14.2 | 0 | 0.925 | 0.925 |
Daily activities | 10 | 25.81 | 24.03 | 6.48 | 0 | 0.928 | 0.928 |
Emotional status | 7 | 23.38 | 13.43 | 4.42 | 0 | 0.776 | 0.776 |
Dysfunction index | 34 | 21.47 | 16.17 | 6.19 | 0 | 0.954 | 0.954 |
Bother index | 12 | 23.43 | 18.21 | 8.85 | 0 | 0.935 | 0.935 |
Reliability
Validity
Known-groups comparison
Dysfunction index | P value | Bother index | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Age groups | ||||
18-29 (n = 66) | 16.24 (15.78) |
<0.001
| 18.62 (16.22) |
0.008
|
30-44 (n = 87) | 20.44 (16.27) | 22.46 (18.55) | ||
45-59 (n = 96) | 20.41 (15.17) | 22.81 (18.62) | ||
≥ 60 (n = 79) | 27.86 (15.57) | 28.74 (18.14) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male (n = 176) | 19.18 (16.38) |
0.008
| 20.70 (17.62) |
0.005
|
Female (n = 152) | 23.92 (15.48) | 26.32 (18.60) | ||
BMI groups | ||||
Low weight (n = 19) | 23.80 (20.82) | 0.856 | 28.18 (19.31) | 0.294 |
Normal (n = 218) | 21.01 (15.85) | 23.76 (18.42) | ||
Overweight (n = 57) | 21.54 (16.13) | 21.24 (16.84) | ||
Obesity (n = 31) | 19.85 (14.01) | 19.29 (17.99) | ||
Injury locationa | ||||
Upper-extremity (n = 76) | 14.26 (12.47) |
<0.001
| 18.89 (16.06) |
0.016
|
Lower-extremityb (n = 252) | 23.52 (16.49) | 24.64 (18.71) | ||
Operation status | ||||
Yes (n = 149) | 17.36 (15.95) |
<0.001
| 19.00 (17.98) |
<0.001
|
No (n = 179) | 24.72 (15.52) | 26.89 (17.77) |
Convergence validity
Arm and hand function category | Mobility category | Daily activities category | Emotional status category | Dysfunction index | Bother index | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-36 (N = 339) | ||||||
PF | −.344 | −.644 | −.569 | −.527 | −.616 | −.594 |
RP | −.364 | −.504 | −.576 | −.530 | −.586 | −.626 |
BP | −.353 | −.588 | −.565 | −.613 | −.625 | −.650 |
GH | −.267 | −.387 | −.353 | −.540 | −.423 | −.477 |
VT | −.290 | −.396 | −.346 | −.544 | −.436 | −.491 |
SF | −.393 | −.477 | −.561 | −.536 | −.582 | −.620 |
RE | −.310 | −.378 | −.430 | −.492 | −.462 | −.539 |
MH | −.183 | −.211 | −.211 | −.446 | −.271 | −.371 |
DASH (N = 84) | ||||||
DASH | .669 | n.a. | .730 | .560 | .750 | .695 |
HOOS (N = 69) | ||||||
Pain | n.a. | −.652 | −.630 | −.471 | −.628 | −.609 |
Symptoms | n.a. | −.631 | −.558 | −.416 | −.568 | −.535 |
ADL | n.a. | −.728 | −.713 | −.483 | −.738 | −.670 |
Function in sports/recreation | n.a. | −.640 | −.627 | −.424 | −.654 | −.540 |
Quality of life | n.a. | −.680 | −.579 | −.437 | −.620 | −.521 |
KOOS (N = 136) | ||||||
Pain | n.a. | −.571 | −.491 | −.472 | −.573 | −.595 |
Symptoms | n.a. | −.492 | −.380 | −.450 | −.465 | −.499 |
ADL | n.a. | −.711 | −.668 | −.444 | −.713 | −.651 |
Function in sports/recreation | n.a. | −.626 | −.586 | −.304 | −.608 | −.569 |
Quality of life | n.a. | −.468 | −.373 | −.346 | −.430 | −.498 |
FFI (N = 62) | ||||||
Foot pain | n.a. | .595 | .582 | .532 | .622 | .613 |
Difficulty with activities | n.a. | .615 | .566 | .536 | .610 | .623 |
Limitations | n.a. | .731 | .729 | .581 | .744 | .710 |
Construct validity
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty to… | ||||||
1. Get in or out a low chair |
.784
| .050 | −.201 | .052 | −.119 | .261 |
2. Open bottles | −.153 | −.121 |
.888
| .129 | .008 | −.015 |
3. Shop groceries |
.896
| −.095 | −.068 | −.071 | .229 | .062 |
4. Climb stairs |
1.003
| −.063 | −.227 | .004 | −.016 | .040 |
5. Make a fist | −.259 | −.070 |
.880
| .092 | −.116 | .041 |
6. Use the bathtub or shower |
.697
| −.047 | .042 | .000 | .331 | .129 |
7. Get comfortable to sleep | .242 | .031 | .122 | .104 | .094 |
.650
|
8. Bend or Kneel down |
.860
| −.017 | −.194 | .064 | −.066 | .185 |
9. Use buttons or zippers | −.127 | −.005 |
.899
| −.015 | .041 | .088 |
10. Cut own fingernails | .187 | .198 |
.524
| −.242 | .052 | .173 |
11. Get dressed | .266 | .137 |
.438
| −.177 | .217 | .167 |
12. Walk |
.976
| −.020 | −.172 | −.048 | −.006 | .051 |
13. Move after sitting or lying down |
.751
| .035 | −.074 | .078 | −.189 | .246 |
14. Go out by yourself |
.944
| −.096 | −.064 | −.023 | .165 | −.002 |
15. Drive | .408 | −.078 | .140 | −.010 |
.495
| .016 |
16. Clean yourself after going to the bathroom |
.577
| .008 | .215 | −.006 | .168 | .206 |
17. Turn knobs or levers | .008 | −.025 |
.796
| .034 | −.037 | .098 |
18. Write or type | .008 | −.137 |
.783
| .191 | −.076 | −.113 |
19. Pivot |
.627
| −.037 | .070 | .100 | .133 | .291 |
20. Do your physical recreational activities |
.810
| .048 | .004 | −.045 | .121 | −.115 |
21. Do your leisure activities |
.677
| .048 | .178 | −.021 | .221 | −.015 |
22. Be sexually active | .269 | −.023 | −.111 | .214 |
.636
| .095 |
23. Do light housework |
.580
| .026 | .336 | −.047 | .170 | −.117 |
24. Do heavy housework |
.723
| .069 | .207 | −.008 | .068 | −.163 |
25. Do your usual work |
.643
| .229 | .168 | −.067 | .029 | −.197 |
Frequency… | ||||||
26. Walk with a limp |
.653
| .101 | −.203 | .283 | −.054 | −.233 |
27. Avoid using painful limb or back |
.447
| .297 | .063 | .060 | −.148 | −.268 |
28. Leg locked or giving-away | .313 | −.120 | .085 |
.574
| −.184 | .178 |
29. Problems with concentration | −.119 | .092 | .058 |
.722
| .188 | .235 |
30. Doing too much one day affecting what you do the next day | −.046 | −.025 | .022 |
.762
| .253 | .087 |
31. Acting irritated towards those around you | −.221 | .122 | −.143 |
.679
| .410 | −.096 |
32. Being tired | .035 | −.044 | .139 |
.801
| .005 | .032 |
33. Feeling disabled | .177 | .039 | .202 |
.633
| −.027 | −.134 |
34. Feeling angry or frustrated because of injury | .086 | .342 | .014 |
.430
| −.047 | −.094 |
Bothered by… | ||||||
35. Problems using arms or legs | .014 |
.832
| .139 | −.112 | −.332 | .040 |
36. Problems using your back | .040 | .376 | .366 | .166 | −.270 | .042 |
37. Problems doing chores in and around home | .163 |
.672
| .004 | .033 | .115 | −.100 |
38. Problems with taking care of personal hygiene | .230 |
.574
| .079 | −.075 | .192 | −.039 |
39. Problems with sleep and rest | −.158 |
.721
| .005 | .091 | .048 | .393 |
40. Problems with leisure or recreational activities | .043 |
.817
| −.158 | .028 | .196 | .024 |
41. Problems with important people in your life | −.100 |
.797
| −.130 | .059 | .145 | .027 |
42. Problems with thinking, concentration, or remembering | −.202 |
.593
| .022 | .272 | .132 | .144 |
43. Problems coping with your injury or signs of wear | −.019 |
.878
| −.087 | −.022 | −.241 | −.002 |
44. Problems doing usual work | .129 |
.741
| −.159 | .059 | .210 | −.034 |
45. Problems feeling dependent on others | .007 |
.782
| −.069 | .018 | .170 | .015 |
46. Problems with stiffness and pain | .187 |
.749
| .049 | −.091 | −.313 | .054 |